铁路网规划环境影响评价方法研究及案例应用
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摘要
铁路网的建设不仅要占用大量的土地、消耗大量的资源,而且对实施区域的生态环境造成相当大的影响。铁路网规划环境影响评价是铁路建设实现可持续发展的一种决策和规划手段,是战略环境影响评价在铁路网规划层次的应用,其目的是在规划形成之时将环境因素同社会、经济因素一同加以考虑,及早协调环境与发展的关系。
铁路建设项目属于非污染生态类影响项目,对环境污染影响较小,对生态环境破坏较大,其规划环评的重点是在宏观层面上进行生态的、社会经济的影响评价。通过系统的分析铁路网规划布局与区域敏感环境之间的相互约束关系,选择适用的评价方法,对铁路网规划实施的环境影响进行全面的分析和预测,找出环境影响的根源和需要保护的目标,进一步提出预防性的环境保护措施,合理规划铁路网,实现源头控制,避免或减少铁路网建设带来的环境影响和生态破坏,为铁路网规划提供科学依据。
本文从铁路网规划特点、铁路网规划内容、铁路网与环境的关系入手,分析了铁路网规划制定和实施的制约因素,指出铁路网规划对环境的影响主要取决于铁路网的设计规模、铁路网的空间布局、铁路网规划中的生态建设措施等因素,系统分析了铁路网实施对景观生态、水文环境、生物多样性、土地利用等环境影响效应。
在分析了铁路网规划环境影响效应之后,界定了铁路网规划环评概念;分析了铁路网规划环评同建设项目环评的区别;提出了铁路网规划环评应与规划同步进行的介入时机;构建了由环境现状调查与评价、规划分析、影响因子识别与评价指标、影响预测与评价、可持续性评价、公众参与六部分组成的铁路网规划环境评价框架;通过3种指标建立模式的比较,提出了基于价值模型的铁路网环境评价指标体系;论文对评价框架中的规划分析、环境影响预测与评价、环境可持续评价进行了探讨,提出铁路网规划环评在微观层次和宏观层次进行预测评价的思路。
论文以可持续发展理论、景观生态学理论、环境经济理论为支撑,构建了铁路网规划环境影响测度体系、铁路网规划与社会经济协调性测度体系、铁路网不确定性和风险分析评价体系、铁路网跟踪评价体系等四个体系;基于生态学理论,构建了面向生态环境敏感性、资源环境承载力、生态系统完整性、生物多样性、生态服务价值等5个宏观视角的铁路网规划环境影响评价模式;建立了基于敏感区分类的生态敏感性评价方法;建立了由生物因子、景观格局和自然生产力组成的生态系统完整性评价模型;建立了由资源、环境、生态因子组成的资源环境承载力评价模型;并采用定量化的评价方式;论文对铁路网规划与社会经济的适宜性分析方法进行了探讨;分析铁路网规划的不确定性,提出了风险评价的思路;给出了铁路网规划环境影响监测与跟踪评价的内容。
论文将本文提出的生态评价模型和社会经济适宜性分析方法应用于环渤海京津冀城际铁路网规划环境影响评价中,检验了其可行性。结果表明,本论文提出的评价方法具有可操作性,适于铁路网等线型网络规划的环境影响评价工作。
The implementation of railway network planning will occupy much of the land and consume a lot of other natural resources; what’s more, it will have great impacts on the ecological environment of the planning area. The application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in railway network planning, as a strategic EIA at the planning level, will help evaluate the environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of railway network planning as a whole.
The construction of railway network occupies much of the land and consumes a lot of natural resources; what’s more, it has great impacts on the ecological environment of the planning area. The environmental impact assessment of railway network planning, as a kind of decision means aiming at sustainable development, is a strategic EIA at the planning level, whose purpose is coordinating environment and development while planning scheme forming.
The railway project belongs to non-polluting, ecological impacting project, which has more impact on the ecology system and less impact on environmental pollution. Its planning environmental impact assessment attaches great emphasis on ecology and social economy impact assessment on a macroscopic level. By systematically analyzing the relationship between the railway network planning layout and regional sensitive environment, choosing suitable evaluation methodology, the environmental impact of the railway network planning implementation was analyzed and predicted comprehensively so as to find out the cause of the environmental impact and the objects that need to be protected. In a view of which, the preventive environmental protection measures and the reasonable planning scheme were pointed out. The ultimate goal is to reduce the possibility of the environmental impact and destruction resulting from railway network construction and provide scientific proof for railway network planning.
