屎肠球菌EF1对仔猪小肠黏膜屏障功能的影响
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摘要
屎肠球菌是公认的益生乳酸菌,能改善肠道健康、促进动物生长以及提高宿主的免疫力。本论文以从健康仔猪中分离得到的一株屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)EF1为材料,通过仔猪体内试验和体外细胞试验研究其对肠黏膜屏障的调节作用。主要的研究内容和结果如下：
试验1：屎肠球菌EF1对断奶前仔猪小肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。随机选取胎次、窝产仔数和出生时间相近、体重差异不显著的6窝杜×长×大外三元新生仔猪,分为2个组,每组3窝。仔猪出生后,在其开始吮吸母乳前,经口灌服10%的灭菌脱脂乳溶液(对照组)或含屎肠球菌EF1(5～6×108CFU/mL)的10%灭菌脱脂乳溶液(益生菌组),灌服量为2mL／头·天,之后每隔1天灌服1次,共灌服3次。母猪饲料不添加抗生素。仔猪于12日龄开始饲喂教槽料,免疫程序及其他饲养管理方式按常规方法进行。试验仔猪于25日龄称空腹重后,每窝随机选2头,采集前腔静脉血,然后心脏放血屠宰,采集各部位样品。结果表明,与对照组相比,益生菌组断奶前仔猪的日增重提高30.73%(P<0.01),腹泻率下降43.21%(P<0.05)；肠道菌群多样性没有明显变化,但菌群组成得到改善,厚壁菌的比例显著增加,拟杆菌、变形菌和梭杆菌门的比例都明显减少：空肠黏膜sIgA分泌显著增加,溶菌酶基因表达显著降低；空肠和回肠黏膜的DAO活性增强,而ITF含量则显著减少,表明小肠黏膜完整性得到改善；空肠黏膜的ocln基因表达显著下调,zo-1基因表达无显著变化,血清DAO活性有少量增加,表明肠上皮选择通透性轻微增加；回肠黏膜TNF-α、空肠黏膜IFNγ以及空肠和回肠黏膜IL-1、IL-6、IL-12和IL-8的含量都显著减少,而空肠和回肠黏膜IL-10以及空肠黏膜TGF-β1分泌增加,tgf-β1基因表达量也显著上调；空肠黏膜tnf-α基因表达和TNF-a分泌都显著上调,而回肠黏膜TGF-β1和IFNγ的分泌都没有显著变化。进一步研究发现,空肠黏膜tlr2、tlr9和traf6基因表达上调,提示它们参与了屎肠球菌EF1的先天免疫调节作用。综上可见,新生仔猪口服屎肠球菌EF1可通过改善肠道微生态平衡,调节化学屏障和机械屏障功能以及双向性调节先天免疫应答,显著改善断奶前仔猪肠道健康,从而促进生长,并降低腹泻。
试验2：屎肠球菌EF1对断奶后仔猪小肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。试验1仔猪于25日龄断奶,继续饲喂教槽料。试验仔猪于断奶后一周(32日龄)称空腹重,采集前腔静脉血,然后心脏放血屠宰,采集各部位样品。结果表明,与对照组相比,益生菌组仔猪日增重提高320.84%(P<0.01),腹泻率降低71.42%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,益生菌组肠道菌群多样性减少,但菌群结构得到改善,厚壁菌数量变化不大,变形菌数量明显减少,而拟杆菌数量则显著增加,从而调整了微生态平衡,并促进碳水化合物的消化和吸收；空肠黏膜sIgA含量没有明显改变,但胃的pH值显著下降；空肠黏膜DAO活性显著提高,ITF含量显著下降,血清DAO活性下降,内毒素的含量保持很低的水平,说明肠上皮完整性得到保护；空肠黏膜的IL-10、IL-6、IFN-γ和IL-8的含量都没有明显改变,但TGF-β1含量显著减少,而TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-12的水平显著提高,表明空肠促炎应答增强。综上可见,新生仔猪口服屎肠球菌EF1促进仔猪在断奶后一周内的生长和肠道健康,减轻断奶应激对空肠黏膜完整性、消化吸收功能以及微生态平衡的不利影响,增强化学屏障和机械屏障功能以及先天免疫应答活性。
试验3：屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞的影响。
(1)粘附试验。Caco-2细胞分别与屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)或者E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,检测各自的粘附率；Caco-2细胞与屎肠球菌EF1和E. coli K88共孵育(EF+EC组),或者Caco-2细胞先与屎肠球菌EF1共孵育,再与E. coli K88共孵育(EF-EC组),或者Caco-2细胞先与E. coli K88共孵育,再与屎肠球菌EF1共孵育(EC-EF组),分别检测E. coli K88的粘附率。结果表明,EF组的粘附率高于EC组；与EC组相比,EF+EC组、EF-EC组和EC-EF组E. coli K88的粘附率都显著下降。综上可见,屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞的粘附力比E. coliK88强,且能通过竞争、排斥和置换作用阻止E. coli K88粘附Caco-2细胞,阻止E. coli K88入侵。
