恒流DC-DC变换器在LED驱动电路中的应用研究
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摘要
绿色照明是人类社会可持续发展需要解决的重要问题之一,LED作为最具发展潜力的新型绿色光源之一,由于其节能、环保、高效、寿命长、应用广泛等特点,时下正引领人类照明工业的第四次飞跃,受到了世界上各个国家的高度关注。由于LED自身的伏安特性需要输出恒流,而开关变换器在驱动LED电路中具有恒流、效率高等优点,因此它被广泛应用于LED驱动电路中。本文以DC-DC Boost电路的LED驱动电路作为研究对象,对单电感多路输出的峰值电流控制技术在其变换器上的应用进行了详细的分析研究。
本文首先介绍了高亮白光LED的电气特性和工作特点,确定了LED驱动电路最好采用恒流的方式进行驱动；接着对比了几种恒流驱动技术,采用单电感多路输出技术的开关变换器因只采用一个电感,在分时复用的情况下可实现多路输出,在节约成本上和减小体积上有优势,成为本文研究重点。本文以非隔离Boost电路的单电感双路输出LED驱动电路为例,分析研究了DC-DC恒流驱动方式；由于驱动电路需要恒流反馈调节,本文采用了峰值电流控制方法；为了抑制峰值电流反馈造成的次谐波振荡,在电路中增加了PID控制电路模块,对电路进行补偿。
本文采用理论与实验相结合的方式,首先应用状态空间平均法对LED驱动电路进行建模,分析了DCM模式下电路的工作状态及小信号模型,导出稳态方程和传递函数；接着分析了峰值电流控制模式及添加PID控制电路后电路的稳定性,得到驱动电路小信号模型框图和整个系统开环传递函数,进而分析了整个系统的开环稳定性和闭环稳定性。最后对驱动电路进行软件仿真和试验验证,以非隔离型Boost电路的单电感双路输出高亮LED驱动电路为例设计并制作了驱动电路样机,详细介绍了主电路、控制电路及补偿电路的设计方案,并对其电路性能进行了测试。测试结果基本满足测试预期。
Green lighting is the one of significant issue for human society's sustainable development. LED is a new green light, and also is the one of the most potential for development, because of its energy saving, environmental protection, high efficiency, long using time and wide application. It's leading the forth evolution of human's lighting industry, also, is paid high attention by most of countries in the world. Due to the volt-ampere characters itself, LED needs constant current in outputs. Meanwhile, using switch converter in LED driver has the ablility of constant current output and high efficiency, so it is used widely in LED drivers. This paper studied in DC-DC Boost circuit in LED drivers, besides, in this paper, technologies with Single-Inductor Multiple outputs and Peak Current Mode are used in this converter.
This paper introduced the electrical specifications and features of highlight white LED; and it showed LED had better use constant current driver. Secondly, compared some technologies with constant current, and then chose the technology of Single Inductor Multiple output in switch converter because of lower cost and smaller size. Thirdly, this paper took the single inductor double outputs as an example, analyzed DC-DC constant current driver. Due to the circuit needs feedback regulation, Peak current mode was used in the control circuit. At last, PID control was added in the compensating circuit to keep the circuit stable.
This paper not only analyzed in theories but also made experiments; for one thing it used state-space average method to analyze the working condition and to derive the small signal average model in DCM mode, then analyzed peak current control mode and the stability after adding the PID module, and obtained the small signal block diagram with driving circuit and open-loop transfer function with the whole system, at last analyzed the stability with the whole open-loop and the closed-loop. For another it simulated the circuit and designed a model circuit to test the circuit. As non-isolated Boost Single inductor double outputs for example, explained the main circuit, control circuit and compensating circuit. Then tested the outputs voltages and currents, the results basically corresponded the hopes.
