纤维素溶液行为及新材料构建
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摘要
当前，由于石油、煤炭等不可再生资源短缺问题日益突出，可再生能源得到高度重视。作为地球上储量最大的天然高分子，纤维素以其来源丰富、生物可降解、生物相容性和易于衍生化等优点倍受人们青睐。但是，由于纤维素分子间和分子内存在强烈的氢键作用，使纤维素难以熔融或溶解于普通溶剂，利用纤维素生产高值化产品受到限制。因此，研究与开发简便快速且有效的纤维素溶剂是纤维素科学与技术领域的重要目标。本实验室开发了一系列水溶剂体系能在低温下快速、简便的溶解纤维素。纤维素在该体系中的溶解是纤维素、水分子与溶剂小分子共同参与的动态自组装的过程，通过破坏纤维素的分子内和分子间氢键并形成包合物结构，促使纤维素链分散，从而达到溶解。然而，该体系中纤维素溶液的稳定性受外界影响较多，这是因为动态自组装形成的纤维素包合物结构处于亚稳态结构，因此溶液的稳定性对时间、温度、纤维素浓度以及分子量较为敏感，且具有独特的溶液-凝胶转变行为。本工作系统研究了纤维素在NaOH/尿素水体系中的分散状态、溶液行为及稳定性，在此基础上用流变学手段表征了纤维素溶液的化学和物理交联过程，并利用再生纤维素微孔结构为微反应器合成了新型复合材料，为更加深入的开发新溶剂并利用新溶剂构建新型功能化材料提供全面的理论依据。
本文的主要创新有以下几点：（1）揭示NaOH、尿素和温度在增强纤维素溶液稳定性的影响和作用机理。（2）弄清搅拌因素对纤维素溶解度的影响，成功绘制搅拌速率与时间的溶解相图。（3）利用流变实时监测的方法考察交联剂环氧氯丙烷（ECH）对纤维素溶液溶胶-凝胶转化的影响，并阐明纤维素/ECH复合凝胶的结构与性能。（4）利用原位聚合法制备出纤维素/聚吡咯（PPy）复合导电膜，解决PPy难以加工成型的问题，赋予纤维素膜导电性能。
本论文的主要研究内容和结论包括以下几个部分。首先，利用动态激光光散射（DLS）和静态激光光散射（SLS）结合，观察溶剂配比和温度改变后纤维素在NaOH/尿素水体系中的聚集行为，研究它们对纤维素溶液稳定性的影响。结果表明，纤维素在7wt%NaOH/12wt%尿素水溶剂体系中为纤维素包合物（ICs）以及IC聚集体共存。适当增加NaOH的浓度能够增加纤维素单分散ICs比例，减少表观平均聚集数Ngg，说明聚集程度有所减少。尿素的增加能在一定程度上减少纤维素IC聚集体的数目，但其减少聚集的能力比NaOH弱，这是由于二者在纤维素溶解过程中的作用不同而造成的。通过实验，我们发现了最优化配比的溶剂体系为9wt%NaOH/13wt%尿素水溶剂体系，此时纤维素单分散ICs的比例得到很大提高，Ngg值最小为3.6，此时聚集体数目极少，纤维素接近于单分散。温度对纤维素溶液也有很大影响，在10°C下，纤维素在9wt%NaOH/13wt%尿素水溶剂体系主要以纤维素单分散ICs存在。
利用光学显微镜、流变学方法和DLS技术，通过改变搅拌棒的有效搅拌面积、搅拌时间、搅拌速度以及搅拌的环境温度等，研究纤维素在7wt%NaOH/12wt%尿素水溶剂体系中的溶解度。结果表明：未达到饱和溶解度cmax时，有效搅拌面积的增加、搅拌时间的延长和搅拌速率的增加都有利于纤维素溶解。当饱和溶解度cmax达到最大值时，延长搅拌时间和加快搅拌速率将不再产生影响。cmax受环境温度的影响极大，溶解环境温度为–5～–10℃时，纤维素分散较好，cmax可达到6.5wt%。通过实验，我们得到了最佳的溶解条件并优化了纤维素溶解步骤。
我们利用流变监测了以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂的纤维素溶液溶胶-凝胶转变行为，并考察了纤维素/ECH复合水凝胶的性能。结果表明：纤维素/ECH复合体系的凝胶化过程是时间、温度、ECH含量和纤维素浓度的函数。随着纤维素或交联剂ECH浓度的增加，单位体积内的分子数目增加，缠结现象严重，凝胶时间缩短。相对于交联剂ECH的浓度，体系的凝胶化时间对纤维素的浓度更为敏感。同时，溶液温度升高，凝胶时间也会降低。纤维素/ECH复合水凝胶的力学强度取决于纤维素浓度和ECH含量，同时复合水凝胶的溶胀率可以通过调节纤维素浓度和ECH含量进行调控。该方法具有明显的可控性，通过改变纤维素浓度和ECH含量可以调节纤维素溶液的溶液-凝胶转变过程及水凝胶的力学性能的参数，有望设计出满足人体理化功能的注射型水凝胶。
以FeCl3为氧化剂和掺杂剂，再生纤维素膜的微孔结构为微反应器，成功地聚合吡咯单体，制备出纤维素/PPy导电复合材料。利用该法制备的聚吡咯呈球形颗粒状，尺寸大小和分布与吡咯单体浓度有关。红外光谱结果显示：PPy与纤维素存在一定的相互作用力，能够吸附在纤维素基体中。PPy的加入赋予了复合材料优异的导电性能，且电导率与PPy含量、分布及掺杂剂FeCl3有关，测试发现介电常数较高，能够吸收较强电磁波。本工作解决了聚吡咯难以加工成型的问题，并为具有生物降解性的高分子复合导电材料的制备提供了一种较为简单和环保的方法。
本论文取得的系列科学数据可以为纤维素绿色新溶液的发展提供理论支持，符合可持续发展战略以及发展绿色纤维的国家目标，因此将具有重要的学术价值和应用前景。
Nowadays, global interests in renewable energy are increasing because oflack of coal and oil. As the most abundant natural polymers on the earth, cellulosehas attracted great attention by its unique superiority, such as environmentallyfriendly property, biocompatible and so on. Moreover, many functional cellulosematerials were successfully prepared from the doped cellulose. However, theinter-and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds have made the dissolution of cellulosea difficult process in common solvents, and it limits its potential applications. Inour laboratory, novel solvents