(2)屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞代谢活性和细胞膜完整性影响的试验。Caco-2细胞分别与PBS (CT组)、屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)、E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,或者经屎肠球菌EF1预孵育的Caco-2细胞再与E. coli K88共孵育(EF-EC组),检测细胞内、外的AKP和LDH水平。结果表明,与CT组相比,EF组Caco-2细胞内的AKP活性下降,但高于EC组,而LDH活性则显著增加；细胞上清液中的AKP和LDH活性都显著下降。与EC组相比,EF-EC组细胞内的AKP活性变化不大,但LDH活性显著提高；细胞上清液中的AKP和LDH含量都显著减少。综上可见,屎肠球菌EF1能维持Caco-2细胞膜的完整性和正常代谢活性,并能阻止E. Coli K88对细胞膜和代谢活性的破坏作用。
(3)屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞免疫调节作用及机理研究。Caco-2细胞分别与PBS(CT组)、屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)、E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,或者经屎肠球菌EF1预处理的Caco-2细胞再与E. coli K88共孵育(EF-EC组),检测细胞因子IL-10和APRIL的分泌以及屎肠球菌EF1调节Caco-2细胞先天免疫和获得性免疫应答相关基因的表达谱。结果表明,与CT组相比,EF组的IL-10水平显著提高,而EC组则检测不到IL-10；APRIL的含量也显著增加,但低于EC组。EF-EC组的APRIL含量显著低于EC组,而IL-10的含量则显著高于CT组。表明屎肠球菌EF1刺激Caco-2细胞产生较强的抗炎和较低水平的促炎应答,并减弱Caco-2细胞对大肠杆菌K88的炎症应答程度,促进免疫应答平衡。PCR array分析结果显示,屎肠球菌EF1双向性调节Caco-2细胞先天免疫和获得性免疫应答相关基因的表达。其中表达显著上调的基因有24个,包括ccl2、cdld、 cxcr4、defb4、dmbtl、ifnal、ifnb1、illf5、illf6、illrapl2、illrl2、illrn、 ly96、ncf4、pglyrp3、ptafr、sftpd、tlr3、tlr4、tlr6、tlr8、tlr10、tnf,显著下调的基因有20个,分别是adora2a、casp1、casp4、cd14、colec12、ifngr1、ill2rb2、 illf7、illf8、illf9、illr1、irakl、mif、nlrc4、pglyrpl、pglyrp2、ppbp、tlr2、tollip, traf6。这些基因主要参与先天免疫应答、炎症反应以及抗菌防御作用,其中dmtb1、 tlr10、tlr6、illf6和tnf可能与屎肠球菌EF1免疫调节机制密切相关。
试验4：屎肠球菌EF1对RAW264.7细胞先天免疫应答的影响。RAW264.7细胞分别与PBS(CT组)、屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)、E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,或者经屎肠球菌EF1预处理后再感染大肠杆菌K88(EF-EC组),检测细胞因子以及PGE2和02·-的分泌水平。结果发现,与CT组相比,EF组的IL-10、TNF-α、IFNγ、IL-6以及02·-水平显著增加,但都小于EC组；而IL-1β、IL-12和PGE2的含量都没有显著变化。表明屎肠球菌EF1引起巨噬细胞产生较低水平的免疫应答。与EC组相比,IL-10、TNF-α、IFNγ、IL-1β和PGE2的水平都显著提高,而O2·-的含量则明显下降,表明屎肠球菌EF1增强RAW264.7细胞对大肠杆菌K88的先天免疫应答程度,且能避免过度炎症应答,维持免疫平衡。
综上所述,口服屎肠球菌EF1促进断奶前和断奶后仔猪生长和肠道健康的益生作用在于改善肠道微生态平衡、调节肠黏膜化学屏障和机械屏障功能以及先天免疫应答；屎肠球菌EF1通过阻碍粘附、保护肠上皮细胞代谢活性和膜的完整性、减轻肠上皮细胞促炎反应以及增强巨噬细胞炎症应答来抵抗大肠杆菌K88的感染；屎肠球菌EF1对肠黏膜、肠上皮细胞以及巨噬细胞有双向性免疫调节作用；屎肠球菌EF1调节先天免疫的分子机理与TLRs介导的信号传导途径有关。
Enterococcus faecium has been widely used as probiotics due to their functioning ability to improve intestinal health, exhibit a growth-enhancing effect, and enhance the immunity of the host. Aprobiotic strain Enterococcus faecium EF1isolated from a healthy piglet was evaluated for its ability to modulate intestinal mucosal barrier functions with both in vivo and in vitro studies.
