合金元素对高熵合金组织与性能的影响
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摘要
传统合金设计方式主要是以一种或两种元素为主组元，而后加入其它的少量元素来改善合金的组织结构以及所需的相关性能，如铁碳合金、铜合金、铝合金等。随着合金理论的发展，在2004年，叶均蔚等人提出了一种新型的合金设计理念—高熵合金，引发了关于多组元合金的研究热潮。高熵合金一般被定义为由五个或五个以上的元素按照等原子比或接近于等原子比合金化，其混合熵高于合金的熔化熵，一般形成固溶体的一类合金，这一合金成分设计理念突破了以一种合金元素为基的传统合金设计模式，并且可以通过合金成分优化设计，使高熵合金具有高强度、高硬度、耐高温蠕变、耐高温氧化和耐腐蚀等优异性能。有人曾预言，未来几十年内，最有发展潜力的三大研究热点是大块非晶、复合材料和高熵合金。高熵合金虽然有很多优异的性能，但是目前还没有得到广泛的应用，其主要原因是合金的塑性差，加工性能很低。迄今为止，对合金机械性能的测试还主要集中在合金的硬度及压缩性能，由于合金的高脆性，对合金的室温拉伸试验几乎无法完成。因此，研究如何提高合金的塑性及加工性能，具有重要的理论及实际意义。由于高熵合金具有耐高温氧化和耐腐蚀的优异性能，如果将其制备成镀膜材料，成膜之后将会对基底材料有很好的保护作用，因此，高熵合金薄膜研究也受到了广泛关注。
基于高熵合金目前所碰到的问题，本论文主要从合金的元素选择、加入元素的含量等方面研究如何提高合金的机械性能，讨论合金元素对高熵合金以及高熵合金薄膜的显微组织和机械性能的影响。本论文制备了FeCoCuNiSn_x系列、FeMnNiCuCoSn_x系列、FeNiCuMnTiSn_x系列合金和FeCoNiCuVZrAl氮化薄膜，并对其显微组织结构、机械性能、腐蚀性能、磁学等性能进行了检测分析，得到了以下研究结果。
1)通过对合金元素的选择，制备了塑性优良的两个高熵合金体系，分别为FeCoCuNiSn_x系合金和FeNiCuMnTiSn_x系合金。
通过对这两个系列的合金进行室温拉伸试验，发现这两个系列的合金的塑性明显好于已被文献报道的高熵合金，延伸率分别达到19.8%和16.9%。提高了合金塑性和加工性能，为高熵合金未来的应用提供相关的依据。
2)揭示出Sn含量对合金的显微组织和性能的影响。
FeCoCuNiSn_x系高熵合金具有很好的塑性和较高的抗拉强度，合金的塑性随Sn含量的增加呈抛物线型变化。当Sn含量小于0.05时，FeCoCuNiSn_x为单一的面心立方(FCC)固溶体，此时，合金的塑性和强度都随Sn含量的增加而明显提高，延伸率在Sn含量为0.05时，达到了最大值19.8%。而当Sn含量大于0.05时，随Sn含量的继续增加，合金中析出Cu81Sn22相。由于Cu81Sn22相是硬脆相，因此伴随此相的产生，合金的塑性逐渐下降。
基于合金主元多样性和材料成本的考虑，在FeCoCuNiSn_x合金体系中加入Mn元素，制备了FeMnNiCuCoSn_x系列高熵合金。Mn元素的加入，不仅增加了合金的组元，从而增加混合熵，而且降低了合金的成本。合金的最大延伸率为16.9%，强度为476.9MPa。FeMnNiCuCoSn_x系列高熵合金的显微组织结构和性能随Sn的变化趋势与FeCoCuNiSn_x系合金类似，在Sn含量较少时为单一的面心立方(FCC)固溶体，随Sn含量的增加析出Cu5.6Sn化合物，从而降低了合金塑性。
3) FeNiCuMnTiSn_x系列合金显微组织和磁学性能
当x=0时，即FeNiCuMnTi合金，是由Fe_2Ti、NiTi、FeTi、Fe_3Mn_7等金属间化合物组成，宏观上表现为顺磁性。随Sn含量的增加，FeNiCuMnTiSn_x合金逐渐向单一的晶体结构转变，当x=1时，即FeNiCuMnTiSn合金，形成了类似闪锌矿的TiNi2Sn单一晶体结构，磁学性能也由开始的顺磁性转变成软磁性。通过计算机模拟手段对这种磁性转变现象进行研究，发现合金磁性的转变是由于随Sn含量的增加，具有磁性的Ti_4(Ni_4Fe_4)Sn_4固溶体数量随之增多，因而合金宏观表现的磁性得到了加强。
4)揭示了非晶FeCoNiCuVZrAl氮化膜形成的机理，讨论了N_2浓度对非晶氮化膜的影响。
通过对合金元素的选择和对N_2浓度的调节，用直流磁控溅射的方法，在N_2浓度为30%时，制备了致密的非晶FeCoNiCuVZrAl氮化薄膜。并从热力学理论角度，解释了氮化薄膜的形成机制。在镀膜过程中发现，Fe、Co、Cu、V、Zr这几种元素的相对沉积量随N_2浓度的增加基本没有变化，而Al元素随N_2浓度的增加而增加。该氮化膜具有适中的显微硬度和杨氏模量，其分别为12GPa和166GPa。
总之，本论文通过对多系列高熵合金以及合金薄膜的制备与研究，揭示了合金元素对高熵合金的显微组织、力学性能、磁学性能的影响，为高熵合金的发展起到了一定的指导作用。
