陈光标—一个中国民营企业家慈善样本的社会学解读
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摘要
近年来,在我国企业家慈善总体很不给力的尴尬形势之下,却出现了一朵引入瞩目的“奇葩”,他就是被称为“中国首善”的陈光标。他不走寻常路,而以其独特的慈善方式标新立异,独树一帜。作为是中国“裸捐”第一人,他对于慈善的捐款力度很大,每年拿出近50%的企业利润进行“豪捐”；他的慈善方式高调直接,新招迭出,夺人眼球,往往成为媒体和社会关注的焦点。他也因此成为当前中国最活跃、也最富争议的民营实业家兼慈善家。陈光标是一个极为难得的具有中国特色的民间慈善的活体样本,他的慈善目前还在路上,预计还有一个动态发展的过程。本文旨在通过对陈式慈善的表现、动因、困境以及社会影响的研究,试图为陈光标式慈善的“可持续发展”做出一些路径思考。
本文主要采用文献法、问卷调查法以及访谈法等研究方法,对陈光标的慈善行为进行了较为全面系统的研究分析。从问卷调查和访谈的统计分析结果,本文得出的基本结论是,肯定和支持陈光标的意见占据了主流。被调查者的基本的倾向是,肯定其慈善行为,但不完全赞同其慈善方式。针对此结果,本文从需要层次理论、成就动机理论、利他行为理论、社会分层理论以及功能理论等视角,从个人、企业、社会三个层面,对其慈善行为的动机和原因进行分析,并讨论了其行为的正负功能。在此基础上试图探索出陈式慈善的可持续路径。笔者期待,通过陈光标等一大批慈善家的共同探索和努力,我们最终能够走出一条适合中国国情、具有中国特色、符合可持续发展要求的长效慈善之路。
Out of the recent embarrassing years that Chinese entrepreneurs are in general unhelpful, a "miracle" has appeared. He is the "greatest philanthropist", Chen Guangbiao. He has been using his own unique way to practice charity, and developed a school of his own. As the first "all out donation" person in China, he's been a generous donor and great help for Chinese charity practices. Almost 50% of the enterprise profits are donated, which shows that his charity works are surprising, high profile, direct and constantly make the headlines. Consequently he has been the most active yet most controversial businessman and philanthropist in China. He is an uncommon living sample of nongovernmental charity with Chinese characteristics. His charity is still on the way, and most probably will be going through a dynamic development process. The objective of this study is that through researching on the performance, motivation, difficulties and social impact of his charity behavior, the paper will make some suggestions on the sustainable development of Chen Guangbiao's charity practices.
In this paper, his charity behavior will be analyzed through the literature, questionnaire and interview methods. It will be analyzed from the hierarchy theory of needs, achievement motivation theory, altruism behavior theory, social stratification theory and function theory. Drawing from the questionnaires and interviews, the results indicate that most participants agree with and support Chen Guangbiao's behavior. Generally speaking, respondents identify with his charity practices, but they cannot completely agree with the ways in which he has conducted them. In this paper, his charity behavior will be analyzed from the hierarchy theory of needs, achievement motivation theory, altruism behavior theory, social stratification theory and function theory, the reason for his charitable behavior will be analyzed through the three levels: individual, enterprise and society, and I will discuss the positive and negative functions of his behavior. On this basis, I will try to explore a sustainable path of Chen-style charity. I look forward to through the joint exploration and efforts by Chen Guangbiao and a large number of philanthropists, we will finally be able to find out the road which is suitable for China with Chinese characteristics and in line with the requirements of sustainable development.
本文主要采用文献法、问卷调查法以及访谈法等研究方法,对陈光标的慈善行为进行了较为全面系统的研究分析。从问卷调查和访谈的统计分析结果,本文得出的基本结论是,肯定和支持陈光标的意见占据了主流。被调查者的基本的倾向是,肯定其慈善行为,但不完全赞同其慈善方式。针对此结果,本文从需要层次理论、成就动机理论、利他行为理论、社会分层理论以及功能理论等视角,从个人、企业、社会三个层面,对其慈善行为的动机和原因进行分析,并讨论了其行为的正负功能。在此基础上试图探索出陈式慈善的可持续路径。笔者期待,通过陈光标等一大批慈善家的共同探索和努力,我们最终能够走出一条适合中国国情、具有中国特色、符合可持续发展要求的长效慈善之路。
Out of the recent embarrassing years that Chinese entrepreneurs are in general unhelpful, a "miracle" has appeared. He is the "greatest philanthropist", Chen Guangbiao. He has been using his own unique way to practice charity, and developed a school of his own. As the first "all out donation" person in China, he's been a generous donor and great help for Chinese charity practices. Almost 50% of the enterprise profits are donated, which shows that his charity works are surprising, high profile, direct and constantly make the headlines. Consequently he has been the most active yet most controversial businessman and philanthropist in China. He is an uncommon living sample of nongovernmental charity with Chinese characteristics. His charity is still on the way, and most probably will be going through a dynamic development process. The objective of this study is that through researching on the performance, motivation, difficulties and social impact of his charity behavior, the paper will make some suggestions on the sustainable development of Chen Guangbiao's charity practices.