The main contents and results are as follows:
Trial1:The effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on small intestinal mucosal barrier functions of pre-weaning piglets were studied to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this probiotic strain.6litters newborn piglets ([Large White×Landrace]×Duroc)(no significant deviation in body weight) were randomly divided into two groups,3litters per group. Immediately after birth and before the first sucking, piglets of control group were administered10%sterilized skim milk2mL piglet-1day-1by oral gavage, and the probiotics group received10%sterilized skim milk2mL piglet-1day-1with addition of viable Enterococcus faecium EF1(5～6×108CFU/mL) for the first time, and other two of oral gavages were carried on the alternative odd days3rd and5th day post partum. Piglets were housed in standard farrowing crates with sows and subjected to routine management practices. The diet of sows contained no added antibiotics throughout the trial. From day12onward, piglets had free access to a supplemented pre-starter feed and ad libitum access to water. The feeding trial was conducted for25days. Results showed that oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1increased daily body weight gain by30.73%(P<0.01) while decreased diarrhea rate by43.21%(P<0.05). No significant modifications were found for the diversity of intestinal flora, but the composition of microflora was improved, which would exert beneficial effects by decreasing the growth of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Bacteroidetes spp., Proteobacteria spp., and Fusobacteria spp.) while allowing an increase in the number of gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes spp.) when Enterococcus faecium EF1were administered. As compared with control group, jejunal mucosal sIgA production was up-regulated significantly, while the lys expression was down-regulated in the probiotics group. In addition, Enterococcus faecium EF1enhanced DAO activities but decreased ITF content in both jejunal and ileal mucosa thereby improving small intestinal integrity in sucking piglets, ocln expression was down-regulated obviously in jejunal mucosa induced by Enterococcus faecium EF1, while zo-1expression was not significantly changed, and level of serum DAO activity increased, indicating the mucosal permeability increased. When Enterococcus faecium EF1were administered, the concentrations of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, including ileal mucosal TNF-a, jejunal mucosal IFN-y, as well as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-8in both jejunal and ileal mucosa decreased dramatically, but the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10in both jejunal and ileal mucosa and jejunal mucosal TGF-β1, as well as tgf-β1mRNA expression in the jejunal mucosa significantly increased, thus enhancing the immune tolerance of the small intestine. Moreover, jejunal mucosal TNF-a secretion increased and tnf-α mRNA expression levels also improved significantly in probiotics group, indicating a local physiological inflammatory immune response occurred in jejunal mucosa. However, ileal mucosal TGF-(31and IFN-y production were similar in both probiotics and control group. A further important finding was that levels of tlr2, tlr9, and traf6mRNA epression were up-regulated in probiotics group, suggesting they would be involved in signaling pathway of immuno-modulation by Enterococcus faecium EF1. Taken together, oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1could promote growth performance and decreased diarrhea rate through regulating microbial ecological balance, functions of chemical and physical barrier, as well as innate immune responses in pre-weaning piglets.
Trial2:The effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on small intestinal mucosal barrier functions of weaning piglets were evaluated. In this trail, we used the same experimental protocol as in Trial1. Piglets were weaned at25days of age and fed the pre-starter diet during the first week following weaning. Results showed that as compared to control group, oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1could increase daily body weight gain of weaning piglets by320.84%(P<0.01) while decrease diarrhea incidence by71.42%(P<0.05). As compared with control, Enterococcus faecium EF1declined the diversity of intestinal flora, but the composition of micro flora improved, the change in amount of Firmicutes bacteria was not significant, while the number of Proteobacteria spp. reduced markedly. However, the amount of Bacteroidetes spp was increased obviously, indicating that the balance of microflora improved and carbohydrate digestion and absorption enhanced. No changes were observed in sIgA concentration in the jejunal mucosa, while pH value in the stomach reduced markedly. There was an increase in the jejunal mucosal DAO activity and a decrease in serum DAO activity and in jejunal mucosal ITF level. Moreover, the serum endotoxin concentrations maintained at a very low level, suggesting that epithelial integrity was sustained. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecium EF1down-regulated the production of TGF-β1significantly while secretion of TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-12was enhanced in the jejunal mucosa. Whereas production of IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-8unchanged, indicating that pro-inflammatory response was activated to increase the capability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria invation. Taken together, Enterococcus faecium EF1given after birth promoted growth performance and improved the intestine health, prevented detrimental effects of weaning stress on jejunal mucosal integrity, the capacity of digestion and absorption, as well as microbial ecological balance, and enhanced functions of chemical barrier and mechanical barrier, as well as innate immune responses in the piglets during the first week of weaning.
Trial3:The study aimed at determining the effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on Caco-2cells.
1) Adhesion. Caco-2cells were co-cultured with Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group) and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, Coco-2cells were co-incubated with both Enterococcus faecium EF1and E. coli K88(EF+EC group), or Caco-2cells were pre-cultured with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then following co-incubating with E. coli K88(EF-EC group), or Caco-2cells were co-cultured with E. coli K88firstly, and then co-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1(EC-EF group), the adhesion rate of E. coli K88was examined, respectively. Results showed that a higher adhesion in EF group than in EC group. As compared with EC group, the adhesion rate of E. coli K88declined significantly in EF+EC group, EF-EC group and EC-EF group. Taken together, the capacity of Enterococcus faecium EF1to adhere to Caco-2cells was greater than that of E. coli K88. Moreover, Enterococcus faecium EF1had activity against E. coli K88adhesion by exclusion, displacement and competition.
