利用三维三分量地震数据预测煤层裂隙
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摘要
煤炭生产是我国能源战略发展的重要组成部分,保障矿山安全是确保能源供应的重要前提。近年来威胁矿山安全的两大问题特别突出,一是瓦斯爆炸,二是突水淹井。一般认为,瓦斯和水的富集都与裂隙带有关。此外瓦斯既是灾害也可成为煤层气资源的一部分,并被视为我国未来洁净的替代能源之一,煤层气资源的有效开发和生产同样与裂隙带的发育状况有密切的关系。然而煤层裂隙探测在国内外一直都没有得到很好的解决,与煤层系列有关的裂隙带探测问题成为当前地震勘探面临的挑战和重大课题。
早在十多年前,煤田地震勘探界就普遍认识到2D勘探的局限性,并意识到同时利用P波和转换波可能会为岩性和裂隙探测带来新的机会,为此在十五期间大力开展了3D3C(三维三分量)地震勘探,在不同地区采集了大量实际资料。与传统单分量地震勘探相比,3D3C能够同时记录到反射P波和反射PS波,但PS波的处理解释相比P波要困难和复杂得多,为此如何发展实际资料处理技术以充分发挥PS波的潜力成为发展3D3C技术的关键。该问题近十年来一直未能得到有效解决,目前对大量实际资料的处理解释仍限于单分量反射P波。
煤田地震勘探有两个突出特点:一方面煤层埋藏浅,煤层反射波比较清楚,从3D3C容易获得信噪比和激发频率都较高的原始资料;另一方面,同陆地及海上石油地震勘探相比,与反射有关的煤层(包括煤层及上下围岩的煤系地层)很薄,在地震波长的尺度上可视为简单界面反射。为此,能否判断煤层系列中裂隙是否发育,裂隙对反射的影响是否在地震记录资料上有所显示,如有所显示又如何显示,等一系列问题有待回答。以往石油勘探提出利用横波分裂或转换横波分裂到时差推断目的层内裂隙是否发育的方法,其主要针对的是近百米厚的目的层,难以借鉴和应用于薄煤层系列反射的分析解释。另外,利用当前国内外风行的反射P波检测裂隙的方法能否辨认出薄煤层系列内的裂隙在理论上还有待研究。为此,3D3C能否在煤层系列裂隙探测上有所作为的问题一直困扰地震勘探界。
姚陈在理论上提出倾角CCP道集抽取和利用PS波的视偏振异常来判断裂隙。但煤田地震勘探发展最为关注的问题是,在煤层反射波频带范围内,薄煤层裂隙是否能引起PS波偏振异常,如存在PS波偏振异常,其显示与P波和PS波资料处理的关系是什么,更重要的是含裂隙和不含裂隙的预测结果是否能得到测井或钻探资料的验证。上述问题关系到我国能否形成具有自己独立知识产权的煤系地层裂隙探测技术,涉及到3D3C未来的发展方向,影响到煤矿安全生产和新能源勘探等我国煤炭产业发展的重大问题。
本文首先讨论反射PS波视偏振异常及其随方位的变化,说明用PS波视偏振异常探索裂隙层的理论依据。再结合实际资料处理,分析对比以往的资料处理方法,重点讨论倾角CCP道集抽取的影响因素,突出强调界面转换点的分散会降低横向分辨率问题。最后我们通过角道集分析对比两个水平分量PS波特征预测煤系地层裂隙,并与做过裂隙检测的钻井岩柱结果进行对比。
本篇论文包括三部分内容:第一部分,计算理论地震图对比岩性界面反射和裂隙层反射,说明直立裂隙和倾斜裂隙引起三分量反射记录两类反射特征的差异,阐述PS波分裂引起PS波视偏振异常及其有效检测薄煤层裂隙的理论问题。第二部分,集中讨论在3D3C和复杂构造条件下倾角CCP道集抽取的影响因素,论述以往三维转换波成像困难的原因,重点放在倾角CCP叠加及P波、PS波的成像对比。第三部分,说明发挥倾角CCP道集多方位多炮检距PS波资料的优势,通过角道集分析得到转换波的偏振异常与方位有关,避免从单一方位判断是否存在裂隙带反射的困难。
本文选择了既有3D3C数据采集又有详细钻孔资料的靶区进行对比研究。基于CCP角道集对比含裂隙和不含裂隙井附近的反射,我们惊奇的发现,转换波确实有正常偏振和偏振异常的差异显示,这意味着我们可能找到了一条在薄煤层条件下裂隙探测的新路子。
煤层系列裂隙的研究是一项具有重大应用价值和远景的工作,国、内外可供借鉴的经验很少,研究本身具有很大的难度和风险。论文涉及的诸多问题在国内外至今尚未见到类似的研究成果。
Coal production is one of the most significant constituents of the development strategy for energy sources in China. The safety for coal mine production is an important prerequisite for coal supply. In recent years, there are two outstanding problems concerned with the safety in coal mines. One is gas explosion, and the other is water invasion and mine flooding. It is usually suggested that gas and water accumulation are associated with cracks(and/or fractures ). On the other hand, gas is a hazard but also a kind of resources of coal bed gas, known as the clean alternative energy sources of our country in the future. Effective exploration and production of coal bed gas are also closely related with the development situation of fracture zones. However, how to detect crack and fracture in mines remains unsolved at home and abroad. Thus it is a remarkble challenge to seismic exploration at present.