Starting with analysis of characteristics of the railway network plan, the contents of the railway network plan, the relationship between railway network and the environment, the limiting factors in making and implementing the railway network planning were discussed, on account of which, it was pointed out that the design of network size, the spatial layout of railway network and the ecological construction measures in the network planning are major factors. Also, we analyzed the impacts on the landscape ecology, hydrological environment, biodiversity and land use changing resulting from the implementation of network planning.
After analyzing environmental impact mechanism of railway network planning, the thesis further defined the concept of environmental impact assessment of railway network planning, differentiated the differences between environmental impact assessment of railway network planning and environmental impact assessment of survey, planning analysis, identification of environmental impact and evaluation index, forecast of impact and assessment, sustainability assessment and public participation. What’s more, by comparing three different index constructing modes, the environmental evaluation index system based on value model was proposed. Besides, the thesis gave a deep discussion about planning analysis, environmental impact forecast and assessment and environmental sustainability assessment, upon which, the method of forecast and assessment both at microscopic and macroscopic level was pointed out.
As for railway network planning, based on sustainable development theory, landscape ecology theory and environmental economics theory, the thesis composed the analysis and measurement system of ecological environmental impact, harmony between network planning and social economy, uncertainty and risk of railway network, follow-up assessment of railway network. The environmental impact assessment mode of railway network planning was constructed from five macroscopic angles, namely ecological environmental sensitivity, resource and environment carrying capacity, integrity of ecosystem, biodiversity and ecological service value. At the meantime, the thesis constructed ecological system integrity assessment model consisting of biological factor, landscape pattern and natural productivity, resource and environment carrying capacity assessment model consisting of resource, environment and ecological factor. Furthermore, the thesis made a discussion on the suitability analysis method of network planning, analyzed the uncertainty of the network planning, came up with the thinking of risk assessment, constructed the environmental impact monitor and follow-up assessment system.
In the last part of the thesis, the ecological impact assessment model and suitability analysis method of network planning were applied to the environmental impact assessment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region around Bohai railway network planning, which was just to examine the feasibility of the model and method. It turned out that the methodology proposed by this article had the character of good operability, and was suitable for environmental impact assessment of linear network planning.
铁路建设项目属于非污染生态类影响项目,对环境污染影响较小,对生态环境破坏较大,其规划环评的重点是在宏观层面上进行生态的、社会经济的影响评价。通过系统的分析铁路网规划布局与区域敏感环境之间的相互约束关系,选择适用的评价方法,对铁路网规划实施的环境影响进行全面的分析和预测,找出环境影响的根源和需要保护的目标,进一步提出预防性的环境保护措施,合理规划铁路网,实现源头控制,避免或减少铁路网建设带来的环境影响和生态破坏,为铁路网规划提供科学依据。
本文从铁路网规划特点、铁路网规划内容、铁路网与环境的关系入手,分析了铁路网规划制定和实施的制约因素,指出铁路网规划对环境的影响主要取决于铁路网的设计规模、铁路网的空间布局、铁路网规划中的生态建设措施等因素,系统分析了铁路网实施对景观生态、水文环境、生物多样性、土地利用等环境影响效应。
在分析了铁路网规划环境影响效应之后,界定了铁路网规划环评概念;分析了铁路网规划环评同建设项目环评的区别;提出了铁路网规划环评应与规划同步进行的介入时机;构建了由环境现状调查与评价、规划分析、影响因子识别与评价指标、影响预测与评价、可持续性评价、公众参与六部分组成的铁路网规划环境评价框架;通过3种指标建立模式的比较,提出了基于价值模型的铁路网环境评价指标体系;论文对评价框架中的规划分析、环境影响预测与评价、环境可持续评价进行了探讨,提出铁路网规划环评在微观层次和宏观层次进行预测评价的思路。
论文以可持续发展理论、景观生态学理论、环境经济理论为支撑,构建了铁路网规划环境影响测度体系、铁路网规划与社会经济协调性测度体系、铁路网不确定性和风险分析评价体系、铁路网跟踪评价体系等四个体系;基于生态学理论,构建了面向生态环境敏感性、资源环境承载力、生态系统完整性、生物多样性、生态服务价值等5个宏观视角的铁路网规划环境影响评价模式;建立了基于敏感区分类的生态敏感性评价方法;建立了由生物因子、景观格局和自然生产力组成的生态系统完整性评价模型;建立了由资源、环境、生态因子组成的资源环境承载力评价模型;并采用定量化的评价方式;论文对铁路网规划与社会经济的适宜性分析方法进行了探讨;分析铁路网规划的不确定性,提出了风险评价的思路;给出了铁路网规划环境影响监测与跟踪评价的内容。
论文将本文提出的生态评价模型和社会经济适宜性分析方法应用于环渤海京津冀城际铁路网规划环境影响评价中,检验了其可行性。结果表明,本论文提出的评价方法具有可操作性,适于铁路网等线型网络规划的环境影响评价工作。
The implementation of railway network planning will occupy much of the land and consume a lot of other natural resources; what’s more, it will have great impacts on the ecological environment of the planning area. The application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in railway network planning, as a strategic EIA at the planning level, will help evaluate the environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of railway network planning as a whole.