2) The effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on metabolic activity and membrane integrity of Caco-2cells. Caco-2cells were co-cultured with PBS (CT group), Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group), and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, Caco-2cells were pre-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then followed by challenging with E. coli K88(EF-EC group). Both the intracellular and extracellular AKP and LDH activities were measured. Results showed that as compared with CT group, intracellular AKP activity decreased significantly in EF group, while it was much higher than that in EC group. However, intracellular LDH content increased clearly in EF group. Furthermore, both extracellular AKP and LDH activities declined obviously in EF group. In addition, when compared with EC group, no significant change in intracellular AKP activity was observed, whereas a remarkable up-regulation of LDH concentration was found. Moreover, both extracellular AKP and LDH activities declined markedly in EF group. These results indicated that Enterococcus faecium EF1was capable of protecting Caco-2cells monolayer integrity from the damage induced by E. coli K88and maintaining the normal physiological level of AKP and LDH.
3) The immune modulations of Enterococcus faecium EF1on Caco-2cells and the underlying mechanisms. Caco-2cells were co-cultured with PBS (CT group), Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group), and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, Caco-2cells were pre-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then followed by infecting with E. coli K88(EF-EC group). Cytokines of IL-10and APRIL secretion, as well as the differential expression profile of innate and adaptive immune response related genes in Caco-2cells were measured. Results showed that as compared with CT group, IL-10level increased significantly in group EF, while no IL-10secretion was detectable in group EC. The production of APRIL improved markedly, while the level was much lower than that in EC group, indicating that Enterococcus faecium EF1induced both immune tolerance and activation. In addition, the APRIL content was much less in group EF-EC than that in group EC, while IL-10concentration was much higher in group EF-EC than that in CT group, suggesting that Enterococcus faecium EF1may attenuate the pro-inflammatory response in Caco-2cells induced by E. coli K88challenge to promote homeostasis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Enterococcus faecium EF1served a dual role in modulating genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses by PCR array technology. The mRNA levels of24genes were significantly increased, including ccl2, cdld, cxcr4, defb4, dmbtl, ifnal, ifnbl, ill0, illf5, illf6, illrapl2, illrl2, illrn, ly96, ncf4, pglyrp3, ptafr, sftpd, tlr3, tlr4, tlr6, tlr8, tlr10and tnf while the levels of adora2a, casp1, casp4, cdl4, colecl2, ifngrl, ill2rb2, illf7, illf8, illf9. illrl, irakl, mif nlrc4, pglyrp1, pglyrp2, ppbp, tlr2, tollip and traf6were noticeably suppressed. These genes are involved in innate immune response, inflammatory response and host defense to bacteria. Among those, five genes (dmtbl, tlr10, tlr6, illf6and tnf) may contribute to immuno-modulating properties of Enterococcus faecium EF1.
Trial4:Effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on production of cytokines, prostaglandin E2and superoxide anion in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7was investigated. RAW264.7cells were co-cultured with PBS (CT group), Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group), and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, RAW264.7cells were pre-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then followed by challenging with E. coli K88(EF-EC group). The results showed that as compared with CT group, an increased release of IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and O2·-in EF group were observed, while these cytokines concentrations were far lower than that in group EC. However, no significant affects on IL-1β, IL-12, and PGE2secretion were examined, indicating that Enterococcus faecium EF1was capable of triggering a moderate innate inflammatory response on direct contact with RAW264.7. In addition, when RAW264.7cells were firstly treated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then infected with E. coli K88, the production of IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and PGE2in response to E. coli K88were apparently increased, while O2-significantly suppressed, suggesting that Enterococcus faecium EF1may enhance the ability of macrophages to prevent E. coli K88invation and keep the balance of immune response by improving both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production, as well as regulating seretion of PGE2and O2.
To sum up, these findings revealed that orally administered Enterococcus faecium EF1after birth was effective to improve growth and decrease diarrhea incidence by reversing microbiota disruption, improving functions of intestinal mucosal chemical and physical barrier, as well as innate immune response in small intestine in both of pre-weaning and weaning piglets. Enterococcus faecium EF1resisted against infection with E. coli K88by preventing adhesion, protecting metabolic activity and integrity of membrane of intestinal epitheliums, attenuating pro-inflammatory response in intestinal epitheliums, as well as promoting inflammatory response in macrophages. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecium EF1served a dual role in triggering innate immune response in mucosa, Caco-2cells, as well as in RAW264.7macrophage cells, and exhibiting both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities, which would contribute to the improvement of intestinal immune homeostasis. Toll-like receptor signaling pathway might be involved in the observed immuno-modulating property of Enterococcus faecium EF1.