More than ten years ago, it has been widely recognized in the community of coal exploration that 2D prospecting is limited. And it has been realized that the utility of P wave and converted waves could bring about new chance for detection of lithology and cracks. Therefore a great number of three-dimensional and three component (3D3C) seismic exploration has been made during the period of the“Tenth Five-Year Plan”, yielding a lot of valuable data in varied areas in China. Comparing with traditional seismic exploration of single component, the 3D3C can record simultaneously P and PS waves. The interpretation of PS wave is much more difficult and complicated than that of P wave, however. In last nearly ten years, it remains unsolved how to develop methods for real data processing to fully use PS wave that is the key of the 3D3C technique also. Currently processing and interpretation of real data are still confined to single-component reflective P wave.
Coal seismic exploration has two prominent features. The coal bed is shallow which produces distinct reflective waves, thus original data with high signal/noise ratio and high excitation frequency can be obtained from 3D3C. The other is that the coal strata (including coal beds and upper and lower country rocks) is very thin with respect to seismic wavelength that different from oil exploration on land or sea, so it is often resulted as a reflection from simple interface. How to determine whether crack existing or not in coal beds? Whether the effects of cracks are appeared on seismic data or not and how to display them? These questions remain to be answered. In previous oil exploration, it was suggested to use splitting of S-wave reflection and/or difference of arrival time of splitting converted S waves to predict cracks in target layer. Such a method is primarily focused on target layer with nearly 100m thickness, and not applicable to reflection of thin bed of coal. In addition, it is not clear in theory whether the prevailing method using reflective P wave can be used to detect cracks in thin coal beds. Thus, it has been a debt whether the 3D3C method can be successfully applied to detecting cracks for coal mine production.
Yao Chen theoretically proposed the dip CCP gathers and to use the apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave for detecting cracks. The most concerned problem in coal exploration is, however, whether cracks in thin coal beds can produce apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave. If the answer is positive, what is the relationship between their expressions and data processing of P and PS waves. Furthermore, the prediction of containing cracks or lacking could be tested by logging or drilling data? These problems are associated with whether our country is able to develop its own independent technology of detecting cracks in coal mine. It is also concerned with the development direction of the 3D3C in the future, as well as safety of coal production and exploration of new energy sources.
In this paper, I firstly make analysis of the apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave for different azimuths, addressing the theoretical basis for using these anomalies to detect cracks. Then in conjunction with actual data handling, analysis and comparison of previous methods of data processing, the influence factors on the extraction of dip CCP gathers are studied as a focused topic. It is emphasized that the dispersion of conversion points on the interface would lower lateral resolution. Finally, by analysis of azimuth gathers, I compare the features of PS wave of two horizontal components to predict cracks in coal beds, and make comparison with the rock cores from wells that cracks detection has been carried out individually.
This thesis includes three parts. In Part one, I compare reflections between lithological interface and crack layer by synthetic seismograms, demonstrating the differences of three-component reflection records for models with vertical and inclined cracks respectively. The purpose is to elucidate the apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave caused by PS wave splitting and how to use them to detect cracks in thin coal beds. Part two focuses on influence factors on dip CCP gather for 3D3C and complicated geological structure. I have explained why the previous efforts on 3D converted wave imaging are so difficult. The emphasis is focused on dip CCP stacking and imaging of PS wave in comparison with P wave. Part three indicates the advantage of using PS wave of dip CCP gather with multiple azimuths and multiple offsets that reveal the apparent polarization anomalies of PS depend on azimuth, indicating the single azimuth analysis is difficult to detect cracks.
This work has made a comprehensive study in a chosen target area with both available 3D3C data and detailed well data. Based on comparison of reflections near the wells with and without cracks, it is found the there is indeed difference appearing as normal and abnormal polarization of PS-wave. This means that it is possible to find a new approach to detect cracks in thin coal beds from PS polarization anomaly.
