进化与女权：盘旋在心理学上空的幽灵
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摘要
进化论和女权主义思潮分别对心理学产生了重大的影响，其影响结果就是在心理学领域内形成了进化的心理学和女权主义的心理学。二者产生以后，就爆发了激烈的冲突，研究以二者何以爆发如此激烈的冲突作为切入点，详细的分析了进化论和女权主义思潮在心理学中的实现过程、进化心理学与女权主义心理学在人性论、价值观和研究内容的对立、二者对立的实质以及这种对立所引发的对心理学研究对象、学科性质、研究目的的思考。
进化论和女权主义思潮在心理学领域实现其影响的过程大致可以划分为三个阶段：早期的理论渗透、学科的建立、新时期的发展。进化论是一门生物学理论，女权主义是一种政治思潮，二者从不同角度实现了对心理学的影响，这种实现过程则与心理学研究对象的多变性，学科性质的不确定性和社会目的的截然不同密切相关。进化心理学和女权主义心理学之间的对立，在其学科内部表现为人性论、价值观、研究内容三个维度：在人性论上表现为自然人性论和社会人性论的对立；在价值观上表现为价值中立和价值涉入的对立；在研究内容上主要表现为对性别差异的不同理解——生物性别和社会性别之间的对立。促使进化心理学与女权主义心理学出现如此对立的力量由三个方面汇集而成：第一，人生命属性的二重性是二者在人性观上对立的实质；第二，科学主义和人文主义两种文化的冲突是二者在价值观上对立的实质；第三，两种不同的社会目的的冲突则是二者在具体研究内容上发生对立的实质。
女权主义心理学与进化心理学的对立引发了对心理学研究对象、学科性质、研究目的的重新思考：第一，心理学应该有专门的研究对象，这就是在心理的物质基础和社会基础上，主体所进行的“心理生活”；第二，心理学应该是一门以活生生的人的“心理生活”为核心的综合学科；第三，心理学研究的最根本目的应该是提高人的“心理生活质量”。基于这种思考，可以预测在心理学的未来发展过程中，能够体现主体选择性和文化敏感性的本土心理学与直接指向人的心理生活的常识心理学都将成为重要的发展方向。
The ideology of evolutionism and feminism has put significant impacts onpsychology individually and its result is forming evolutionary psychology andfeminist psychology in the field of psychology. Fierce conflicts have been outbrokenafter the two emerging. This paper regards the reason why conflicts being outbrokenas an entry point to analysis realization process of evolutionism and feminism inpsychology， the opposition part between evolutionary psychology and feministpsychology in human nature, value and research content, also the external force of thetwo and thoughts of research target, subject properties and research purpose triggeredby the opposite.
The procedures of impacts on evolutionism and femininism can be generallydivided into three stages: theory percolation in early phase, foundation of subjects anddevelopment in new period. Evolutionism is a theory of biology while feminism is aideological trend of politics, the two has achieved their influences on psychologyfrom different view. The realization process has close relevance with the changeableof research objects and uncertainty of subject properties and hope throughpsychological research content to serve each social purpose.
The opposite parts between evolutionary psychology and feminist psychologycan be shown in human nature, value and research content these threedimensionalities. The two opposite, in human nature, shows the opposite betweennatural human nature and social human nature; in value, shows the opposite betweenvalue neutrality and value involve; while in research content, shows the differentunderstanding of gender difference.
The external force which promote the evolutionary psychology and feministpsychology is consisted by three parts: first, the duality of human life property is theexternal power of human nature’s opposite; second, conflict between scientificdoctrine and human-culture doctrine is the external force of their value; third, the conflict of two different social purpose is the external force of both specific researchconflicts.
The debate between feminist psychology and evolutionary psychology broughtrethink of psychological research object, the property of the subject and researchpurposes: First, there should be a special object of studying psychology, this is the"mental life” based on psychological material and society; second, psychology shouldbe a comprehensive subject concentrate on living person's mental life; third, the mostfundamental aim of psychological research should be improving the mental quality oflife.
进化论和女权主义思潮在心理学领域实现其影响的过程大致可以划分为三个阶段：早期的理论渗透、学科的建立、新时期的发展。进化论是一门生物学理论，女权主义是一种政治思潮，二者从不同角度实现了对心理学的影响，这种实现过程则与心理学研究对象的多变性，学科性质的不确定性和社会目的的截然不同密切相关。进化心理学和女权主义心理学之间的对立，在其学科内部表现为人性论、价值观、研究内容三个维度：在人性论上表现为自然人性论和社会人性论的对立；在价值观上表现为价值中立和价值涉入的对立；在研究内容上主要表现为对性别差异的不同理解——生物性别和社会性别之间的对立。促使进化心理学与女权主义心理学出现如此对立的力量由三个方面汇集而成：第一，人生命属性的二重性是二者在人性观上对立的实质；第二，科学主义和人文主义两种文化的冲突是二者在价值观上对立的实质；第三，两种不同的社会目的的冲突则是二者在具体研究内容上发生对立的实质。
女权主义心理学与进化心理学的对立引发了对心理学研究对象、学科性质、研究目的的重新思考：第一，心理学应该有专门的研究对象，这就是在心理的物质基础和社会基础上，主体所进行的“心理生活”；第二，心理学应该是一门以活生生的人的“心理生活”为核心的综合学科；第三，心理学研究的最根本目的应该是提高人的“心理生活质量”。基于这种思考，可以预测在心理学的未来发展过程中，能够体现主体选择性和文化敏感性的本土心理学与直接指向人的心理生活的常识心理学都将成为重要的发展方向。
The ideology of evolutionism and feminism has put significant impacts onpsychology individually and its result is forming evolutionary psychology andfeminist psychology in the field of psychology. Fierce conflicts have been outbrokenafter the two emerging. This paper regards the reason why conflicts being outbrokenas an entry point to analysis realization process of evolutionism and feminism inpsychology， the opposition part between evolutionary psychology and feministpsychology in human nature, value and research content, also the external force of thetwo and thoughts of research target, subject properties and research purpose triggeredby the opposite.
The procedures of impacts on evolutionism and femininism can be generallydivided into three stages: theory percolation in early phase, foundation of subjects anddevelopment in new period. Evolutionism is a theory of biology while feminism is aideological trend of politics, the two has achieved their influences on psychologyfrom different view. The realization process has close relevance with the changeableof research objects and uncertainty of subject properties and hope throughpsychological research content to serve each social purpose.
The opposite parts between evolutionary psychology and feminist psychologycan be shown in human nature, value and research content these threedimensionalities. The two opposite, in human nature, shows the opposite betweennatural human nature and social human nature; in value, shows the opposite betweenvalue neutrality and value involve; while in research content, shows the differentunderstanding of gender difference.
The external force which promote the evolutionary psychology and feministpsychology is consisted by three parts: first, the duality of human life property is theexternal power of human nature’s opposite; second, conflict between scientificdoctrine and human-culture doctrine is the external force of their value; third, the conflict of two different social purpose is the external force of both specific researchconflicts.
The debate between feminist psychology and evolutionary psychology broughtrethink of psychological research object, the property of the subject and researchpurposes: First, there should be a special object of studying psychology, this is the"mental life” based on psychological material and society; second, psychology shouldbe a comprehensive subject concentrate on living person's mental life; third, the mostfundamental aim of psychological research should be improving the mental quality oflife.
引文
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