试验1：屎肠球菌EF1对断奶前仔猪小肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。随机选取胎次、窝产仔数和出生时间相近、体重差异不显著的6窝杜×长×大外三元新生仔猪,分为2个组,每组3窝。仔猪出生后,在其开始吮吸母乳前,经口灌服10%的灭菌脱脂乳溶液(对照组)或含屎肠球菌EF1(5～6×108CFU/mL)的10%灭菌脱脂乳溶液(益生菌组),灌服量为2mL／头·天,之后每隔1天灌服1次,共灌服3次。母猪饲料不添加抗生素。仔猪于12日龄开始饲喂教槽料,免疫程序及其他饲养管理方式按常规方法进行。试验仔猪于25日龄称空腹重后,每窝随机选2头,采集前腔静脉血,然后心脏放血屠宰,采集各部位样品。结果表明,与对照组相比,益生菌组断奶前仔猪的日增重提高30.73%(P<0.01),腹泻率下降43.21%(P<0.05)；肠道菌群多样性没有明显变化,但菌群组成得到改善,厚壁菌的比例显著增加,拟杆菌、变形菌和梭杆菌门的比例都明显减少：空肠黏膜sIgA分泌显著增加,溶菌酶基因表达显著降低；空肠和回肠黏膜的DAO活性增强,而ITF含量则显著减少,表明小肠黏膜完整性得到改善；空肠黏膜的ocln基因表达显著下调,zo-1基因表达无显著变化,血清DAO活性有少量增加,表明肠上皮选择通透性轻微增加；回肠黏膜TNF-α、空肠黏膜IFNγ以及空肠和回肠黏膜IL-1、IL-6、IL-12和IL-8的含量都显著减少,而空肠和回肠黏膜IL-10以及空肠黏膜TGF-β1分泌增加,tgf-β1基因表达量也显著上调；空肠黏膜tnf-α基因表达和TNF-a分泌都显著上调,而回肠黏膜TGF-β1和IFNγ的分泌都没有显著变化。进一步研究发现,空肠黏膜tlr2、tlr9和traf6基因表达上调,提示它们参与了屎肠球菌EF1的先天免疫调节作用。综上可见,新生仔猪口服屎肠球菌EF1可通过改善肠道微生态平衡,调节化学屏障和机械屏障功能以及双向性调节先天免疫应答,显著改善断奶前仔猪肠道健康,从而促进生长,并降低腹泻。
试验2：屎肠球菌EF1对断奶后仔猪小肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。试验1仔猪于25日龄断奶,继续饲喂教槽料。试验仔猪于断奶后一周(32日龄)称空腹重,采集前腔静脉血,然后心脏放血屠宰,采集各部位样品。结果表明,与对照组相比,益生菌组仔猪日增重提高320.84%(P<0.01),腹泻率降低71.42%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,益生菌组肠道菌群多样性减少,但菌群结构得到改善,厚壁菌数量变化不大,变形菌数量明显减少,而拟杆菌数量则显著增加,从而调整了微生态平衡,并促进碳水化合物的消化和吸收；空肠黏膜sIgA含量没有明显改变,但胃的pH值显著下降；空肠黏膜DAO活性显著提高,ITF含量显著下降,血清DAO活性下降,内毒素的含量保持很低的水平,说明肠上皮完整性得到保护；空肠黏膜的IL-10、IL-6、IFN-γ和IL-8的含量都没有明显改变,但TGF-β1含量显著减少,而TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-12的水平显著提高,表明空肠促炎应答增强。综上可见,新生仔猪口服屎肠球菌EF1促进仔猪在断奶后一周内的生长和肠道健康,减轻断奶应激对空肠黏膜完整性、消化吸收功能以及微生态平衡的不利影响,增强化学屏障和机械屏障功能以及先天免疫应答活性。
试验3：屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞的影响。
(1)粘附试验。Caco-2细胞分别与屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)或者E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,检测各自的粘附率；Caco-2细胞与屎肠球菌EF1和E. coli K88共孵育(EF+EC组),或者Caco-2细胞先与屎肠球菌EF1共孵育,再与E. coli K88共孵育(EF-EC组),或者Caco-2细胞先与E. coli K88共孵育,再与屎肠球菌EF1共孵育(EC-EF组),分别检测E. coli K88的粘附率。结果表明,EF组的粘附率高于EC组；与EC组相比,EF+EC组、EF-EC组和EC-EF组E. coli K88的粘附率都显著下降。综上可见,屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞的粘附力比E. coliK88强,且能通过竞争、排斥和置换作用阻止E. coli K88粘附Caco-2细胞,阻止E. coli K88入侵。
