膜分离技术在分离菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的应用研究
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摘要
蛋白质是人类赖以生存的重要物质基础。油菜是我国重要的油料作物，其果实油菜籽被广泛用来制取油脂，并产生大量的菜籽饼粕。菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的含量丰富、品质优良，但由于菜籽饼粕中也含有一定量的有害或抗营养物质，常规的加工方法难以将它们有效分离，菜籽饼粕中所含的蛋白质没有被很好地利用。膜分离技术是近年来发展起来的单相和多相分离的高新技术，具有分离纯度高、工艺条件简单、工艺成本低、无或少污染排放等特点，在国内外都得到了飞速发展，已被广泛应用于许多都领域，如分离大豆饼粕中的蛋白质。
本论文分析了膜分离技术应用于分离菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的可行性，研究了超滤膜分离菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的，通过试验确定了较佳的工艺技术参数，可为工业化生产提供参考。
在从菜籽饼粕中提取蛋白的试验中，进行了菜籽蛋白碱提和盐提两种试验，分别试验了溶液的PH值、盐溶液的浓度、温度、料液比、以及提取时间对菜籽蛋白提取率的影响，结果表明：在总体上用盐溶液提取优于用碱溶液提取，盐溶液提取蛋白质最佳条件为温度为40℃、料液比为1／15、食盐浓度为5.0％、提取时间为40min，在此条件下菜籽蛋白的提取率为89.87％。
在菜籽蛋白超滤分离试验中，通过连续化组合试验，试验了料液的PH值、温度、浓度、流速及压力对超滤膜通量的影响，结果表明：它们对超滤膜通量影响的显著性程度依次为料液的浓度、操作压力差(包括流速)、料液温度和溶液的PH值(离子强度)，最佳的超滤工艺条件是压力P=0.2Mpa，流速S=1m／s，温度T=40℃，料液的pH=10，此时的膜通量为55.2 L／(m~2h)；经过四次反复超滤可制得纯度达到91.1％的蛋白质(以干物质计)，且其不含有硫苷和植酸等有害或抗营养物质，外观色泽较浅，滋味较淡。
在超滤膜分离菜籽蛋试验中发现，超滤分离10个小时，膜通量就下降为原来的20.6％。进行的清洗试验结果表明：采用酸碱清洗方法可使膜通量最高恢复至原来的89.84％；可使膜面污染层的去除率K最高达到87.2％。
最后还根据上述试验结果，对提出了工业化生产的工艺流程，并对工艺设备进行了初步分析和确定。
The protein is the important material base that the mankind depends on for existence. The rapeseed is the important industrial crops of our country. A large number of rapeseeds leave a large number of rapeseed meals after extracting the oil. The content of the protein is abundant in the rapeseed meal, but there is a large amount of the harmful material or the material of resisting nutrition, thus it will prevent the rapeseed meal from directly utilizing to a great extent. Membrane separation is an advanced single-phase and heterogeneous separating technology that technology has been developed in recent years with many characteristics, such as purity high for separation, simple technique condition, low technique cost and little disposal of pollutants etc. With membrane-separate technology development at full speed of technology, membrane-separate technology enters our country gradually, and widely used in many fields. Especially, as the production scale of oil and output of production are expanded rapidly at
present, produce a large number of rapeseed meals, and eager demand an advanced separation technology like membrane-separation to transform downstream technique of traditional oil industry.
This paper studies the feasibility that it applies membrane separation technology to extracting protein from rapeseed meals. At the same time, it fixes on the best technical parameters to serve the industrialized production process.
In the experiment for extracting protein from rapeseed meal, through two comparable experiments extracting protein from rapeseed meal with alkali solution and salt solution, discuss separately the effect of PH in solution, concentration of salt solution, temperature, ratio of materials and solution and extracting time on extraction rate. The results indicate that salt solution is better than alkali solution for extracting protein from rapeseed meal on the whole. The best technical parameters about the protein extracts among the salt solution show: Temperature 40 ℃; Ratio of materials and solution is 1/15; The density of salt is 5.0%; Time is 40min. The extraction rate of the rapeseed protein is 89.87% under this condition.
