中国近海生物资源保护性开发与可持续利用研究
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摘要
海洋是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分。海洋资源环境可持续发展是支撑社会、经济发展的重要基础。海洋生物资源的公共物品性、海洋生态系统的整体性和海洋环境的脆弱性启示我们:海洋生物资源虽然是可再生的,但是有限的;只有遵循自然发展规律,依据科学发展思路,维护海洋生态系统的良性循环,适度开发利用海洋生物资源,才能实现海洋资源、环境、经济、社会的协调发展,达到人与自然、环境与社会的和谐,并留给后代一个良好的海洋环境。
本研究对海洋生物资源及环境特性进行了分析;运用宏观分析法与微观分析法、理论分析法与实证分析法、定性分析法与定量分析法,以及模式分析法、比较分析法等研究分析方法,对我国海洋生物资源、海洋环境、生态系统、物种多样性的状况进行了分析,对海洋生物资源开发利用中存在的问题及原因进行剖析;依据海洋生物资源可持续发展原则,提出我国近海生物资源保护性、适度开发利用和可持续发展对策和措施。
我国海域辽阔,生物资源丰富,是我国社会、经济发展的资源宝库。海洋生物资源已广泛用作优质食品、药物、生物制品和其他精深加工品的原材料。海洋捕捞业、海水养殖业、水产品加工业等海洋生物相关产业发展迅速,在海洋产业中占据重要地位。然而,我国海洋生物资源开发利用中存在许多严重问题。海洋环境恶化,生态系统失衡,生物多样性减少,生物资源衰退,近海水体污染,生态灾害频发,严重影响了我国海洋生物资源的有效利用和持续发展。其主要原因是:对海洋生物资源的掠夺性、粗放性开发,造成资源过度利用,超出海洋承载力及其环境容量,物质能量循环出现障碍,海洋生态系统失衡;海洋环境污染和不合理的海洋开发工程,造成生境破坏,生态功能减弱,生态系统退化;人口增长和趋海发展,给沿海资源环境造成巨大压力;涉海法律法规体系薄弱,国家宏观政策调控不力,未能合理利用和有效管理、保护海洋生物资源和海洋环境。
综合运用可持续发展理论、系统动力学理论、生态系统理论、生态经济学理论和循环经济理论,对海洋生物资源、海洋环境、海洋生态系统、海洋经济及其关系进行了理论分析。提出从管理、利用、保护、修复、治理、研究多个层面,利用行政、政策、法律、制度、经济、技术多种手段,构建科学管理系统,进行综合、系统、整体的保护和管理。我国近海生物资源利用、管理和保护过程中,必须树立海洋资源、环境、经济与社会协调发展理念、自然资源价值理念、生态系统管理理念、资源—环境—生态—经济综合管理理念,遵循可持续发展原则、生态系统管理原则、海洋环境效益与经济、社会效益协调原则、海洋整体效益原则、海陆一体化原则、海洋综合管理原则、海洋功能控制原则和以法治海原则。在理论分析和实证分析基础上,参照国外海洋生物资源开发利用、管理与保护模式,提出我国近海生物资源适度开发利用、管理与保护9条主张和政策建议:保护海洋环境和生物多样性;采用捕捞配额许可证制度保护和恢复海洋渔业资源;建设海洋自然保护区和特别保护区;建立健全涉海法律法规体系;建设国家基础性服务网络;强化国家宏观调控与管理;运用高新技术实现海洋生物资源综合开发利用;开展海洋生物资源学研究并开拓和发现海洋生物新资源;提高全民海洋环境意识。
本研究的创新性在于:综合运用可持续发展理论、系统动力学理论、生态系统理论等多种理论,对海洋生物资源可持续发展进行理论与实证分析,提出的海洋生物资源保护性适度开发利用理念、科学管理系统构想和渔业生产全程管理模式,具有一定的创新性。
本研究的意义在于:研究结果对我国海洋生物资源的开发、利用、保护、管理与可持续发展,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义,对海洋经济管理科学决策和实现海洋生物资源、环境、经济、社会协调可持续发展,也将具有借鉴作用。
The ocean is a part of basic components of global life-supporting system. The sustainable development of marine resources and environment is an important foundation to support the progress of human society and economy. It is important for us to raise the awareness of the public property characteristic of marine bioresources, the integrative characteristic of marine ecosystems, and the frangibility of marine environment. Marine bioresources is reproducible, but it is still limited in the nature. We should maintain the heath and well-circulation of marine ecosystem scientifically and exploit marine bioresources reasonably following the law of nature evolution to achieve harmonious development of marine resources, environment, economy, and society, and to realize the aim of harmoniousness between human and nature, and between environment and society so as to leave behind a favourable marine environment for our later generations.
In present study, the peculiarities of marine bioresources and marine environment were analyzed and discussed. The status of Chinese marine bioresources, environment, ecosystem, and biodiversity were summarized, and the problems caused by exploitation, utilization, and management as well as the reasons were analyzed and evaluated by a series of methods including macroscopic and microscomic analysis, theoretical and practical analysis, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. The strategies and measures for protective exploitation and sustainable utilization of Chinese marine bioresources were proposed based on the principle of sustainable development.