(2)屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞代谢活性和细胞膜完整性影响的试验。Caco-2细胞分别与PBS (CT组)、屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)、E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,或者经屎肠球菌EF1预孵育的Caco-2细胞再与E. coli K88共孵育(EF-EC组),检测细胞内、外的AKP和LDH水平。结果表明,与CT组相比,EF组Caco-2细胞内的AKP活性下降,但高于EC组,而LDH活性则显著增加；细胞上清液中的AKP和LDH活性都显著下降。与EC组相比,EF-EC组细胞内的AKP活性变化不大,但LDH活性显著提高；细胞上清液中的AKP和LDH含量都显著减少。综上可见,屎肠球菌EF1能维持Caco-2细胞膜的完整性和正常代谢活性,并能阻止E. Coli K88对细胞膜和代谢活性的破坏作用。
(3)屎肠球菌EF1对Caco-2细胞免疫调节作用及机理研究。Caco-2细胞分别与PBS(CT组)、屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)、E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,或者经屎肠球菌EF1预处理的Caco-2细胞再与E. coli K88共孵育(EF-EC组),检测细胞因子IL-10和APRIL的分泌以及屎肠球菌EF1调节Caco-2细胞先天免疫和获得性免疫应答相关基因的表达谱。结果表明,与CT组相比,EF组的IL-10水平显著提高,而EC组则检测不到IL-10；APRIL的含量也显著增加,但低于EC组。EF-EC组的APRIL含量显著低于EC组,而IL-10的含量则显著高于CT组。表明屎肠球菌EF1刺激Caco-2细胞产生较强的抗炎和较低水平的促炎应答,并减弱Caco-2细胞对大肠杆菌K88的炎症应答程度,促进免疫应答平衡。PCR array分析结果显示,屎肠球菌EF1双向性调节Caco-2细胞先天免疫和获得性免疫应答相关基因的表达。其中表达显著上调的基因有24个,包括ccl2、cdld、 cxcr4、defb4、dmbtl、ifnal、ifnb1、illf5、illf6、illrapl2、illrl2、illrn、 ly96、ncf4、pglyrp3、ptafr、sftpd、tlr3、tlr4、tlr6、tlr8、tlr10、tnf,显著下调的基因有20个,分别是adora2a、casp1、casp4、cd14、colec12、ifngr1、ill2rb2、 illf7、illf8、illf9、illr1、irakl、mif、nlrc4、pglyrpl、pglyrp2、ppbp、tlr2、tollip, traf6。这些基因主要参与先天免疫应答、炎症反应以及抗菌防御作用,其中dmtb1、 tlr10、tlr6、illf6和tnf可能与屎肠球菌EF1免疫调节机制密切相关。
试验4：屎肠球菌EF1对RAW264.7细胞先天免疫应答的影响。RAW264.7细胞分别与PBS(CT组)、屎肠球菌EF1(EF组)、E. coli K88(EC组)共孵育,或者经屎肠球菌EF1预处理后再感染大肠杆菌K88(EF-EC组),检测细胞因子以及PGE2和02·-的分泌水平。结果发现,与CT组相比,EF组的IL-10、TNF-α、IFNγ、IL-6以及02·-水平显著增加,但都小于EC组；而IL-1β、IL-12和PGE2的含量都没有显著变化。表明屎肠球菌EF1引起巨噬细胞产生较低水平的免疫应答。与EC组相比,IL-10、TNF-α、IFNγ、IL-1β和PGE2的水平都显著提高,而O2·-的含量则明显下降,表明屎肠球菌EF1增强RAW264.7细胞对大肠杆菌K88的先天免疫应答程度,且能避免过度炎症应答,维持免疫平衡。
综上所述,口服屎肠球菌EF1促进断奶前和断奶后仔猪生长和肠道健康的益生作用在于改善肠道微生态平衡、调节肠黏膜化学屏障和机械屏障功能以及先天免疫应答；屎肠球菌EF1通过阻碍粘附、保护肠上皮细胞代谢活性和膜的完整性、减轻肠上皮细胞促炎反应以及增强巨噬细胞炎症应答来抵抗大肠杆菌K88的感染；屎肠球菌EF1对肠黏膜、肠上皮细胞以及巨噬细胞有双向性免疫调节作用；屎肠球菌EF1调节先天免疫的分子机理与TLRs介导的信号传导途径有关。
Enterococcus faecium has been widely used as probiotics due to their functioning ability to improve intestinal health, exhibit a growth-enhancing effect, and enhance the immunity of the host. Aprobiotic strain Enterococcus faecium EF1isolated from a healthy piglet was evaluated for its ability to modulate intestinal mucosal barrier functions with both in vivo and in vitro studies.