such as NaOH/thiourea, NaOH/urea and LiOH/ureaaqueous solution that can dissolve cellulose rapidly after being precooled to lowtemperatures (–12~–5°C) have been developed. We have proved that thecellulose dissolution at–12°C can arise as a result of a fast dynamicself-assembly process among solvent small molecules (NaOH, urea, and water)and cellulose macromolecules. NaOH―hydrates‖can be more easily attracted tocellulose chains through the formation of new hydrogen-bonded networks at lowtemperature, while the urea hydrates can possibly be self-assembled at the surfaceof the NaOH hydrogen-bonded cellulose to form an inclusion complex (IC),leading to dissolution of cellulose. However, cellulose ICs are unstable and can bedestroyed probably, leading to the cellulose IC aggregates. Therefore, the singleICs co-exist with IC aggregates in this system. As a result, the cellulose solution isrelatively unstable and sensitive to temperature, polymer concentration, andstorage time. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the aggregate behaviorof cellulose single ICs and IC aggregates in NaOH/urea system to optimize thedissolution procedure, as well as the chemical cross-linking rheological behaviorto supply useful information for the industrialization of the green cellulosesolvent.
The innovation of this dissertation are as follows:(1) for the first time, theeffect of the proportion of NaOH and urea on the aggregation behavior ofcellulose was investigated, and the mechanism of the solvent small molecules andtemperature on the cellulose solution stability was established.(2) The effect ofstirring conditions on dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/urea system was studiedsystematically, and a schematic diagram of the cellulose solubility was plotted.(3)The chemical cross-linking process of cellulose/epichlorohydrin (ECH) was monitored by rheological, and the characteritics of cellulose/ECH hydrogels wasrevealed.(4) A conducting hybrid composite of cellulose/polypyrrole (PPy) wassuccessfully prepared by in situ synthesized by using the micropores in cellulosefilms as micro-reactors.
The main research contents and conclusions are divided into several parts.For the7wt%NaOH/12wt%urea solvent, a small increase of NaOH couldincrease the amount of singe cellulose ICs and weaken the aggregationphenomenan, as a result of the reinforcement of hydrogen bond between celluloseand NaOH hydrates. Increase of urea decreased the IC aggregates percentageslightly because urea could form more complete shell of the ICs structure.Furthermore, the portion of NaOH/urea solvent has been optimized to be9/13, inwhich the proportion of cellulose single ICs was0.96. Temperature also exhibitedgreat influence on the aggregation phenomenon, and cellulose solution wasrelatively stable at low temperature.