The conventional strategy for developing alloys is to select one or two elements as theprincipal components, and then to add other minor elements for improving microstructureand properties, such as iron-, copper-, and aluminum-based alloys. In2004, a novel conceptof high-entropy alloy was proposed by Yeh et al., which caused great research attention.The high-entropy alloy system includes five to thirteen principal elements at equimolar ornear-equimolar compositions. The atomic fractions of each element in high-entropy alloycannot be less than5%or more than35%, producing the high mixing entropy that preventsthe formation of intermetallic phases. Therefore, these alloys predominantly consist of amixture of simple solid solutions and have a favorable combination of compressionstrength and ductility. Many high-entropy alloys have high hardness, strength, wear andcorrosion resistance, as well as microstructure stability and anti-oxidation against heattreatment. It has been predicted that in the coming decades, three most potential researchfields would be bulk amorphous materials, composites and high-entropy alloys. In despiteof attractive mechanical and structural features, the low ductility and high brittleness ofhigh-entropy alloys seriously limit their potential applications in engineering, especially atroom temperature. Therefore, the study on improving the plasticity and mechanicalperformance is very important and meaningful. Moreover, the high-entropy alloy filmscould effectively protect the substrates due to the excellent properties of the high corrosionresistance, microstructure stability and anti-oxidation against heat treatment. Thus, thehigh-entropy alloy films also attract our attention.
In order to solve the above problems, we make effort to improve the mechanical properties by taking advantage of the selection of the alloying elements and the dopingconcentration, and discuss the effects of different alloying elements on microstructure andmechanical properties of high-entropy alloy and films. In this thesis, FeCoCuNiSn_x,FeMnNiCuCoSn_x, FeNiCuMnTiSn_xhigh-entropy alloys and nitride FeCoNiCuVZrAl flimwere prepared. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, magnetic properties andcorrosion behavior were investigated. The main results are as follows:
1) We got two high-entropy alloy systems with good plasticity and tensile strength,which were FeCoCuNiSn_xand FeNiCuMnTiSn_xsystems.
The tensile testing of the two high-entropy alloy systems showed that the plasticity,which could reach19.8%and16.9%, were obviously better than other reportedhigh-entropy alloys.
2) It was found that the content of Sn had great effects on microstructure, crystalstructure and tensile properties of high-entropy alloy systems.
