基于G/S模式的突发事件时空平行演化方法研究与实现
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摘要
近年来,世界各国地震、海啸、台风等重大自然灾害累见不鲜,各类突发事件已然对国家财产造成了难以估量的损失,对人民生命造成了致命的威胁,对公共安全环境造成了严重的危害。我国是世界上自然灾害最严重的少数国家之一。世界上几乎所有的灾害在我国都有发生,而且灾害发生的频率高,灾害严重,损失巨大。由于我国是一个多山的国家,山地、丘陵占国土面积2/3以上,显著的地貌分异、复杂的地质环境、频繁的灾害性天气,使我国成为世界上地质灾害广泛发育、致灾严重的国家之一。2000年以来,我国突发地质灾害平均每年造成死亡和失踪约1100人、经济损失120-150亿元。据调查统计,目前全国约有地质灾害隐患点近24万个,威胁人口1359万。除此之外,我国已经进入新的五年规划建设与发展的重要时期。为此,对社会秩序与环境和谐提出了稳定的要求。由于我国是一个多民族聚居的大国,各地区位置、气候条件、资源分布差距比较悬殊,地区经济发展容易失衡,尤其我国目前处于社会转型、经济飞速发展时期,社会矛盾与冲突非常容易萌发。
     G/S模式(Geo Browser/Service Cloud)地学浏览器/信息服务云模式作为一种空间信息网络服务模式,借鉴了C/S和B/S的优点,优势在于可以基于网络环境对海量、异构、多源的数据进行组织、管理,并通过客户端实现信息汇聚、服务聚合。包括地质灾害、城市灾害在内的突发事件信息大多具有海量、异构、多源的数据特性,将G/S模式与地质灾害等突发事件应急管理相结合,能够有效解决以地质灾害及城市灾害为主的突发事件应急管理系统中海量、异构、多源数据的管理、平行演化、可视化表达等问题。
     本文针对目前地质灾害应急指挥系统中海量、异构的时空数据在组织管理、态势演化、分析表达、预案推演等方面存在的不足,以建立地质灾害等突发事件时空数据平行演化及应急预案推演平台为宗旨,以地质灾害应急相关课题为依托,结合地质灾害应急研究与应急指挥的科学规律及经验数据,在对空间信息技术、三维可视化技术、VR技术、结构化/非结构化数据库技术以及网络通讯技术等现代信息技术进行研究的基础上,建设一套面向地质灾害等突发事件应急的时空数据服务和地学浏览器/服务云的客户端聚合服务模式(G/S模式)的突发事件时空数据平行演化平台。实现在三维环境下的基础地理信息、灾害信息、实时传感信息、应急预案的数据平行演化、可视化表达的一体式管理。重点为突发事件中的地质灾害与城市灾害的防控预警与应急指挥研究工作提供统一的综合管理、应急指挥与辅助决策平台。为突然、复杂的突发事件防控与处置应对工作提供一种高效智能的辅助支撑手段技术示范。
     本文主要工作内容如下:
     1、基于现代信息技术的地质灾害等突发事件应急指挥体系基础研究
     地质灾害等突发事件的应急指挥是复杂的系统工程,其中监测,预警,接警,处警,预案制定、演习、评估构成了一个相对完整的处置系列。地质灾害等突发事件应急与先进的科学技术形成了不可分割的强依赖关系,通过卫星遥感、航空探测、地面观测、网络舆情分析、传感监测手段,建立起完善的分析、预警与辅助决策系统,采用多种技术手段实现突发事件的监测、预警、信息发布以及在应急救援过程中的接处警、调度、营救、演习、评估等辅助技术。为我国地质灾害等突发事件应急指挥能力的提高提供技术基础。
     2、面向突发事件的时空数据组织管理机制和应用模型研究
     突发事件相关的地理、人文、气象以及各类监测传感数据等大多呈现出海量、异构的特点,为数据的存储、组织、管理、调度、应用造成较大的困难。现有分布式存储方案在数据的存储和数据可用性方面提供较好的保障和技术支持,但由于现有研究大多偏重于结构化数据的存储和管理,对于呈现非结构化特征的空间信息数据的存储、访问、组织、调度还存在不尽人意之处。本文针对突发事件中结构化与非结构化、空间与非空间数据并存的情况,研究针对海量异构时空数据的组织管理机制,提高数据调度效率。以解决现有数据组织管理方法难以满足突发事件应急指挥系统在海量、异构的时空数据组织、管理应用方面的需求。
     3、基于G/S模式的地质灾害与城市灾害三维时空可视化平行演化方法的实现与应用试验
     在G/S模式下,通过地学浏览器(G端)对地质灾害与城市灾害相关的遥感影像、高程数据、行业数据、矢量数据、实时监测数据、分析预警结果等数据进行汇总并实现时空数据的可视化平行演化,使突发事件的实况以三维时空可视化的形式平行表达并与应急预案实现联动交互。本文通过计算机图形技术实现地理环境及事件现场的三维场景平行模拟;利用VR技术实现现场应急的可视化指挥调度;运用数据可视化技术实现对地质灾害与城市灾害相关时空数据分析结果的可视化表达;满足灾害应急中快速响应和大数据吞吐量的技术要求;实现从宏观空间地理位置到突发事件当事场景,直至建筑物内部细节的三维模拟场景一体化过渡及室内定位的场景交互功能;并能在此基础上实现三维建筑内部的结构分析、救援指挥调度与部署。
     本文创新点如下:
     1、提出了一种基于G/S模式的突发事件时空数据平行演化体系架构
     以G/S模式为基础,将其信息汇聚、服务聚合的核心思想应用到突发事件时空数据平行演化体系架构中,本体系架构,主要面向由自然因素、人为因素等引起的突发事件的应急响应。主体由三层次构成:突发事件数据采集与感知、突发事件数据演化分析、突发事件时空平行处置。针对突发事件应急管理中的问题,通过实验仿真结果验证其理论基础与方法成果。同时,由于突发事件涉及范围广、参变因素多等特征,受到环境、资源、信息等边界条件的限制,其实践应用和平行控制与管理需要有一系列工具的有效支持。利用平行执行与平行仿真来响应应急救援措施,制修订突发事件应急预案。为应急响应的动态优化提供技术方案。为新一代的突发事件应急指挥与平行演化平台提供理论依据和应用模型。
     2、提出了一种基于UEML的应急预案制/修订流程与方法