本文首先介绍了高亮白光LED的电气特性和工作特点,确定了LED驱动电路最好采用恒流的方式进行驱动；接着对比了几种恒流驱动技术,采用单电感多路输出技术的开关变换器因只采用一个电感,在分时复用的情况下可实现多路输出,在节约成本上和减小体积上有优势,成为本文研究重点。本文以非隔离Boost电路的单电感双路输出LED驱动电路为例,分析研究了DC-DC恒流驱动方式；由于驱动电路需要恒流反馈调节,本文采用了峰值电流控制方法；为了抑制峰值电流反馈造成的次谐波振荡,在电路中增加了PID控制电路模块,对电路进行补偿。
本文采用理论与实验相结合的方式,首先应用状态空间平均法对LED驱动电路进行建模,分析了DCM模式下电路的工作状态及小信号模型,导出稳态方程和传递函数；接着分析了峰值电流控制模式及添加PID控制电路后电路的稳定性,得到驱动电路小信号模型框图和整个系统开环传递函数,进而分析了整个系统的开环稳定性和闭环稳定性。最后对驱动电路进行软件仿真和试验验证,以非隔离型Boost电路的单电感双路输出高亮LED驱动电路为例设计并制作了驱动电路样机,详细介绍了主电路、控制电路及补偿电路的设计方案,并对其电路性能进行了测试。测试结果基本满足测试预期。
Green lighting is the one of significant issue for human society's sustainable development. LED is a new green light, and also is the one of the most potential for development, because of its energy saving, environmental protection, high efficiency, long using time and wide application. It's leading the forth evolution of human's lighting industry, also, is paid high attention by most of countries in the world. Due to the volt-ampere characters itself, LED needs constant current in outputs. Meanwhile, using switch converter in LED driver has the ablility of constant current output and high efficiency, so it is used widely in LED drivers. This paper studied in DC-DC Boost circuit in LED drivers, besides, in this paper, technologies with Single-Inductor Multiple outputs and Peak Current Mode are used in this converter.
This paper introduced the electrical specifications and features of highlight white LED; and it showed LED had better use constant current driver. Secondly, compared some technologies with constant current, and then chose the technology of Single Inductor Multiple output in switch converter because of lower cost and smaller size. Thirdly, this paper took the single inductor double outputs as an example, analyzed DC-DC constant current driver. Due to the circuit needs feedback regulation, Peak current mode was used in the control circuit. At last, PID control was added in the compensating circuit to keep the circuit stable.
This paper not only analyzed in theories but also made experiments; for one thing it used state-space average method to analyze the working condition and to derive the small signal average model in DCM mode, then analyzed peak current control mode and the stability after adding the PID module, and obtained the small signal block diagram with driving circuit and open-loop transfer function with the whole system, at last analyzed the stability with the whole open-loop and the closed-loop. For another it simulated the circuit and designed a model circuit to test the circuit. As non-isolated Boost Single inductor double outputs for example, explained the main circuit, control circuit and compensating circuit. Then tested the outputs voltages and currents, the results basically corresponded the hopes.
引文
[1]杨清德,康娅等.LED及其工程应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2007：7
[2]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.LED驱动电路设计与应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2006：17-20
[3]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.LED照明技术与应用电路[M].电子工业出版社,2009：12
[4]Schubert E. F. Light Emitting Diodes [M], Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,2003:12-15
[5]王莹.LED照明国外发展情况简析[J].电子产品世界,2009(11)：89
[6]中国照明[M].2009(11)：20-25
[7]张玄.LED光源驱动电路研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2008：1-4
[8]工信部.中国逐步降低荧光灯含汞量路线图[M],2012
[9]姚帅,余桂英.一种LED汽车前照灯驱动电路设计.中国照明电器[J],2009(9)：67-69
[10]Cheng YK, Cheng, K.W.E. General Study For Using LED to Replace Traditional Lighting Devices. The 2nd International conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications.2006:449-455
[11]李茂华.大功率LED驱动控制研究.西南交通大学硕士毕业论文, 2003：3-8
[12]周太明.半导体照明的曙光,照明工程学报[J],2004(15)：32-35
[13]Maxim Integrated Products. Why Drive White LED switch Constant Current. Internet
[14]Tivadar Szabo, DeAnn Wright.面向便携设备的LED驱动器,世界电子元器件[J],2003(11)：33-35
[15]谢治中.大功率照明LED恒流驱动芯片的研制.浙江大学硕士毕业论文,2008：3-12
[16]Prathyusha Narra and Donald S.Zinger. An Effective LED Dimming Approach. Industry Applications Conference,2004(3):1671-1676.
[17]Timothy L.Skvarenina. The Power Electronics Handbook, part II Power electronic circuits and controls. CRC press,2001:322-329
[18]B.K.H.Wong and H.Chung. A systematic graphing technique for small signal low-frequency characterization of PWM DC/DC converters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 2000,47(1):4554
[19]张占松.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1999：20-28
[20]王威.单电感多输出开关变换器研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2009：7-15
[21]甘久超,谢运祥,颜凌峰.DC/DC变换器的多路输出技术综述.电工技术杂志[J],2002(4)：42-47
[22]何希才.新型开关电源设计与应用[M].科学技术出版社,2001：67-72
[23]美国国家半导体公司.为LED选择合适驱动器[J].2003(10)：43-46
[24]候振义,夏峥,柏雪倩,孙进.直流开关电源技术及应用[M].电子工业出版社,2006：1-5.