The FeCoCuNiSn_xalloys had good plasticity and high strength. The results showedthat the alloys had a single FCC solution when Sn content was less than0.05. The plasticityand strength of alloys increased with the increasing Sn content. When Sn content was morethan0.05, the tendency was opposite and a new Cu81Sn22phase appeared. BecauseCu81Sn22phase is hard and brittle, the tensile strain and strength of the alloys decreased.
Considering the diversity of alloy component and metal material price, we preparedFeMnNiCuCoSn_xalloys by adding Mn element into FeCoCuNiSn_xalloy system. Theaddition of Mn increased the mixing entropy and reduced the cost. The results showed thatthe variation tendency of the plasticity and tensile strength of FeMnNiCuCoSn_xalloys withincreasing Sn contents was similar that of FeCoCuNiSn_xalloys. However, the maximumtensile strain and strength decreased to16.9%and476.9MPa, respectively.
3) For FeNiCuMnTiSn_xalloy system, the variations of microstructure, crystalstructure and magnetic property of alloys had been discussed. FeNiCuMnTi alloy (x=0),was composed of intermetallic compounds (Fe_2Ti, NiTi, FeTi and Fe_3Mn_7). However,FeNiCuMnTiSn alloy (x=1) had a structure similar to TiNi_2Sn phase, which is zinc blendestructure. Moreover, the magnetic transformation underwent from the paramagnetism (x=0, 0.05,0.1) to superparamagnetism (x=0.5), and finally to soft magnetism (x=1) at roomtemperature. We used computer simulation and found that as Sn content increased, moreTiNi2Sn were formed. When Fe atoms replaced Ni atoms as Ti_4(Ni_4Fe_4)Sn_4, the magnetismappeared.
4) The formation mechanism of the amorphous FeCoNiCuVZrAl nitride films wasexplored, and the effects of N_2concentration on properties of the amorphous films werediscussed.
The amorphous nitride films of FeCoNiCuVZrAl high-entropy alloys weresuccessfully deposited by using direct current magnetron sputtering. At different nitrogenflow ratios, all the deposited films had amorphous structure. And the film thicknessdecreased with the increasing nitrogen flow ratio. The relative concentrations of Fe, Co, Cu,V and Zr elements are substantially constant, compared to that of Al and Ni. Al atoms weremore like to be deposited at high N_2concentration. When N_2concentration reached30%, aperfect dense and smooth amorphous film was obtained, where the hardness and Young’modulus of the film reached the maximum values of12and166GPa, respectively. Theformation mechanism of the amorphous film had been briefly discussed at thethermodynamic point of view.
In summary, we prepared a series of high-entropy alloy systems and films, andexplored the effects of alloying elements on the micostructure, crystal structure, mechanicalbehaviors and magnetic properties, which is important and meaningful for furtherdevelopment of high-entropy alloy.
基于高熵合金目前所碰到的问题，本论文主要从合金的元素选择、加入元素的含量等方面研究如何提高合金的机械性能，讨论合金元素对高熵合金以及高熵合金薄膜的显微组织和机械性能的影响。本论文制备了FeCoCuNiSn_x系列、FeMnNiCuCoSn_x系列、FeNiCuMnTiSn_x系列合金和FeCoNiCuVZrAl氮化薄膜，并对其显微组织结构、机械性能、腐蚀性能、磁学等性能进行了检测分析，得到了以下研究结果。