In this paper, his charity behavior will be analyzed through the literature, questionnaire and interview methods. It will be analyzed from the hierarchy theory of needs, achievement motivation theory, altruism behavior theory, social stratification theory and function theory. Drawing from the questionnaires and interviews, the results indicate that most participants agree with and support Chen Guangbiao's behavior. Generally speaking, respondents identify with his charity practices, but they cannot completely agree with the ways in which he has conducted them. In this paper, his charity behavior will be analyzed from the hierarchy theory of needs, achievement motivation theory, altruism behavior theory, social stratification theory and function theory, the reason for his charitable behavior will be analyzed through the three levels: individual, enterprise and society, and I will discuss the positive and negative functions of his behavior. On this basis, I will try to explore a sustainable path of Chen-style charity. I look forward to through the joint exploration and efforts by Chen Guangbiao and a large number of philanthropists, we will finally be able to find out the road which is suitable for China with Chinese characteristics and in line with the requirements of sustainable development.
引文
①陈光标.致比尔·盖茨和巴菲特的信http://www.jshp.com.cn indcx.html,2010-9
①所谓小红心的故事,是陈光标童年做好事得到的第一次奖赏。这个事件对于幼年陈光标印象深刻,也对他后来的慈善行为影响深远。详见本文4.陈光标慈善行为的动因分析。
①马斯洛.动机与人格.华夏出版社,1987：53
① Weiner, B. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology,15:1-20
①G·C·霍曼斯.社会行为：它的基本形式,1961：16-39
①加里·S·贝克尔.人类行为的经济分析.上海：上海人民出版社,1995：321
②百度百科——民营企业.http://baike.baidu.com/view/166888.htm
③盖茨巴菲特倡议富豪捐一半家产.重庆：重庆晚报数字版,2010-6-18(30)
④盖茨巴菲特倡议富豪捐一半家产.重庆：重庆晚报数字版,2010-6-18(30)
① J.W. Barry and B.V. Manno. Giving Better. Giving Smarter.1997
② Becker.G.S. A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy.1974:82
③段海艳.西方慈善事业研究最新进展.中国商界,2009(7)：308
① Derek Fraser. The Evolution of the British Welfare State. Palgrave MacMillan,1982:115-121
② Mike Hudson. Managing Without Profit:The Art of Managing Third-Sector Organizations. Penguin,1999:120
①段海艳.西方慈善事业研究最新进展.中国商界,2009(7)：308
②张文.宋朝民间慈善活动研究.重庆：西南师范大学出版社,2005：209
③刘新玲.论个体慈善行为的基础.福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(4)
④姚健健.美国慈善事业的现状分析：一种比较视角.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(1)：14
①蒋萌.“平民直捐”是政府公信力下降的信号.世家杂谈,2006(11)：9
②马小勇、许琳.慈善行为的经济学分析.西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(4)：18
③任浩、陈子丰、徐雪松.企业慈善捐赠行为的经济学分析.经济理论研究,2006：22
④黄俊英.企业与社会.管拓文化事业及企管顾问股份有限公司,1989：120
⑤杨团、葛道顺.公司与社会公益(二).北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003：101
①张家惠、蔡勤禹.增强企业慈善的对策.文化学刊,2008(3)：19
②邓国胜.个人捐赠是慈善事业发展的基石.中州学刊,2007(1)：38
①百度百科——陈光标,http://baike.baidu.com/view/875193.htm