The main contents and results are as follows:
Trial1:The effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on small intestinal mucosal barrier functions of pre-weaning piglets were studied to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this probiotic strain.6litters newborn piglets ([Large White×Landrace]×Duroc)(no significant deviation in body weight) were randomly divided into two groups,3litters per group. Immediately after birth and before the first sucking, piglets of control group were administered10%sterilized skim milk2mL piglet-1day-1by oral gavage, and the probiotics group received10%sterilized skim milk2mL piglet-1day-1with addition of viable Enterococcus faecium EF1(5～6×108CFU/mL) for the first time, and other two of oral gavages were carried on the alternative odd days3rd and5th day post partum. Piglets were housed in standard farrowing crates with sows and subjected to routine management practices. The diet of sows contained no added antibiotics throughout the trial. From day12onward, piglets had free access to a supplemented pre-starter feed and ad libitum access to water. The feeding trial was conducted for25days. Results showed that oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1increased daily body weight gain by30.73%(P<0.01) while decreased diarrhea rate by43.21%(P<0.05). No significant modifications were found for the diversity of intestinal flora, but the composition of microflora was improved, which would exert beneficial effects by decreasing the growth of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Bacteroidetes spp., Proteobacteria spp., and Fusobacteria spp.) while allowing an increase in the number of gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes spp.) when Enterococcus faecium EF1were administered. As compared with control group, jejunal mucosal sIgA production was up-regulated significantly, while the lys expression was down-regulated in the probiotics group. In addition, Enterococcus faecium EF1enhanced DAO activities but decreased ITF content in both jejunal and ileal mucosa thereby improving small intestinal integrity in sucking piglets, ocln expression was down-regulated obviously in jejunal mucosa induced by Enterococcus faecium EF1, while zo-1expression was not significantly changed, and level of serum DAO activity increased, indicating the mucosal permeability increased. When Enterococcus faecium EF1were administered, the concentrations of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, including ileal mucosal TNF-a, jejunal mucosal IFN-y, as well as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-8in both jejunal and ileal mucosa decreased dramatically, but the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10in both jejunal and ileal mucosa and jejunal mucosal TGF-β1, as well as tgf-β1mRNA expression in the jejunal mucosa significantly increased, thus enhancing the immune tolerance of the small intestine. Moreover, jejunal mucosal TNF-a secretion increased and tnf-α mRNA expression levels also improved significantly in probiotics group, indicating a local physiological inflammatory immune response occurred in jejunal mucosa. However, ileal mucosal TGF-(31and IFN-y production were similar in both probiotics and control group. A further important finding was that levels of tlr2, tlr9, and traf6mRNA epression were up-regulated in probiotics group, suggesting they would be involved in signaling pathway of immuno-modulation by Enterococcus faecium EF1. Taken together, oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1could promote growth performance and decreased diarrhea rate through regulating microbial ecological balance, functions of chemical and physical barrier, as well as innate immune responses in pre-weaning piglets.
Trial2:The effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on small intestinal mucosal barrier functions of weaning piglets were evaluated. In this trail, we used the same experimental protocol as in Trial1. Piglets were weaned at25days of age and fed the pre-starter diet during the first week following weaning. Results showed that as compared to control group, oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1could increase daily body weight gain of weaning piglets by320.84%(P<0.01) while decrease diarrhea incidence by71.42%(P<0.05). As compared with control, Enterococcus faecium EF1declined the diversity of intestinal flora, but the composition of micro flora improved, the change in amount of Firmicutes bacteria was not significant, while the number of Proteobacteria spp. reduced markedly. However, the amount of Bacteroidetes spp was increased obviously, indicating that the balance of microflora improved and carbohydrate digestion and absorption enhanced. No changes were observed in sIgA concentration in the jejunal mucosa, while pH value in the stomach reduced markedly. There was an increase in the jejunal mucosal DAO activity and a decrease in serum DAO activity and in jejunal mucosal ITF level. Moreover, the serum endotoxin concentrations maintained at a very low level, suggesting that epithelial integrity was sustained. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecium EF1down-regulated the production of TGF-β1significantly while secretion of TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-12was enhanced in the jejunal mucosa. Whereas production of IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-8unchanged, indicating that pro-inflammatory response was activated to increase the capability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria invation. Taken together, Enterococcus faecium EF1given after birth promoted growth performance and improved the intestine health, prevented detrimental effects of weaning stress on jejunal mucosal integrity, the capacity of digestion and absorption, as well as microbial ecological balance, and enhanced functions of chemical barrier and mechanical barrier, as well as innate immune responses in the piglets during the first week of weaning.
Trial3:The study aimed at determining the effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on Caco-2cells.
1) Adhesion. Caco-2cells were co-cultured with Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group) and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, Coco-2cells were co-incubated with both Enterococcus faecium EF1and E. coli K88(EF+EC group), or Caco-2cells were pre-cultured with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then following co-incubating with E. coli K88(EF-EC group), or Caco-2cells were co-cultured with E. coli K88firstly, and then co-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1(EC-EF group), the adhesion rate of E. coli K88was examined, respectively. Results showed that a higher adhesion in EF group than in EC group. As compared with EC group, the adhesion rate of E. coli K88declined significantly in EF+EC group, EF-EC group and EC-EF group. Taken together, the capacity of Enterococcus faecium EF1to adhere to Caco-2cells was greater than that of E. coli K88. Moreover, Enterococcus faecium EF1had activity against E. coli K88adhesion by exclusion, displacement and competition.