The construction of railway network occupies much of the land and consumes a lot of natural resources; what’s more, it has great impacts on the ecological environment of the planning area. The environmental impact assessment of railway network planning, as a kind of decision means aiming at sustainable development, is a strategic EIA at the planning level, whose purpose is coordinating environment and development while planning scheme forming.
The railway project belongs to non-polluting, ecological impacting project, which has more impact on the ecology system and less impact on environmental pollution. Its planning environmental impact assessment attaches great emphasis on ecology and social economy impact assessment on a macroscopic level. By systematically analyzing the relationship between the railway network planning layout and regional sensitive environment, choosing suitable evaluation methodology, the environmental impact of the railway network planning implementation was analyzed and predicted comprehensively so as to find out the cause of the environmental impact and the objects that need to be protected. In a view of which, the preventive environmental protection measures and the reasonable planning scheme were pointed out. The ultimate goal is to reduce the possibility of the environmental impact and destruction resulting from railway network construction and provide scientific proof for railway network planning.
Starting with analysis of characteristics of the railway network plan, the contents of the railway network plan, the relationship between railway network and the environment, the limiting factors in making and implementing the railway network planning were discussed, on account of which, it was pointed out that the design of network size, the spatial layout of railway network and the ecological construction measures in the network planning are major factors. Also, we analyzed the impacts on the landscape ecology, hydrological environment, biodiversity and land use changing resulting from the implementation of network planning.
After analyzing environmental impact mechanism of railway network planning, the thesis further defined the concept of environmental impact assessment of railway network planning, differentiated the differences between environmental impact assessment of railway network planning and environmental impact assessment of survey, planning analysis, identification of environmental impact and evaluation index, forecast of impact and assessment, sustainability assessment and public participation. What’s more, by comparing three different index constructing modes, the environmental evaluation index system based on value model was proposed. Besides, the thesis gave a deep discussion about planning analysis, environmental impact forecast and assessment and environmental sustainability assessment, upon which, the method of forecast and assessment both at microscopic and macroscopic level was pointed out.
As for railway network planning, based on sustainable development theory, landscape ecology theory and environmental economics theory, the thesis composed the analysis and measurement system of ecological environmental impact, harmony between network planning and social economy, uncertainty and risk of railway network, follow-up assessment of railway network. The environmental impact assessment mode of railway network planning was constructed from five macroscopic angles, namely ecological environmental sensitivity, resource and environment carrying capacity, integrity of ecosystem, biodiversity and ecological service value. At the meantime, the thesis constructed ecological system integrity assessment model consisting of biological factor, landscape pattern and natural productivity, resource and environment carrying capacity assessment model consisting of resource, environment and ecological factor. Furthermore, the thesis made a discussion on the suitability analysis method of network planning, analyzed the uncertainty of the network planning, came up with the thinking of risk assessment, constructed the environmental impact monitor and follow-up assessment system.
In the last part of the thesis, the ecological impact assessment model and suitability analysis method of network planning were applied to the environmental impact assessment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region around Bohai railway network planning, which was just to examine the feasibility of the model and method. It turned out that the methodology proposed by this article had the character of good operability, and was suitable for environmental impact assessment of linear network planning.
引文
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