There are broad sea area and prolific marine bioresources in China Sea that is a treasure-house of resources for the development of Chinese economy and society. In China, marine bioresources have been used as high-quality seafood, medicines, functional products, and materials for other biological products. The marine aquatic product industry including marine fishery, marine aquaculture, and marine aquatic products processing industry has taken up much larger proportion in Chinese marine industry. Many serious problems, however, have arisen in exploitation and utilization of marine bioresources especially in recent 10 years. It has been affected unfavorably for us to utilize marine bioresources effectively and permanently by marine environment deterioration, ecosystem disturbance, biodiversity reduction, bioresources recession, marine pollution, and frequent eco-disaster. The main reasons caused theses problems are as follows: beyond marine carrying capacity and environment capability by predatory and extensive manners, over-exploitation of bioresources resulted in the disturbance of marine ecosystem and the obstruction of matter and energy circulation. Marine environment pollution and unreasonable oceanographic engineering caused serious damage of marine entironments, weakness of marine eco-functions, and degradation of marine ecosystems. The population explosion as well as the trend of population towards coast inflicted tremendous pressure on marine resources and environment. The weakness of marine laws system and the infirmness of macroscopical control by government policies relulted in unreasonable utilization, inefficient management, and insufficient protection of marine bioresources.
The multiple correlations between marine bioresources, marine environment, marine ecosystem and marine economy were discussed based on sustainable development theory, system dynamics theory, ecosystem theory, ecological economics theory, and circular economy theory, respectively. The scientific management system was proposed to protect and manage Chinese marine bioresources comprehensively and systematically from the aspects of supervision, utilization, protection, resumption, control, and research by means of administration, policies, laws, rules, economy, and technology. Four notions, namely the resources-environment-economy-society harmonizing development notion, natural resources value notion, ecosystem management notion, and resources-environment-ecosystem-economy integrative management notion, were proposed for utilization, management, and protection of Chinese bioresources. Eight principles were also proposed that we should follow including sustainable development principle, ecosystem management principle, harmonious environment-economy-society benefits principle, marine entirety benefits principle, ocean-terrene integration principle, marine integrated management principle, marine functional control principle, and legal system principle. And 9 opinions and strategies were suggested for reasonable exploitation, administration and protection of Chinese marine bioresources based on the theoretical and practical analyses and referring to the modes of other countries as follows: to protect marine environment and biodiversity, to protect and resume marine fishery resources by fishery quota license system, to construct marine nature reserves, to establish and reinforce marine laws system, to establish national basic serving network, to strengthen government macro-control and management, to exploit and utilize marine bioresources comprehensively by high-technology, to intensify the basic research on marine bioresources science and to explore new marine bioresources, and to arouse the civil consciousness of marine environment.
The innovation in this study is to analyze the situation of marine bioresources comprehensively and systematically by a series of theories of sustainable development, system dynamics, ecosystem, etc. The ideal is originality to exploit the marine bioresources reasonably under protection. Another originality is to propound the conception of scientific management system as well as the mode of whole-process management in fishery production.
The results and conclusions elicited from this study have vital significance for exploitation, utilization, protection, administration, and sustainable development of Chinese marine bioresources. There will be more use for reference of scientific decisions involving marine economy administration as well as for sustainable progress of Chinese marine bioresources, environment, economy, and society.
本研究对海洋生物资源及环境特性进行了分析;运用宏观分析法与微观分析法、理论分析法与实证分析法、定性分析法与定量分析法,以及模式分析法、比较分析法等研究分析方法,对我国海洋生物资源、海洋环境、生态系统、物种多样性的状况进行了分析,对海洋生物资源开发利用中存在的问题及原因进行剖析;依据海洋生物资源可持续发展原则,提出我国近海生物资源保护性、适度开发利用和可持续发展对策和措施。
我国海域辽阔,生物资源丰富,是我国社会、经济发展的资源宝库。海洋生物资源已广泛用作优质食品、药物、生物制品和其他精深加工品的原材料。海洋捕捞业、海水养殖业、水产品加工业等海洋生物相关产业发展迅速,在海洋产业中占据重要地位。然而,我国海洋生物资源开发利用中存在许多严重问题。海洋环境恶化,生态系统失衡,生物多样性减少,生物资源衰退,近海水体污染,生态灾害频发,严重影响了我国海洋生物资源的有效利用和持续发展。其主要原因是:对海洋生物资源的掠夺性、粗放性开发,造成资源过度利用,超出海洋承载力及其环境容量,物质能量循环出现障碍,海洋生态系统失衡;海洋环境污染和不合理的海洋开发工程,造成生境破坏,生态功能减弱,生态系统退化;人口增长和趋海发展,给沿海资源环境造成巨大压力;涉海法律法规体系薄弱,国家宏观政策调控不力,未能合理利用和有效管理、保护海洋生物资源和海洋环境。