②百度百科——裸捐,http://baike.baidu.com/view/135923.htm
①陈环境.父亲陈光标的裸捐与我的未来.全国优秀作文选(初中),2010：11-12
①他呀,做善事恨不得全世界都知道.四川日报特别版(06),2009-5-15
①陈光标.中国需要我“暴力慈善”.2011-03-21
①周浩、刘茜.专访中国“首善”陈光标.中国新闻周刊,2010-09-20：29
②周浩、刘茜.专访中国“首善”陈光标.中国新闻周刊,2010-09-20：29
①赵琳琳.对话陈光标：富人们请包容我的存在.广州日报,2010-09-28
①刘子倩.最苛刻的慈善.中国新闻周刊,2011-04-21
[1]加里.S.贝克尔.人类行为的经济分析.上海：上海人民出版社,1995
[2]J.W.Barry and B.V.Manno. Giving Better, Giving Smarter,1997
[3]Derek Fraser. The Evolution of the British Welfare State. Palgrave MacMillan, 1982
[4]Mike Hudson. Managing without Profit:The Art of Managing Third-Sector Organization. Penguin,1999
[5]张文.宋朝民间慈善活动研究.西南师范大学出版社,2005
[6]黄俊英.企业与社会.台北：管拓文化事业及企管顾问股份有限公司,1989
[7]杨团、葛道顺.公司与社会公益(二).北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003
[8]马斯洛.动机与人格.华夏出版社,1987
[9]J.L.弗里德曼.社会心理学.黑龙江人民出版社,1984
[10]G.C.霍曼斯.社会行为：它的基本形式.1961
[11]华海.高调的中国首善：陈光标传.江苏文艺出版社,2011
[1]盖茨巴菲特倡议富豪捐一半家产.重庆：重庆晚报数字版,2010-6-18(30)
[2]Weiner,B.(1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology[J],15:1-20
[3]Becker. G.S. A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy,1974: 82
[4]段海艳.西方慈善事业研究最新进展.中国商界,2009(7)：308
[5]刘新玲.论个体慈善行为的基础.福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(4)
[6]姚俭健.美国慈善事业的现状分析：一种比较视角.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(1)：14
[7]蒋萌.“平民直捐”是政府公信力下降的信号.世家杂谈,2006(11)
[8]马小勇、许琳.慈善行为的经济学分析.西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(4)：18
[9]任浩、陈子丰、徐雪松.企业慈善捐赠行为的经济学分析.经济理论研究,2006：22
[10]张家惠、蔡勤禹.增强企业慈善的对策.文化学刊,2008(3)：19
[11]邓国胜.个人捐赠是慈善事业发展的基石.中州学刊,2007(1)：38
[12]陈环境.父亲陈光标的裸捐与我的未来.全国优秀作文选(初中),2010：11-12
[13]他呀,做善事恨不得全世界都知道.四川日报特别版(06),2009-5-15
[14]周浩、刘茜.专访中国“首善”陈光标.中国新闻周刊,2010-09-20：29
[15]赵琳琳.对话陈光标：富人们请包容我的存在.广州日报,2010-09-28
[16]刘子倩.最苛刻的慈善.中国新闻周刊,2011-04-21
[1]陈光标.致比尔·盖茨和巴菲特的信.http://www.jshp.com.cn/index.html,2010-9
[2]百度百科——陈光标,http://baike.baidu.com/view/875193.htm
[3]百度百科——裸捐,http://baike.baidu.com/view/135923.htm
[4]陈光标.新闻1+1.央视,2010-1-25
[5]陈光标.给媒体朋友的一封信.http://blog.sina.cn/guangbiaochen,2011-4-27
[6]陈光标.中国需要我“暴力慈善”.2011-03-21
[7]陈光标简介.http://www.jshp.com.cn/index.html
①所谓小红心的故事,是陈光标童年做好事得到的第一次奖赏。这个事件对于幼年陈光标印象深刻,也对他后来的慈善行为影响深远。详见本文4.陈光标慈善行为的动因分析。
①马斯洛.动机与人格.华夏出版社,1987：53
① Weiner, B. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology,15:1-20
①G·C·霍曼斯.社会行为：它的基本形式,1961：16-39
①加里·S·贝克尔.人类行为的经济分析.上海：上海人民出版社,1995：321
②百度百科——民营企业.http://baike.baidu.com/view/166888.htm
③盖茨巴菲特倡议富豪捐一半家产.重庆：重庆晚报数字版,2010-6-18(30)
④盖茨巴菲特倡议富豪捐一半家产.重庆：重庆晚报数字版,2010-6-18(30)
① J.W. Barry and B.V. Manno. Giving Better. Giving Smarter.1997
② Becker.G.S. A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy.1974:82
③段海艳.西方慈善事业研究最新进展.中国商界,2009(7)：308
① Derek Fraser. The Evolution of the British Welfare State. Palgrave MacMillan,1982:115-121