[25]单莫艳.高亮LED驱动电路的设计研究.西安电子科技大学硕士毕业论文,2009：3-12
[26]张崇巍,张兴.PWM整流器及其控制[M].机械工业出版社,2003：47-52
[27]Michael Day. LED-driver considerations[J].2005:3-5
[28]符赞宣,瞿文龙,张旭.平均电流模式DC/DC变换器均流控制方法[J].清华大学学报,2003(43.3)：23-25
[29]陈英.滞环控制方式实现LED恒流驱动.西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2010：3-5
[30]Qing Chen, Fred C Lee. Analysis and Design of Weighted Voltage—Mode Control for A Multiple-Output Forward Converter[C]. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1993:449-455.
[31]A. Barrado, E.Olias. Types of PWM-PD Multiple Output DC/DC Converters. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics[C], Vol.3,2002:1010-1014.
[32]T Li. Single Inductor Multiple Output Boost Regulator. U.S. Patent 6075295, Jun,2000: 1-5
[33]D. Goder, H. Santo. Multiple Output Regulator the Time Sequencing. U.S. Patent 5617015, Apr,1997:3-9
[34]Dongsheng Ma, W-H Ki, Fast—Transient PCCM Switching Converter with Freewheel Switching Control. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Part Ⅱ, Vol.54, No.9, 2007:825-829.
[35]LT3486 datasheet. www.inear.com
[36]LT3535 datasheet. www.linear.com
[37]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制[M].中国电力出版社,2005：30-39
[38]W.-H. Ki, D. Ma. Single Inductor Multiple Output Switching Converters. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC'2001 2001:1994-1996
[39]Ronat Odile, Green Peter, Ragona Seott. Accurate Current Control to Drive High Power LED Strings. Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.2006:376-380
[40]K.M.Smadley, S.Cuk. One-Cycle Control of Switching Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. Vol.10, No.6,1995:1736-1739
[41]王志强译.开关电源设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006：59-64
[42]吕杰,吴玉广.一种电流模式DC/DC降压型PWM控制器的设计.现代电子技术,2008(18)：4-7
[43]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004：2-8
[44]胡寿松主编.自动控制原理[M].第四版.北京：科学出版社2001
[45]徐静平,王虎,钟德刚,谭亚伟.一种用于PWM变换器的斜坡补偿电路设计.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J],2007(9)：66-69
[46]Ho W K, Hang C C, Cao L S. Tuning of PID controllers based on gain and phase margin specification[J], Automatic,1995:25-27
[47]Ho W K, Lim K W, Xu W. Optimal gain and phase margin tuning for PID controllers [J]. Automatic,1998:67-71
[48]Goberhansingh E, Cluett W R, Evaluation of an Industrial PID Auto-turner, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Science,1998:1256-1263
[49]徐小宁.开关电源可靠性研究设计.电气传动自动化.2009年,第31卷,第3期：27-31
[50]IR2117内部结构及工作原理.电子发烧友网.http://www.elecfans.com/
[51]IR2117-Data Sheet. International Rectifier.
[52]孙泳,来逢昌.一种高电源效率开关电流比较器.固体电子学研究与进展[J].2009(29)：36-39
[2]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.LED驱动电路设计与应用[M].人民邮电出版社,2006：17-20
[3]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.LED照明技术与应用电路[M].电子工业出版社,2009：12
[4]Schubert E. F. Light Emitting Diodes [M], Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,2003:12-15
[5]王莹.LED照明国外发展情况简析[J].电子产品世界,2009(11)：89
[6]中国照明[M].2009(11)：20-25
[7]张玄.LED光源驱动电路研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2008：1-4
[8]工信部.中国逐步降低荧光灯含汞量路线图[M],2012
[9]姚帅,余桂英.一种LED汽车前照灯驱动电路设计.中国照明电器[J],2009(9)：67-69
[10]Cheng YK, Cheng, K.W.E. General Study For Using LED to Replace Traditional Lighting Devices. The 2nd International conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications.2006:449-455
[11]李茂华.大功率LED驱动控制研究.西南交通大学硕士毕业论文, 2003：3-8
[12]周太明.半导体照明的曙光,照明工程学报[J],2004(15)：32-35
[13]Maxim Integrated Products. Why Drive White LED switch Constant Current. Internet
[14]Tivadar Szabo, DeAnn Wright.面向便携设备的LED驱动器,世界电子元器件[J],2003(11)：33-35
[15]谢治中.大功率照明LED恒流驱动芯片的研制.浙江大学硕士毕业论文,2008：3-12
[16]Prathyusha Narra and Donald S.Zinger. An Effective LED Dimming Approach. Industry Applications Conference,2004(3):1671-1676.