Influences of the stirring area, stirring time, stirring rates of different stirringblade and environment temperature on the cellulose solubility in NaOH/urea wereinvestigated comprehensively. Lager stirring area, longer stirring time and higherstirring rate could enhance the saturation solubility (cmax) value, and after the cmaxvalue reached a maximum, further increase of stirring time and rates made littleinfluence on the dissolution, indicating a completed dissolution has been achieved.Moreover, a schematic diagram of the cellulose solubility was plotted, as aninstruction of cellulose dissolution in NaOH/urea. The results from DLSexperiments manifested that increase of rates could improve dispersion anddissolution of cellulose. On the other hand, the cmaxvalues could be significantlycontrolled by varying the stirring environment temperature, and the favorableenvironment temperature range was from–5to–10°C.
Rheological properties of gelation process and mechanical properties ofbiomass hydrogels prepared from cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions byusing ECH as cross-linker were studied. Oscillatory frequency, time andtemperature sweeps were performed on an ARES-RFS III rheometer to monitorthe effect of convent of cross-linker, cellulose concentration and temperature onsol-gel rheology. The results indicated that the concentration of cross-linker andthe polymer could influence the crosslinking process. The higher concentration ofECH and cellulose could accelerate the gelatin, because of the entanglement among the polymer. Compare with ECH, the rheological behavior was moresensitive to the cellulose concentration. Temperature also played an important role,and higher temperature could result in a lower gelatin time. The mechanicalproperties of the cellulose/ECH hydrogels was adjusted to the concentration ofECH and cellulose. ECH/cellulose hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanicalproperties. Equilibrium swelling degrees of the ECH/cellulose hydrogensenhanced markedly with the cellulose concenstration.
Cellulose/PPy conducting hybrid films were fabricated successfully by in situsynthesis of pyrrole with FeCl3as the oxidant and dopant in the micropores ofcellulose films as micro-reactors. The morphology of the resultant PPy wasspherical, and the size and distribution could be controlled by the pyrroleconcentration. The results from the IR spectroscopy indicated the hydrogen bondexited between PPy and cellulose. The cellulose films were planted conductivityafter combination of PPy, and the conductivities were affected by the size,distribution of PPy and the dopant FeCl3. The dielectric constant of the hybridfilms wwere high, which resulted in the strong absorption of the electromagneticwaves. This work solved the problem in molding PPy, and provided a simple andenvironmentally friendly method to prepare biodegradable and conductivepolymer composite material.
In this dissertation, the dissolution process and stability of cellulose inNaOH/urea aqueous solution were studied systematically. The dissolvingprocedure of cellulose were optimized to promote the development of―green‖cellulose solvent and it provids important scientific proofs for cellulose materialfabrication in industry. The mechanism of chemical and physical cross-linking incellulose/ECH was explored, and a conductive composite film was prepared by insitu synthesis method. This research will enrich and improve the development andapplication of other natural polymers and functional materials, promoting thebasic research and application of biomass materials in our country. Thus, weprovided important scientific proofs to realize the low-cost, nontoxic and rapidprocess for fabrication cellulose materials on industry. Therefore, there were greatscientific significance and prospects of applications and it well accords with thetarget of our country and has the great importance for a sunstainable development.