2) The effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on metabolic activity and membrane integrity of Caco-2cells. Caco-2cells were co-cultured with PBS (CT group), Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group), and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, Caco-2cells were pre-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then followed by challenging with E. coli K88(EF-EC group). Both the intracellular and extracellular AKP and LDH activities were measured. Results showed that as compared with CT group, intracellular AKP activity decreased significantly in EF group, while it was much higher than that in EC group. However, intracellular LDH content increased clearly in EF group. Furthermore, both extracellular AKP and LDH activities declined obviously in EF group. In addition, when compared with EC group, no significant change in intracellular AKP activity was observed, whereas a remarkable up-regulation of LDH concentration was found. Moreover, both extracellular AKP and LDH activities declined markedly in EF group. These results indicated that Enterococcus faecium EF1was capable of protecting Caco-2cells monolayer integrity from the damage induced by E. coli K88and maintaining the normal physiological level of AKP and LDH.
3) The immune modulations of Enterococcus faecium EF1on Caco-2cells and the underlying mechanisms. Caco-2cells were co-cultured with PBS (CT group), Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group), and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, Caco-2cells were pre-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then followed by infecting with E. coli K88(EF-EC group). Cytokines of IL-10and APRIL secretion, as well as the differential expression profile of innate and adaptive immune response related genes in Caco-2cells were measured. Results showed that as compared with CT group, IL-10level increased significantly in group EF, while no IL-10secretion was detectable in group EC. The production of APRIL improved markedly, while the level was much lower than that in EC group, indicating that Enterococcus faecium EF1induced both immune tolerance and activation. In addition, the APRIL content was much less in group EF-EC than that in group EC, while IL-10concentration was much higher in group EF-EC than that in CT group, suggesting that Enterococcus faecium EF1may attenuate the pro-inflammatory response in Caco-2cells induced by E. coli K88challenge to promote homeostasis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Enterococcus faecium EF1served a dual role in modulating genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses by PCR array technology. The mRNA levels of24genes were significantly increased, including ccl2, cdld, cxcr4, defb4, dmbtl, ifnal, ifnbl, ill0, illf5, illf6, illrapl2, illrl2, illrn, ly96, ncf4, pglyrp3, ptafr, sftpd, tlr3, tlr4, tlr6, tlr8, tlr10and tnf while the levels of adora2a, casp1, casp4, cdl4, colecl2, ifngrl, ill2rb2, illf7, illf8, illf9. illrl, irakl, mif nlrc4, pglyrp1, pglyrp2, ppbp, tlr2, tollip and traf6were noticeably suppressed. These genes are involved in innate immune response, inflammatory response and host defense to bacteria. Among those, five genes (dmtbl, tlr10, tlr6, illf6and tnf) may contribute to immuno-modulating properties of Enterococcus faecium EF1.
Trial4:Effects of Enterococcus faecium EF1on production of cytokines, prostaglandin E2and superoxide anion in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7was investigated. RAW264.7cells were co-cultured with PBS (CT group), Enterococcus faecium EF1(EF group), and E. coli K88(EC group), respectively. In addition, RAW264.7cells were pre-incubated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then followed by challenging with E. coli K88(EF-EC group). The results showed that as compared with CT group, an increased release of IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and O2·-in EF group were observed, while these cytokines concentrations were far lower than that in group EC. However, no significant affects on IL-1β, IL-12, and PGE2secretion were examined, indicating that Enterococcus faecium EF1was capable of triggering a moderate innate inflammatory response on direct contact with RAW264.7. In addition, when RAW264.7cells were firstly treated with Enterococcus faecium EF1and then infected with E. coli K88, the production of IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and PGE2in response to E. coli K88were apparently increased, while O2-significantly suppressed, suggesting that Enterococcus faecium EF1may enhance the ability of macrophages to prevent E. coli K88invation and keep the balance of immune response by improving both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production, as well as regulating seretion of PGE2and O2.
To sum up, these findings revealed that orally administered Enterococcus faecium EF1after birth was effective to improve growth and decrease diarrhea incidence by reversing microbiota disruption, improving functions of intestinal mucosal chemical and physical barrier, as well as innate immune response in small intestine in both of pre-weaning and weaning piglets. Enterococcus faecium EF1resisted against infection with E. coli K88by preventing adhesion, protecting metabolic activity and integrity of membrane of intestinal epitheliums, attenuating pro-inflammatory response in intestinal epitheliums, as well as promoting inflammatory response in macrophages. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecium EF1served a dual role in triggering innate immune response in mucosa, Caco-2cells, as well as in RAW264.7macrophage cells, and exhibiting both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities, which would contribute to the improvement of intestinal immune homeostasis. Toll-like receptor signaling pathway might be involved in the observed immuno-modulating property of Enterococcus faecium EF1.
引文
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