The research for detecting cracks in coal mine has important application value and prospects, in the background without experience at home and abroad, and it is carried out with great difficulties and risks. Many problems involved in this study have no relevant report from home and abroad.
早在十多年前,煤田地震勘探界就普遍认识到2D勘探的局限性,并意识到同时利用P波和转换波可能会为岩性和裂隙探测带来新的机会,为此在十五期间大力开展了3D3C(三维三分量)地震勘探,在不同地区采集了大量实际资料。与传统单分量地震勘探相比,3D3C能够同时记录到反射P波和反射PS波,但PS波的处理解释相比P波要困难和复杂得多,为此如何发展实际资料处理技术以充分发挥PS波的潜力成为发展3D3C技术的关键。该问题近十年来一直未能得到有效解决,目前对大量实际资料的处理解释仍限于单分量反射P波。
煤田地震勘探有两个突出特点:一方面煤层埋藏浅,煤层反射波比较清楚,从3D3C容易获得信噪比和激发频率都较高的原始资料;另一方面,同陆地及海上石油地震勘探相比,与反射有关的煤层(包括煤层及上下围岩的煤系地层)很薄,在地震波长的尺度上可视为简单界面反射。为此,能否判断煤层系列中裂隙是否发育,裂隙对反射的影响是否在地震记录资料上有所显示,如有所显示又如何显示,等一系列问题有待回答。以往石油勘探提出利用横波分裂或转换横波分裂到时差推断目的层内裂隙是否发育的方法,其主要针对的是近百米厚的目的层,难以借鉴和应用于薄煤层系列反射的分析解释。另外,利用当前国内外风行的反射P波检测裂隙的方法能否辨认出薄煤层系列内的裂隙在理论上还有待研究。为此,3D3C能否在煤层系列裂隙探测上有所作为的问题一直困扰地震勘探界。
姚陈在理论上提出倾角CCP道集抽取和利用PS波的视偏振异常来判断裂隙。但煤田地震勘探发展最为关注的问题是,在煤层反射波频带范围内,薄煤层裂隙是否能引起PS波偏振异常,如存在PS波偏振异常,其显示与P波和PS波资料处理的关系是什么,更重要的是含裂隙和不含裂隙的预测结果是否能得到测井或钻探资料的验证。上述问题关系到我国能否形成具有自己独立知识产权的煤系地层裂隙探测技术,涉及到3D3C未来的发展方向,影响到煤矿安全生产和新能源勘探等我国煤炭产业发展的重大问题。
本文首先讨论反射PS波视偏振异常及其随方位的变化,说明用PS波视偏振异常探索裂隙层的理论依据。再结合实际资料处理,分析对比以往的资料处理方法,重点讨论倾角CCP道集抽取的影响因素,突出强调界面转换点的分散会降低横向分辨率问题。最后我们通过角道集分析对比两个水平分量PS波特征预测煤系地层裂隙,并与做过裂隙检测的钻井岩柱结果进行对比。
本篇论文包括三部分内容:第一部分,计算理论地震图对比岩性界面反射和裂隙层反射,说明直立裂隙和倾斜裂隙引起三分量反射记录两类反射特征的差异,阐述PS波分裂引起PS波视偏振异常及其有效检测薄煤层裂隙的理论问题。第二部分,集中讨论在3D3C和复杂构造条件下倾角CCP道集抽取的影响因素,论述以往三维转换波成像困难的原因,重点放在倾角CCP叠加及P波、PS波的成像对比。第三部分,说明发挥倾角CCP道集多方位多炮检距PS波资料的优势,通过角道集分析得到转换波的偏振异常与方位有关,避免从单一方位判断是否存在裂隙带反射的困难。
本文选择了既有3D3C数据采集又有详细钻孔资料的靶区进行对比研究。基于CCP角道集对比含裂隙和不含裂隙井附近的反射,我们惊奇的发现,转换波确实有正常偏振和偏振异常的差异显示,这意味着我们可能找到了一条在薄煤层条件下裂隙探测的新路子。
煤层系列裂隙的研究是一项具有重大应用价值和远景的工作,国、内外可供借鉴的经验很少,研究本身具有很大的难度和风险。论文涉及的诸多问题在国内外至今尚未见到类似的研究成果。
Coal production is one of the most significant constituents of the development strategy for energy sources in China. The safety for coal mine production is an important prerequisite for coal supply. In recent years, there are two outstanding problems concerned with the safety in coal mines. One is gas explosion, and the other is water invasion and mine flooding. It is usually suggested that gas and water accumulation are associated with cracks(and/or fractures ). On the other hand, gas is a hazard but also a kind of resources of coal bed gas, known as the clean alternative energy sources of our country in the future. Effective exploration and production of coal bed gas are also closely related with the development situation of fracture zones. However, how to detect crack and fracture in mines remains unsolved at home and abroad. Thus it is a remarkble challenge to seismic exploration at present.