本文的主要创新有以下几点：（1）揭示NaOH、尿素和温度在增强纤维素溶液稳定性的影响和作用机理。（2）弄清搅拌因素对纤维素溶解度的影响，成功绘制搅拌速率与时间的溶解相图。（3）利用流变实时监测的方法考察交联剂环氧氯丙烷（ECH）对纤维素溶液溶胶-凝胶转化的影响，并阐明纤维素/ECH复合凝胶的结构与性能。（4）利用原位聚合法制备出纤维素/聚吡咯（PPy）复合导电膜，解决PPy难以加工成型的问题，赋予纤维素膜导电性能。
本论文的主要研究内容和结论包括以下几个部分。首先，利用动态激光光散射（DLS）和静态激光光散射（SLS）结合，观察溶剂配比和温度改变后纤维素在NaOH/尿素水体系中的聚集行为，研究它们对纤维素溶液稳定性的影响。结果表明，纤维素在7wt%NaOH/12wt%尿素水溶剂体系中为纤维素包合物（ICs）以及IC聚集体共存。适当增加NaOH的浓度能够增加纤维素单分散ICs比例，减少表观平均聚集数Ngg，说明聚集程度有所减少。尿素的增加能在一定程度上减少纤维素IC聚集体的数目，但其减少聚集的能力比NaOH弱，这是由于二者在纤维素溶解过程中的作用不同而造成的。通过实验，我们发现了最优化配比的溶剂体系为9wt%NaOH/13wt%尿素水溶剂体系，此时纤维素单分散ICs的比例得到很大提高，Ngg值最小为3.6，此时聚集体数目极少，纤维素接近于单分散。温度对纤维素溶液也有很大影响，在10°C下，纤维素在9wt%NaOH/13wt%尿素水溶剂体系主要以纤维素单分散ICs存在。
利用光学显微镜、流变学方法和DLS技术，通过改变搅拌棒的有效搅拌面积、搅拌时间、搅拌速度以及搅拌的环境温度等，研究纤维素在7wt%NaOH/12wt%尿素水溶剂体系中的溶解度。结果表明：未达到饱和溶解度cmax时，有效搅拌面积的增加、搅拌时间的延长和搅拌速率的增加都有利于纤维素溶解。当饱和溶解度cmax达到最大值时，延长搅拌时间和加快搅拌速率将不再产生影响。cmax受环境温度的影响极大，溶解环境温度为–5～–10℃时，纤维素分散较好，cmax可达到6.5wt%。通过实验，我们得到了最佳的溶解条件并优化了纤维素溶解步骤。
我们利用流变监测了以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂的纤维素溶液溶胶-凝胶转变行为，并考察了纤维素/ECH复合水凝胶的性能。结果表明：纤维素/ECH复合体系的凝胶化过程是时间、温度、ECH含量和纤维素浓度的函数。随着纤维素或交联剂ECH浓度的增加，单位体积内的分子数目增加，缠结现象严重，凝胶时间缩短。相对于交联剂ECH的浓度，体系的凝胶化时间对纤维素的浓度更为敏感。同时，溶液温度升高，凝胶时间也会降低。纤维素/ECH复合水凝胶的力学强度取决于纤维素浓度和ECH含量，同时复合水凝胶的溶胀率可以通过调节纤维素浓度和ECH含量进行调控。该方法具有明显的可控性，通过改变纤维素浓度和ECH含量可以调节纤维素溶液的溶液-凝胶转变过程及水凝胶的力学性能的参数，有望设计出满足人体理化功能的注射型水凝胶。
以FeCl3为氧化剂和掺杂剂，再生纤维素膜的微孔结构为微反应器，成功地聚合吡咯单体，制备出纤维素/PPy导电复合材料。利用该法制备的聚吡咯呈球形颗粒状，尺寸大小和分布与吡咯单体浓度有关。红外光谱结果显示：PPy与纤维素存在一定的相互作用力，能够吸附在纤维素基体中。PPy的加入赋予了复合材料优异的导电性能，且电导率与PPy含量、分布及掺杂剂FeCl3有关，测试发现介电常数较高，能够吸收较强电磁波。本工作解决了聚吡咯难以加工成型的问题，并为具有生物降解性的高分子复合导电材料的制备提供了一种较为简单和环保的方法。
本论文取得的系列科学数据可以为纤维素绿色新溶液的发展提供理论支持，符合可持续发展战略以及发展绿色纤维的国家目标，因此将具有重要的学术价值和应用前景。
Nowadays, global interests in renewable energy are increasing because oflack of coal and oil. As the most abundant natural polymers on the earth, cellulosehas attracted great attention by its unique superiority, such as environmentallyfriendly property, biocompatible and so on. Moreover, many functional cellulosematerials were successfully prepared from the doped cellulose. However, theinter-and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds have made the dissolution of cellulosea difficult process in common solvents, and it limits its potential applications. Inour laboratory, novel solvents such as NaOH/thiourea, NaOH/urea and LiOH/ureaaqueous solution that can dissolve cellulose rapidly after being precooled to lowtemperatures (–12~–5°C) have been developed. We have proved that thecellulose dissolution at–12°C can arise as a result of a fast dynamicself-assembly process among solvent small molecules (NaOH, urea, and water)and cellulose macromolecules. NaOH―hydrates‖can be more easily attracted tocellulose chains through the formation of new hydrogen-bonded networks at lowtemperature, while the urea hydrates can possibly be self-assembled at the surfaceof the NaOH hydrogen-bonded cellulose to form an inclusion complex (IC),leading to dissolution of cellulose. However, cellulose ICs are unstable and can bedestroyed probably, leading to the cellulose IC aggregates. Therefore, the singleICs co-exist with IC aggregates in this system. As a result, the cellulose solution isrelatively unstable and sensitive to temperature, polymer concentration, andstorage time. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the aggregate behaviorof cellulose single ICs and IC aggregates in NaOH/urea system to optimize thedissolution procedure, as well as the chemical cross-linking rheological behaviorto supply useful information for the industrialization of the green cellulosesolvent.