1)通过对合金元素的选择，制备了塑性优良的两个高熵合金体系，分别为FeCoCuNiSn_x系合金和FeNiCuMnTiSn_x系合金。
通过对这两个系列的合金进行室温拉伸试验，发现这两个系列的合金的塑性明显好于已被文献报道的高熵合金，延伸率分别达到19.8%和16.9%。提高了合金塑性和加工性能，为高熵合金未来的应用提供相关的依据。
2)揭示出Sn含量对合金的显微组织和性能的影响。
FeCoCuNiSn_x系高熵合金具有很好的塑性和较高的抗拉强度，合金的塑性随Sn含量的增加呈抛物线型变化。当Sn含量小于0.05时，FeCoCuNiSn_x为单一的面心立方(FCC)固溶体，此时，合金的塑性和强度都随Sn含量的增加而明显提高，延伸率在Sn含量为0.05时，达到了最大值19.8%。而当Sn含量大于0.05时，随Sn含量的继续增加，合金中析出Cu81Sn22相。由于Cu81Sn22相是硬脆相，因此伴随此相的产生，合金的塑性逐渐下降。
基于合金主元多样性和材料成本的考虑，在FeCoCuNiSn_x合金体系中加入Mn元素，制备了FeMnNiCuCoSn_x系列高熵合金。Mn元素的加入，不仅增加了合金的组元，从而增加混合熵，而且降低了合金的成本。合金的最大延伸率为16.9%，强度为476.9MPa。FeMnNiCuCoSn_x系列高熵合金的显微组织结构和性能随Sn的变化趋势与FeCoCuNiSn_x系合金类似，在Sn含量较少时为单一的面心立方(FCC)固溶体，随Sn含量的增加析出Cu5.6Sn化合物，从而降低了合金塑性。
3) FeNiCuMnTiSn_x系列合金显微组织和磁学性能
当x=0时，即FeNiCuMnTi合金，是由Fe_2Ti、NiTi、FeTi、Fe_3Mn_7等金属间化合物组成，宏观上表现为顺磁性。随Sn含量的增加，FeNiCuMnTiSn_x合金逐渐向单一的晶体结构转变，当x=1时，即FeNiCuMnTiSn合金，形成了类似闪锌矿的TiNi2Sn单一晶体结构，磁学性能也由开始的顺磁性转变成软磁性。通过计算机模拟手段对这种磁性转变现象进行研究，发现合金磁性的转变是由于随Sn含量的增加，具有磁性的Ti_4(Ni_4Fe_4)Sn_4固溶体数量随之增多，因而合金宏观表现的磁性得到了加强。
4)揭示了非晶FeCoNiCuVZrAl氮化膜形成的机理，讨论了N_2浓度对非晶氮化膜的影响。
通过对合金元素的选择和对N_2浓度的调节，用直流磁控溅射的方法，在N_2浓度为30%时，制备了致密的非晶FeCoNiCuVZrAl氮化薄膜。并从热力学理论角度，解释了氮化薄膜的形成机制。在镀膜过程中发现，Fe、Co、Cu、V、Zr这几种元素的相对沉积量随N_2浓度的增加基本没有变化，而Al元素随N_2浓度的增加而增加。该氮化膜具有适中的显微硬度和杨氏模量，其分别为12GPa和166GPa。
总之，本论文通过对多系列高熵合金以及合金薄膜的制备与研究，揭示了合金元素对高熵合金的显微组织、力学性能、磁学性能的影响，为高熵合金的发展起到了一定的指导作用。
The conventional strategy for developing alloys is to select one or two elements as theprincipal components, and then to add other minor elements for improving microstructureand properties, such as iron-, copper-, and aluminum-based alloys. In2004, a novel conceptof high-entropy alloy was proposed by Yeh et al., which caused great research attention.The high-entropy alloy system includes five to thirteen principal elements at equimolar ornear-equimolar compositions. The atomic fractions of each element in high-entropy alloycannot be less than5%or more than35%, producing the high mixing entropy that preventsthe formation of intermetallic phases. Therefore, these alloys predominantly consist of amixture of simple solid solutions and have a favorable combination of compressionstrength and ductility. Many high-entropy alloys have high hardness, strength, wear andcorrosion resistance, as well as microstructure stability and anti-oxidation against heattreatment. It has been predicted that in the coming decades, three most potential researchfields would be bulk amorphous materials, composites and high-entropy alloys. In despiteof attractive mechanical and structural features, the low ductility and high brittleness ofhigh-entropy alloys seriously limit their potential applications in engineering, especially atroom temperature. Therefore, the study on improving the plasticity and mechanicalperformance is very important and meaningful. Moreover, the high-entropy alloy filmscould effectively protect the substrates due to the excellent properties of the high corrosionresistance, microstructure stability and anti-oxidation against heat treatment. Thus, thehigh-entropy alloy films also attract our attention.