     将基于G/S模式的突发事件时空数据平行演化方法运用于应急预案的制修订过程,结合传统文字预案,将现有的文字章程形式的预案在时空数据平行演化平台中转化为可视的、动态的、交互性的、具有时空特色的数字化应急预案。并对应急预案进行仿真执行,从而对预案的科学性、逻辑性进行理论的验证。通过理论验证后即成为备用预案,备用预案在应急实战演习中将起到指导、统筹、纲要性的作用,通过对突发事件实战演习与仿真平台对时空数据的模拟推演、分析对比、相互作用、问题记录等过程,以实战演习数据为参考依据,以可视化交互方式对备用预案进行可能性修订,即增加应急过程中的种种可能性参与因素,并以情境——应对的响应策略丰富应急预案的执行经验、使之成为行之有效、用之有度、灵活智能、直观可信的突发事件可视化应急预案。解决了现有应急行动中,预案与演习、实战数据各行其道、预案框架过大、内容过粗、缺乏应变能力等问题。真正使应急预案称为平时培训、演习修订、战时纲领的高效、可行的智慧型预案。
     3、提出了一种面向应急救援的多源校准室内外一体化定位方法(MC-IOP,Multi-Calibration Indoor&Outdoor Postioning)
     通过本课题的研究提出了一种面向应急救援的多源校准室内外一体化定位方法(MC-IOP,Multi-Calibration Indoor&Outdoor Postioning),该方法由GPS技术、RFID标定技术、惯性导航技术、电子指南针技术组成。在室外采用GPS数据和惯性导航子系统解算出的数据,通过内部的卡尔曼滤波器进行混合,当GPS数据锁定时,转入室内定位模式。利用建筑内的RFID信号将室内的标定精度缩小到2.5米之内,通过包括指南针、加速计、陀螺仪在内的多种校准源结合惯性导航算法精确锁定室内位置。无论室内还是室外,都可以得到准确、且高精度的位置数据。为应急救援提供了一种全新的,目标明确的辅助技术手段,提对高受困人员的疏散、解救能力;同时保障救援执行人员在实施救援过程中的生命安全,为单兵室内救援协同作战提供技术前提;为应急指挥提供可视化的直观指挥条件。
     本文主要成果如下:
     1、初步搭建了一个基于G/S模式的突发事件时空平行演化原型平台,并通过其在地质灾害及城市火灾应急中的试应用,对本文所研究的时空数据平行演化方法从实践的角度进行了印证;
     2、初步实现了一种基于MC-IOP方法的应急单兵救援终端系统,并通过其在消防现场单兵救援中的试应用,对MC-IOP方法的科学性、可行性进行了验证和分析。
In recent years, the major natural disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, andtyphoon in various countries had been common occurrences. Various kinds ofemergencies have already caused incalculable loss to state property, lethal threat topeople’s life, and serious damage to public security environment. China is one of theminority countries in the world with the most serious natural disasters. Almost alldisasters in the world have occurrence in China, and the occurrence frequency is highwith serious damage and tremendous loss. As China is a mountainous country,mountainous regions and hills account for more than two thirds of national territorialarea. The remarkable morphological differentiation, complex geological environment,and frequent disastrous weather have made China become one of the countries in theworld with extensive development and grievous calamities of geological disasters.Since2000, the unexpected geological disasters in China had caused, on average peryear, about1100casualties and disappearances, and RMB12-15billion Yuan ofeconomic losses. According to investigation statistics, China has about240,000danger-hidden points of geological disasters at present, threatening a population of13.59million. In addition, China has entered a new important period of the constructionand development of five-year plan. Thus it has put forward stable requirements onsocial order and environment harmony. As China is a big multi-ethnic populatedcountry, the gap of the locations, climatic conditions, and resources distribution amongvarious areas are of great disparity, and regional economic development is likely to beout-of-balance. In particular, China is at the social transformation and economic rapiddevelopment period at present, thus social contradictions and conflicts are very easy togerminate.