In the experiment for separating protein with ultra-filtration technology, discuss separately the effect of PH, concentration, temperature, velocity of flow and pressure in solution on volume flow of solution through membrane during ultra-filtrating. Through successive experiment, the results indicate that the significance of the effect among them
on volume flow of solution through membrane is successively concentration of solution, pressure (include velocity of flow), temperature and PH of solution. The best parameters: pressure P =0.2Mpa, velocity of flow S =lm/s, the concentration of solution is same as the concentration of solution extracted, temperature T =40, PH =10. At this time the volume flow of solution through membrane reaches 55.2 L/ (m2h ). Through four times ultra-filtration, protein purity is up to 91.1% (with dry materials counting), and does not contain noxious substances , such as sulphur glucoside and plant sour ,etc. ; The protein color of is shallow, lightly taste.
The experiment of membrane contamination during the ultra-filtration shows: the volume flow of solution through membrane drop to 20. 6% original after successively ultra-filtrate 10 hours, the volume flow of solution through membrane can recover 89.84% of original through washing with sour and alkali; the rate of cleanout K about membrane contaminative layers reaches 87.2% in membrane face.
Initially analysis and fix on the technical flows and technical equipments for the industrialized production process in theory.
本论文分析了膜分离技术应用于分离菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的可行性，研究了超滤膜分离菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的，通过试验确定了较佳的工艺技术参数，可为工业化生产提供参考。
在从菜籽饼粕中提取蛋白的试验中，进行了菜籽蛋白碱提和盐提两种试验，分别试验了溶液的PH值、盐溶液的浓度、温度、料液比、以及提取时间对菜籽蛋白提取率的影响，结果表明：在总体上用盐溶液提取优于用碱溶液提取，盐溶液提取蛋白质最佳条件为温度为40℃、料液比为1／15、食盐浓度为5.0％、提取时间为40min，在此条件下菜籽蛋白的提取率为89.87％。
在菜籽蛋白超滤分离试验中，通过连续化组合试验，试验了料液的PH值、温度、浓度、流速及压力对超滤膜通量的影响，结果表明：它们对超滤膜通量影响的显著性程度依次为料液的浓度、操作压力差(包括流速)、料液温度和溶液的PH值(离子强度)，最佳的超滤工艺条件是压力P=0.2Mpa，流速S=1m／s，温度T=40℃，料液的pH=10，此时的膜通量为55.2 L／(m~2h)；经过四次反复超滤可制得纯度达到91.1％的蛋白质(以干物质计)，且其不含有硫苷和植酸等有害或抗营养物质，外观色泽较浅，滋味较淡。
在超滤膜分离菜籽蛋试验中发现，超滤分离10个小时，膜通量就下降为原来的20.6％。进行的清洗试验结果表明：采用酸碱清洗方法可使膜通量最高恢复至原来的89.84％；可使膜面污染层的去除率K最高达到87.2％。
最后还根据上述试验结果，对提出了工业化生产的工艺流程，并对工艺设备进行了初步分析和确定。
The protein is the important material base that the mankind depends on for existence. The rapeseed is the important industrial crops of our country. A large number of rapeseeds leave a large number of rapeseed meals after extracting the oil. The content of the protein is abundant in the rapeseed meal, but there is a large amount of the harmful material or the material of resisting nutrition, thus it will prevent the rapeseed meal from directly utilizing to a great extent. Membrane separation is an advanced single-phase and heterogeneous separating technology that technology has been developed in recent years with many characteristics, such as purity high for separation, simple technique condition, low technique cost and little disposal of pollutants etc. With membrane-separate technology development at full speed of technology, membrane-separate technology enters our country gradually, and widely used in many fields. Especially, as the production scale of oil and output of production are expanded rapidly at
present, produce a large number of rapeseed meals, and eager demand an advanced separation technology like membrane-separation to transform downstream technique of traditional oil industry.