More than ten years ago, it has been widely recognized in the community of coal exploration that 2D prospecting is limited. And it has been realized that the utility of P wave and converted waves could bring about new chance for detection of lithology and cracks. Therefore a great number of three-dimensional and three component (3D3C) seismic exploration has been made during the period of the“Tenth Five-Year Plan”, yielding a lot of valuable data in varied areas in China. Comparing with traditional seismic exploration of single component, the 3D3C can record simultaneously P and PS waves. The interpretation of PS wave is much more difficult and complicated than that of P wave, however. In last nearly ten years, it remains unsolved how to develop methods for real data processing to fully use PS wave that is the key of the 3D3C technique also. Currently processing and interpretation of real data are still confined to single-component reflective P wave.
Coal seismic exploration has two prominent features. The coal bed is shallow which produces distinct reflective waves, thus original data with high signal/noise ratio and high excitation frequency can be obtained from 3D3C. The other is that the coal strata (including coal beds and upper and lower country rocks) is very thin with respect to seismic wavelength that different from oil exploration on land or sea, so it is often resulted as a reflection from simple interface. How to determine whether crack existing or not in coal beds? Whether the effects of cracks are appeared on seismic data or not and how to display them? These questions remain to be answered. In previous oil exploration, it was suggested to use splitting of S-wave reflection and/or difference of arrival time of splitting converted S waves to predict cracks in target layer. Such a method is primarily focused on target layer with nearly 100m thickness, and not applicable to reflection of thin bed of coal. In addition, it is not clear in theory whether the prevailing method using reflective P wave can be used to detect cracks in thin coal beds. Thus, it has been a debt whether the 3D3C method can be successfully applied to detecting cracks for coal mine production.
Yao Chen theoretically proposed the dip CCP gathers and to use the apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave for detecting cracks. The most concerned problem in coal exploration is, however, whether cracks in thin coal beds can produce apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave. If the answer is positive, what is the relationship between their expressions and data processing of P and PS waves. Furthermore, the prediction of containing cracks or lacking could be tested by logging or drilling data? These problems are associated with whether our country is able to develop its own independent technology of detecting cracks in coal mine. It is also concerned with the development direction of the 3D3C in the future, as well as safety of coal production and exploration of new energy sources.
In this paper, I firstly make analysis of the apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave for different azimuths, addressing the theoretical basis for using these anomalies to detect cracks. Then in conjunction with actual data handling, analysis and comparison of previous methods of data processing, the influence factors on the extraction of dip CCP gathers are studied as a focused topic. It is emphasized that the dispersion of conversion points on the interface would lower lateral resolution. Finally, by analysis of azimuth gathers, I compare the features of PS wave of two horizontal components to predict cracks in coal beds, and make comparison with the rock cores from wells that cracks detection has been carried out individually.
This thesis includes three parts. In Part one, I compare reflections between lithological interface and crack layer by synthetic seismograms, demonstrating the differences of three-component reflection records for models with vertical and inclined cracks respectively. The purpose is to elucidate the apparent polarization anomalies of PS wave caused by PS wave splitting and how to use them to detect cracks in thin coal beds. Part two focuses on influence factors on dip CCP gather for 3D3C and complicated geological structure. I have explained why the previous efforts on 3D converted wave imaging are so difficult. The emphasis is focused on dip CCP stacking and imaging of PS wave in comparison with P wave. Part three indicates the advantage of using PS wave of dip CCP gather with multiple azimuths and multiple offsets that reveal the apparent polarization anomalies of PS depend on azimuth, indicating the single azimuth analysis is difficult to detect cracks.
This work has made a comprehensive study in a chosen target area with both available 3D3C data and detailed well data. Based on comparison of reflections near the wells with and without cracks, it is found the there is indeed difference appearing as normal and abnormal polarization of PS-wave. This means that it is possible to find a new approach to detect cracks in thin coal beds from PS polarization anomaly.
The research for detecting cracks in coal mine has important application value and prospects, in the background without experience at home and abroad, and it is carried out with great difficulties and risks. Many problems involved in this study have no relevant report from home and abroad.
引文
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