     G/S mode as a spatial information network service model, drawing on the advantages of C/S and B/S, which is we can organize and manage the massive,heterogeneous, multi-source data based web environment,and realize informationaggregation and service polymerizationclient by client. Emergency information’s datafeatures is mass, heterogeneous, multi-source, if the G/S mode combined withemergency management, emergency management system can effectively resolve themanagement, parallel evolution, visualization of massive, heterogeneous,multi-source data.
     In this paper, the theme aims at the emergency command system deficiencies ofmass, heterogeneous spatio-temporal data evolution in the organization andmanagement,trend analysis of expression,plans deduction,to establish emergencyspatio-temporal data parallel evolution and emergency contingency plans inferenceplatform for the purpose, Related topics as the basis, the combination of Emergencyin emergency command the laws of science and empirical data in spatial informationtechnology,3D visualization technology, VR technology,structured/unstructureddatabase technology and network communication technology and other moderninformation technologythe basis of research,it constructed a spatio-temporal dataparallel evolution platform oriented emergency services and general browser/cloudclient emergencies spatio-temporal data aggregation service mode (G/S mode) forenmergencies.Realizing integrated management in a3D environment for the basis ofgeographic information,emergency information,real-time sensor information,dataparallel evolution of the contingency plans, visualization expression. It provides aunified integrated management, emergency command decision support platform forEmergency preparedness and response research for the prevention and control ofnatural disasters, accidents, disasters, public health emergencies, social securityincidents and other types of emergencies.To provide an efficient and intelligentauxiliary support means for a sudden, complex emergencies prevention and controland emergency management.The main work of this paper are as follows:
     1.The basic research on emergency command system based on moderninformation technology
     Emergency response command is a complex system engineering, monitoring,early warning, alarm, alarm processing, plan development, exercises,assessments constitute a relatively complete disposal series. Emergency and advancedscience and technology formed a strong dependence relationship, it use satelliteremote sensing,aerial detection,ground-based observations,online public opinion analysis, sensor monitoring means, to establish a impeccable analysis of incidents,early warning and decision system, and use a variety of techniques to achieveAlarming emergency monitoring, early warning, information dissemination, aswell as in emergency rescue process, scheduling, rescue, exercises, assessmentand other assistive technologies. It provide a technical basis for improving theemergency command capabilities.
     2.The application model research of spatio-temporal data organization andmanagement mechanism for emergencies
     Most of emergencies related to geography, humanities, weather and a varietyof monitoring sensor data has massive, heterogeneous characteristics, causinggreater difficulties for data storage, organization, management, scheduling,application. Existing distributed storage solutions to provide better protection andtechnical support in the data storage and data availability, but because most of theexisting research emphasis on structured data storage and management, there arefailings when the data showed unstructured features spacestored and accessed in theefficient organization, scheduling. the existing data organization and managementmethods is difficult to meet emergencycommand system in the mass, heterogeneousspatio-temporal data organization, management applications when encountered thesituation of structured and unstructured, coexistence of spatial and non-spatial datain emergencies.Aim at these deficiencies, the research improve the efficiency ofdata scheduling for the organization management mechanism of mass heterogeneousspatial and temporal data,which is a key to achieve the desired design goals.