② Mike Hudson. Managing Without Profit:The Art of Managing Third-Sector Organizations. Penguin,1999:120
①段海艳.西方慈善事业研究最新进展.中国商界,2009(7)：308
②张文.宋朝民间慈善活动研究.重庆：西南师范大学出版社,2005：209
③刘新玲.论个体慈善行为的基础.福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(4)
④姚健健.美国慈善事业的现状分析：一种比较视角.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(1)：14
①蒋萌.“平民直捐”是政府公信力下降的信号.世家杂谈,2006(11)：9
②马小勇、许琳.慈善行为的经济学分析.西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(4)：18
③任浩、陈子丰、徐雪松.企业慈善捐赠行为的经济学分析.经济理论研究,2006：22
④黄俊英.企业与社会.管拓文化事业及企管顾问股份有限公司,1989：120
⑤杨团、葛道顺.公司与社会公益(二).北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003：101
①张家惠、蔡勤禹.增强企业慈善的对策.文化学刊,2008(3)：19
②邓国胜.个人捐赠是慈善事业发展的基石.中州学刊,2007(1)：38
①百度百科——陈光标,http://baike.baidu.com/view/875193.htm
②百度百科——裸捐,http://baike.baidu.com/view/135923.htm
①陈环境.父亲陈光标的裸捐与我的未来.全国优秀作文选(初中),2010：11-12
①他呀,做善事恨不得全世界都知道.四川日报特别版(06),2009-5-15
①陈光标.中国需要我“暴力慈善”.2011-03-21
①周浩、刘茜.专访中国“首善”陈光标.中国新闻周刊,2010-09-20：29
②周浩、刘茜.专访中国“首善”陈光标.中国新闻周刊,2010-09-20：29
①赵琳琳.对话陈光标：富人们请包容我的存在.广州日报,2010-09-28
①刘子倩.最苛刻的慈善.中国新闻周刊,2011-04-21
[1]加里.S.贝克尔.人类行为的经济分析.上海：上海人民出版社,1995
[2]J.W.Barry and B.V.Manno. Giving Better, Giving Smarter,1997
[3]Derek Fraser. The Evolution of the British Welfare State. Palgrave MacMillan, 1982
[4]Mike Hudson. Managing without Profit:The Art of Managing Third-Sector Organization. Penguin,1999
[5]张文.宋朝民间慈善活动研究.西南师范大学出版社,2005
[6]黄俊英.企业与社会.台北：管拓文化事业及企管顾问股份有限公司,1989
[7]杨团、葛道顺.公司与社会公益(二).北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003
[8]马斯洛.动机与人格.华夏出版社,1987
[9]J.L.弗里德曼.社会心理学.黑龙江人民出版社,1984
[10]G.C.霍曼斯.社会行为：它的基本形式.1961
[11]华海.高调的中国首善：陈光标传.江苏文艺出版社,2011
[1]盖茨巴菲特倡议富豪捐一半家产.重庆：重庆晚报数字版,2010-6-18(30)
[2]Weiner,B.(1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology[J],15:1-20
[3]Becker. G.S. A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy,1974: 82
[4]段海艳.西方慈善事业研究最新进展.中国商界,2009(7)：308
[5]刘新玲.论个体慈善行为的基础.福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(4)
[6]姚俭健.美国慈善事业的现状分析：一种比较视角.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(1)：14
[7]蒋萌.“平民直捐”是政府公信力下降的信号.世家杂谈,2006(11)
[8]马小勇、许琳.慈善行为的经济学分析.西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(4)：18
[9]任浩、陈子丰、徐雪松.企业慈善捐赠行为的经济学分析.经济理论研究,2006：22
[10]张家惠、蔡勤禹.增强企业慈善的对策.文化学刊,2008(3)：19
[11]邓国胜.个人捐赠是慈善事业发展的基石.中州学刊,2007(1)：38
[12]陈环境.父亲陈光标的裸捐与我的未来.全国优秀作文选(初中),2010：11-12
[13]他呀,做善事恨不得全世界都知道.四川日报特别版(06),2009-5-15
[14]周浩、刘茜.专访中国“首善”陈光标.中国新闻周刊,2010-09-20：29
[15]赵琳琳.对话陈光标：富人们请包容我的存在.广州日报,2010-09-28
[16]刘子倩.最苛刻的慈善.中国新闻周刊,2011-04-21
[1]陈光标.致比尔·盖茨和巴菲特的信.http://www.jshp.com.cn/index.html,2010-9
[2]百度百科——陈光标,http://baike.baidu.com/view/875193.htm
[3]百度百科——裸捐,http://baike.baidu.com/view/135923.htm
[4]陈光标.新闻1+1.央视,2010-1-25
[5]陈光标.给媒体朋友的一封信.http://blog.sina.cn/guangbiaochen,2011-4-27
[6]陈光标.中国需要我“暴力慈善”.2011-03-21
[7]陈光标简介.http://www.jshp.com.cn/index.html