This paper studies the feasibility that it applies membrane separation technology to extracting protein from rapeseed meals. At the same time, it fixes on the best technical parameters to serve the industrialized production process.
In the experiment for extracting protein from rapeseed meal, through two comparable experiments extracting protein from rapeseed meal with alkali solution and salt solution, discuss separately the effect of PH in solution, concentration of salt solution, temperature, ratio of materials and solution and extracting time on extraction rate. The results indicate that salt solution is better than alkali solution for extracting protein from rapeseed meal on the whole. The best technical parameters about the protein extracts among the salt solution show: Temperature 40 ℃; Ratio of materials and solution is 1/15; The density of salt is 5.0%; Time is 40min. The extraction rate of the rapeseed protein is 89.87% under this condition.
In the experiment for separating protein with ultra-filtration technology, discuss separately the effect of PH, concentration, temperature, velocity of flow and pressure in solution on volume flow of solution through membrane during ultra-filtrating. Through successive experiment, the results indicate that the significance of the effect among them
on volume flow of solution through membrane is successively concentration of solution, pressure (include velocity of flow), temperature and PH of solution. The best parameters: pressure P =0.2Mpa, velocity of flow S =lm/s, the concentration of solution is same as the concentration of solution extracted, temperature T =40, PH =10. At this time the volume flow of solution through membrane reaches 55.2 L/ (m2h ). Through four times ultra-filtration, protein purity is up to 91.1% (with dry materials counting), and does not contain noxious substances , such as sulphur glucoside and plant sour ,etc. ; The protein color of is shallow, lightly taste.
The experiment of membrane contamination during the ultra-filtration shows: the volume flow of solution through membrane drop to 20. 6% original after successively ultra-filtrate 10 hours, the volume flow of solution through membrane can recover 89.84% of original through washing with sour and alkali; the rate of cleanout K about membrane contaminative layers reaches 87.2% in membrane face.
Initially analysis and fix on the technical flows and technical equipments for the industrialized production process in theory.
引文
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[2] 王学松．膜分离技术及其应用．北京：科学出版社，1994
[3] 高福成等．食品分离工程高新技术[M]．北京：中国轻工业出版社，1998．442～523
[4] 张志诚．超滤技术．北京：海洋出版社，1993
[5] 何旭敏，何国梅．曾碧榕等．膜分离技术的应用．厦门大学学报，2001，40(2)：495～501
[6] 刘明．膜与膜分离技术的现状及应用．食品工业科技，1996，(1)：30～34
[7] 王熊等．膜分离技术在山楂加工中的应用[J]．膜科学与技术，1998，18(1)：22～26
[8] 曾凡坤等．超滤对几种果蔬汁品质的影响[J]．食品与发酵工业，1999，(2)：31～34
[9] 李书国等．中空纤维超滤器生产大豆分离蛋白的工艺研究[J]．中国粮油学报，1999，(4)：22～24
[10] Maubois J L. Current uses and future perspectives of MF technology in the dairy industry [J]. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation, 1997, 320: 37～40
[11] Barba D, Beolchini F, Cifoni Detal. Whey protein concentrates production in a pilot scale two-stage diafiltration process[J]. Sep Sci and Technol, 2000, 36(4): 587～603
[12] Konanykin A Vetal. Membrane technology in the manufacture of protein concentrates[J]. Molochnaya Promyshlennost, 1993, (2): 10～13
[13] Maetto M. treatment of whey and wash water[J]. Latte, 1995, 20(5): 512～514
[14] 陆骑凤．菜籽热喷去毒研讨．中国油脂，1994，(1)：40～43
[15] Xu L, Diosudy. The production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolate by membrane processing. JAOCS, 1994, 71(3): 935～939
[16] 何照范．粮油籽粒品质及其分析．北京农业出版社，1985
[17] Girault A. The study of some properties of rapeseed protein with a view to concentrate production. J Sci Food Agric, 1973, 24: 509～518
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