     3. Emergency three-dimensional space-time visualization of parallelevolution method for Implementation and Application of the test based on G/Smodel
     on the G/S mode,Aggregated to emergencies related data through a commonbrowser (G terminal) related the remote sensing images、elevation data,industry data,vector data, real-time monitoring data, analysis of early warning results and achievespatio-temporal data visualization parallel evolution,the emergency live is parallellyexpressed through the visualization form of three-dimensional space-time and achievelinkage interaction with contingency plans.. In this paper, the geographicalenvironment and the scene of the three-dimensional scene of parallel simulation isachieved by the computer graphics technology. VR technology is used to achieve theemergency on-site emergency of visual command and dispatch. Data visualization technology is used to the visualization of emergencies spatio-temporal data analysisresults;To meet the technical requirements of the rapid response of emergency andhigh data throughput. From the macro-space location to scene of emergencies parties,until the internal details of the building of the three-dimensional simulation scenariosand integration of the transition and the indoor positioning to achieve the scenesinteractive features. And on the basis can realize the three-dimensional buildings of theinternal structure analysis, rescue command scheduling and deployment.This innovation is as follows:
     1. An Emergency Spatio-temporal Data Parallel Evolution Architecture Basingon G/S Mode is Proposed
     Basing on G/S mode, its core ideology of information aggregation and serviceaggregation is applied to emergency spatio-temporal data parallel evolutionarchitecture. This architecture is mainly oriented to the emergency response ofemergencies caused by natural factors and human factors. Its main body is composedby three layers: emergency data gathering and perception, emergency data evolutionanalysis, and emergency spatio-temporal parallel disposition. Targeting at theproblems in the emergency management of emergencies, experimental simulationresults are applied to verify its theoretical basis, methods and results. Meanwhile, asemergencies have the characteristics such as broad scope and more parametric factors,and are subject to the limitations of boundary conditions including the environment,resources and information, its practical application and parallel control andmanagement need the effective support of a series of tools. Parallel execution andparallel simulation shall be utilized to respond to emergency rescue measures, andformulate and amend the contingency plan of emergency, so as to provide technicalproposals for the dynamic optimization of emergency response. Moreover, it can alsoprovide theoretical basis and application model for the emergency commanding andparallel evolution platform of new generation emergencies.
     2. Raised a contingency plans/revision processes and methods system based onUEML
     G/S mode emergencies spatio-temporal data parallel evolution mechanism usedin the manufacturing process of revision of the contingency plans, combined withtraditional text plan, the existing articles of association in the form of plans canconvert into visual,dynamic, interactive, spatial and temporal characteristics ofdigitized contingency plans in parallel evolution of the platform of the in the spatio-temporal data. And it execute of the simulate the contingency plans,to verifythe scientificity and logic validation of the theoryIt will become a backup planWhen it clear the theory verification. Alternate plans will paly a guide,co-ordination,outline role in emergency combat exercises. Through analog deduction,analysiscontrast, interaction and problem records or other process in emergencies combatexercises and simulation platform spatio-temporal data, a reference data of combatexercises, visualization interactively on the possibility of alternate plan amendments,in other words,to increase the emergency possibilities to participate in the processfactors and scenario-the response strategy to deal with rich experience in theimplementation of the contingency plans, to become effective, use, flexible,intelligent, intuitive and credible emergency visualization emergencyplans. It solvethe existing emergency operations plans and exercises, combat data gone their ownway, the plan framework is too large, too coarse, lack of resilience and otherproblems.It really make contingency plans called peacetime training exercises toamend the Programme of wartime efficient and feasible intelligent plan.
     3. Raised a integrated positioning method oriented the mulit-source calibrationindoor emergency rescue
     The research proposed a integrated positioning method oriented the mulit-sourcecalibration indoor emergency rescue (MC-IOP, Multi-Calibration Indoor&OutdoorPostioning),the method is made up of GPS technology,RFID calibration technique,inertial navigation technology, electronic compasstechnical components. In theoutdoor,the GPS data and inertial navigation subsystem solves data,will mix with theinterior of the Kalman filte.When GPS data is locked, it transferto the indoorpositioning mode. Using RFID signals within the building indoor can reducecalibration accuracy to2.5meters,we can pinpoint the indoor location by compass,accelerometer, gyroscope, including a variety of calibration source combined withinertial navigation algorithm. Whether indoors or outdoors,we can obtain accurate,and highly accurate position data to provide a new and targeted assistive technologymeans to improve the evacuation and rescue capability for high-trapped person,Meanwhile, it guarantees the lives and safety when the rescue Executive in theimplementation of the rescue process, which become technical premise for the soldierindoor rescue coordinated operations and provide intuitive visualization commandcondition for emergency command.
     The Main Achievements of this Paper are as Follows:
     1. Preliminarily constructed an emergency spatio-temporal parallel evolution prototype platform basing on G/S mode, and corroborated the spatio-temporal dataparallel evolution method studied in this paper from practical perspective via its trialapplication in the emergency response of geological disaster and urban fire disaster;
     2. Preliminarily achieved an emergency individual rescue terminal system basingon MC-IOP method, and verified and analyzed the scientific nature and feasibility ofMC-IOP method via its trial application in firefighting scene individual rescue.
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