The innovation of this dissertation are as follows:(1) for the first time, theeffect of the proportion of NaOH and urea on the aggregation behavior ofcellulose was investigated, and the mechanism of the solvent small molecules andtemperature on the cellulose solution stability was established.(2) The effect ofstirring conditions on dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/urea system was studiedsystematically, and a schematic diagram of the cellulose solubility was plotted.(3)The chemical cross-linking process of cellulose/epichlorohydrin (ECH) was monitored by rheological, and the characteritics of cellulose/ECH hydrogels wasrevealed.(4) A conducting hybrid composite of cellulose/polypyrrole (PPy) wassuccessfully prepared by in situ synthesized by using the micropores in cellulosefilms as micro-reactors.
The main research contents and conclusions are divided into several parts.For the7wt%NaOH/12wt%urea solvent, a small increase of NaOH couldincrease the amount of singe cellulose ICs and weaken the aggregationphenomenan, as a result of the reinforcement of hydrogen bond between celluloseand NaOH hydrates. Increase of urea decreased the IC aggregates percentageslightly because urea could form more complete shell of the ICs structure.Furthermore, the portion of NaOH/urea solvent has been optimized to be9/13, inwhich the proportion of cellulose single ICs was0.96. Temperature also exhibitedgreat influence on the aggregation phenomenon, and cellulose solution wasrelatively stable at low temperature.
Influences of the stirring area, stirring time, stirring rates of different stirringblade and environment temperature on the cellulose solubility in NaOH/urea wereinvestigated comprehensively. Lager stirring area, longer stirring time and higherstirring rate could enhance the saturation solubility (cmax) value, and after the cmaxvalue reached a maximum, further increase of stirring time and rates made littleinfluence on the dissolution, indicating a completed dissolution has been achieved.Moreover, a schematic diagram of the cellulose solubility was plotted, as aninstruction of cellulose dissolution in NaOH/urea. The results from DLSexperiments manifested that increase of rates could improve dispersion anddissolution of cellulose. On the other hand, the cmaxvalues could be significantlycontrolled by varying the stirring environment temperature, and the favorableenvironment temperature range was from–5to–10°C.
Rheological properties of gelation process and mechanical properties ofbiomass hydrogels prepared from cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions byusing ECH as cross-linker were studied. Oscillatory frequency, time andtemperature sweeps were performed on an ARES-RFS III rheometer to monitorthe effect of convent of cross-linker, cellulose concentration and temperature onsol-gel rheology. The results indicated that the concentration of cross-linker andthe polymer could influence the crosslinking process. The higher concentration ofECH and cellulose could accelerate the gelatin, because of the entanglement among the polymer. Compare with ECH, the rheological behavior was moresensitive to the cellulose concentration. Temperature also played an important role,and higher temperature could result in a lower gelatin time. The mechanicalproperties of the cellulose/ECH hydrogels was adjusted to the concentration ofECH and cellulose. ECH/cellulose hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanicalproperties. Equilibrium swelling degrees of the ECH/cellulose hydrogensenhanced markedly with the cellulose concenstration.
Cellulose/PPy conducting hybrid films were fabricated successfully by in situsynthesis of pyrrole with FeCl3as the oxidant and dopant in the micropores ofcellulose films as micro-reactors. The morphology of the resultant PPy wasspherical, and the size and distribution could be controlled by the pyrroleconcentration. The results from the IR spectroscopy indicated the hydrogen bondexited between PPy and cellulose. The cellulose films were planted conductivityafter combination of PPy, and the conductivities were affected by the size,distribution of PPy and the dopant FeCl3. The dielectric constant of the hybridfilms wwere high, which resulted in the strong absorption of the electromagneticwaves. This work solved the problem in molding PPy, and provided a simple andenvironmentally friendly method to prepare biodegradable and conductivepolymer composite material.
In this dissertation, the dissolution process and stability of cellulose inNaOH/urea aqueous solution were studied systematically. The dissolvingprocedure of cellulose were optimized to promote the development of―green‖cellulose solvent and it provids important scientific proofs for cellulose materialfabrication in industry. The mechanism of chemical and physical cross-linking incellulose/ECH was explored, and a conductive composite film was prepared by insitu synthesis method. This research will enrich and improve the development andapplication of other natural polymers and functional materials, promoting thebasic research and application of biomass materials in our country. Thus, weprovided important scientific proofs to realize the low-cost, nontoxic and rapidprocess for fabrication cellulose materials on industry. Therefore, there were greatscientific significance and prospects of applications and it well accords with thetarget of our country and has the great importance for a sunstainable development.
引文
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