[17]Timothy L.Skvarenina. The Power Electronics Handbook, part II Power electronic circuits and controls. CRC press,2001:322-329
[18]B.K.H.Wong and H.Chung. A systematic graphing technique for small signal low-frequency characterization of PWM DC/DC converters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 2000,47(1):4554
[19]张占松.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1999：20-28
[20]王威.单电感多输出开关变换器研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2009：7-15
[21]甘久超,谢运祥,颜凌峰.DC/DC变换器的多路输出技术综述.电工技术杂志[J],2002(4)：42-47
[22]何希才.新型开关电源设计与应用[M].科学技术出版社,2001：67-72
[23]美国国家半导体公司.为LED选择合适驱动器[J].2003(10)：43-46
[24]候振义,夏峥,柏雪倩,孙进.直流开关电源技术及应用[M].电子工业出版社,2006：1-5.
[25]单莫艳.高亮LED驱动电路的设计研究.西安电子科技大学硕士毕业论文,2009：3-12
[26]张崇巍,张兴.PWM整流器及其控制[M].机械工业出版社,2003：47-52
[27]Michael Day. LED-driver considerations[J].2005:3-5
[28]符赞宣,瞿文龙,张旭.平均电流模式DC/DC变换器均流控制方法[J].清华大学学报,2003(43.3)：23-25
[29]陈英.滞环控制方式实现LED恒流驱动.西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2010：3-5
[30]Qing Chen, Fred C Lee. Analysis and Design of Weighted Voltage—Mode Control for A Multiple-Output Forward Converter[C]. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1993:449-455.
[31]A. Barrado, E.Olias. Types of PWM-PD Multiple Output DC/DC Converters. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics[C], Vol.3,2002:1010-1014.
[32]T Li. Single Inductor Multiple Output Boost Regulator. U.S. Patent 6075295, Jun,2000: 1-5
[33]D. Goder, H. Santo. Multiple Output Regulator the Time Sequencing. U.S. Patent 5617015, Apr,1997:3-9
[34]Dongsheng Ma, W-H Ki, Fast—Transient PCCM Switching Converter with Freewheel Switching Control. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Part Ⅱ, Vol.54, No.9, 2007:825-829.
[35]LT3486 datasheet. www.inear.com
[36]LT3535 datasheet. www.linear.com
[37]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制[M].中国电力出版社,2005：30-39
[38]W.-H. Ki, D. Ma. Single Inductor Multiple Output Switching Converters. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC'2001 2001:1994-1996
[39]Ronat Odile, Green Peter, Ragona Seott. Accurate Current Control to Drive High Power LED Strings. Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.2006:376-380
[40]K.M.Smadley, S.Cuk. One-Cycle Control of Switching Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. Vol.10, No.6,1995:1736-1739
[41]王志强译.开关电源设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006：59-64
[42]吕杰,吴玉广.一种电流模式DC/DC降压型PWM控制器的设计.现代电子技术,2008(18)：4-7
[43]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004：2-8
[44]胡寿松主编.自动控制原理[M].第四版.北京：科学出版社2001
[45]徐静平,王虎,钟德刚,谭亚伟.一种用于PWM变换器的斜坡补偿电路设计.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J],2007(9)：66-69
[46]Ho W K, Hang C C, Cao L S. Tuning of PID controllers based on gain and phase margin specification[J], Automatic,1995:25-27
[47]Ho W K, Lim K W, Xu W. Optimal gain and phase margin tuning for PID controllers [J]. Automatic,1998:67-71
[48]Goberhansingh E, Cluett W R, Evaluation of an Industrial PID Auto-turner, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Science,1998:1256-1263
[49]徐小宁.开关电源可靠性研究设计.电气传动自动化.2009年,第31卷,第3期：27-31
[50]IR2117内部结构及工作原理.电子发烧友网.http://www.elecfans.com/
[51]IR2117-Data Sheet. International Rectifier.
[52]孙泳,来逢昌.一种高电源效率开关电流比较器.固体电子学研究与进展[J].2009(29)：36-39