In order to solve the above problems, we make effort to improve the mechanical properties by taking advantage of the selection of the alloying elements and the dopingconcentration, and discuss the effects of different alloying elements on microstructure andmechanical properties of high-entropy alloy and films. In this thesis, FeCoCuNiSn_x,FeMnNiCuCoSn_x, FeNiCuMnTiSn_xhigh-entropy alloys and nitride FeCoNiCuVZrAl flimwere prepared. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, magnetic properties andcorrosion behavior were investigated. The main results are as follows:
1) We got two high-entropy alloy systems with good plasticity and tensile strength,which were FeCoCuNiSn_xand FeNiCuMnTiSn_xsystems.
The tensile testing of the two high-entropy alloy systems showed that the plasticity,which could reach19.8%and16.9%, were obviously better than other reportedhigh-entropy alloys.
2) It was found that the content of Sn had great effects on microstructure, crystalstructure and tensile properties of high-entropy alloy systems.
The FeCoCuNiSn_xalloys had good plasticity and high strength. The results showedthat the alloys had a single FCC solution when Sn content was less than0.05. The plasticityand strength of alloys increased with the increasing Sn content. When Sn content was morethan0.05, the tendency was opposite and a new Cu81Sn22phase appeared. BecauseCu81Sn22phase is hard and brittle, the tensile strain and strength of the alloys decreased.
Considering the diversity of alloy component and metal material price, we preparedFeMnNiCuCoSn_xalloys by adding Mn element into FeCoCuNiSn_xalloy system. Theaddition of Mn increased the mixing entropy and reduced the cost. The results showed thatthe variation tendency of the plasticity and tensile strength of FeMnNiCuCoSn_xalloys withincreasing Sn contents was similar that of FeCoCuNiSn_xalloys. However, the maximumtensile strain and strength decreased to16.9%and476.9MPa, respectively.
3) For FeNiCuMnTiSn_xalloy system, the variations of microstructure, crystalstructure and magnetic property of alloys had been discussed. FeNiCuMnTi alloy (x=0),was composed of intermetallic compounds (Fe_2Ti, NiTi, FeTi and Fe_3Mn_7). However,FeNiCuMnTiSn alloy (x=1) had a structure similar to TiNi_2Sn phase, which is zinc blendestructure. Moreover, the magnetic transformation underwent from the paramagnetism (x=0, 0.05,0.1) to superparamagnetism (x=0.5), and finally to soft magnetism (x=1) at roomtemperature. We used computer simulation and found that as Sn content increased, moreTiNi2Sn were formed. When Fe atoms replaced Ni atoms as Ti_4(Ni_4Fe_4)Sn_4, the magnetismappeared.
4) The formation mechanism of the amorphous FeCoNiCuVZrAl nitride films wasexplored, and the effects of N_2concentration on properties of the amorphous films werediscussed.
The amorphous nitride films of FeCoNiCuVZrAl high-entropy alloys weresuccessfully deposited by using direct current magnetron sputtering. At different nitrogenflow ratios, all the deposited films had amorphous structure. And the film thicknessdecreased with the increasing nitrogen flow ratio. The relative concentrations of Fe, Co, Cu,V and Zr elements are substantially constant, compared to that of Al and Ni. Al atoms weremore like to be deposited at high N_2concentration. When N_2concentration reached30%, aperfect dense and smooth amorphous film was obtained, where the hardness and Young’modulus of the film reached the maximum values of12and166GPa, respectively. Theformation mechanism of the amorphous film had been briefly discussed at thethermodynamic point of view.
In summary, we prepared a series of high-entropy alloy systems and films, andexplored the effects of alloying elements on the micostructure, crystal structure, mechanicalbehaviors and magnetic properties, which is important and meaningful for furtherdevelopment of high-entropy alloy.
引文
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