综合运用可持续发展理论、系统动力学理论、生态系统理论、生态经济学理论和循环经济理论,对海洋生物资源、海洋环境、海洋生态系统、海洋经济及其关系进行了理论分析。提出从管理、利用、保护、修复、治理、研究多个层面,利用行政、政策、法律、制度、经济、技术多种手段,构建科学管理系统,进行综合、系统、整体的保护和管理。我国近海生物资源利用、管理和保护过程中,必须树立海洋资源、环境、经济与社会协调发展理念、自然资源价值理念、生态系统管理理念、资源—环境—生态—经济综合管理理念,遵循可持续发展原则、生态系统管理原则、海洋环境效益与经济、社会效益协调原则、海洋整体效益原则、海陆一体化原则、海洋综合管理原则、海洋功能控制原则和以法治海原则。在理论分析和实证分析基础上,参照国外海洋生物资源开发利用、管理与保护模式,提出我国近海生物资源适度开发利用、管理与保护9条主张和政策建议:保护海洋环境和生物多样性;采用捕捞配额许可证制度保护和恢复海洋渔业资源;建设海洋自然保护区和特别保护区;建立健全涉海法律法规体系;建设国家基础性服务网络;强化国家宏观调控与管理;运用高新技术实现海洋生物资源综合开发利用;开展海洋生物资源学研究并开拓和发现海洋生物新资源;提高全民海洋环境意识。
本研究的创新性在于:综合运用可持续发展理论、系统动力学理论、生态系统理论等多种理论,对海洋生物资源可持续发展进行理论与实证分析,提出的海洋生物资源保护性适度开发利用理念、科学管理系统构想和渔业生产全程管理模式,具有一定的创新性。
本研究的意义在于:研究结果对我国海洋生物资源的开发、利用、保护、管理与可持续发展,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义,对海洋经济管理科学决策和实现海洋生物资源、环境、经济、社会协调可持续发展,也将具有借鉴作用。
The ocean is a part of basic components of global life-supporting system. The sustainable development of marine resources and environment is an important foundation to support the progress of human society and economy. It is important for us to raise the awareness of the public property characteristic of marine bioresources, the integrative characteristic of marine ecosystems, and the frangibility of marine environment. Marine bioresources is reproducible, but it is still limited in the nature. We should maintain the heath and well-circulation of marine ecosystem scientifically and exploit marine bioresources reasonably following the law of nature evolution to achieve harmonious development of marine resources, environment, economy, and society, and to realize the aim of harmoniousness between human and nature, and between environment and society so as to leave behind a favourable marine environment for our later generations.
In present study, the peculiarities of marine bioresources and marine environment were analyzed and discussed. The status of Chinese marine bioresources, environment, ecosystem, and biodiversity were summarized, and the problems caused by exploitation, utilization, and management as well as the reasons were analyzed and evaluated by a series of methods including macroscopic and microscomic analysis, theoretical and practical analysis, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. The strategies and measures for protective exploitation and sustainable utilization of Chinese marine bioresources were proposed based on the principle of sustainable development.
There are broad sea area and prolific marine bioresources in China Sea that is a treasure-house of resources for the development of Chinese economy and society. In China, marine bioresources have been used as high-quality seafood, medicines, functional products, and materials for other biological products. The marine aquatic product industry including marine fishery, marine aquaculture, and marine aquatic products processing industry has taken up much larger proportion in Chinese marine industry. Many serious problems, however, have arisen in exploitation and utilization of marine bioresources especially in recent 10 years. It has been affected unfavorably for us to utilize marine bioresources effectively and permanently by marine environment deterioration, ecosystem disturbance, biodiversity reduction, bioresources recession, marine pollution, and frequent eco-disaster. The main reasons caused theses problems are as follows: beyond marine carrying capacity and environment capability by predatory and extensive manners, over-exploitation of bioresources resulted in the disturbance of marine ecosystem and the obstruction of matter and energy circulation. Marine environment pollution and unreasonable oceanographic engineering caused serious damage of marine entironments, weakness of marine eco-functions, and degradation of marine ecosystems. The population explosion as well as the trend of population towards coast inflicted tremendous pressure on marine resources and environment. The weakness of marine laws system and the infirmness of macroscopical control by government policies relulted in unreasonable utilization, inefficient management, and insufficient protection of marine bioresources.
The multiple correlations between marine bioresources, marine environment, marine ecosystem and marine economy were discussed based on sustainable development theory, system dynamics theory, ecosystem theory, ecological economics theory, and circular economy theory, respectively. The scientific management system was proposed to protect and manage Chinese marine bioresources comprehensively and systematically from the aspects of supervision, utilization, protection, resumption, control, and research by means of administration, policies, laws, rules, economy, and technology. Four notions, namely the resources-environment-economy-society harmonizing development notion, natural resources value notion, ecosystem management notion, and resources-environment-ecosystem-economy integrative management notion, were proposed for utilization, management, and protection of Chinese bioresources. Eight principles were also proposed that we should follow including sustainable development principle, ecosystem management principle, harmonious environment-economy-society benefits principle, marine entirety benefits principle, ocean-terrene integration principle, marine integrated management principle, marine functional control principle, and legal system principle. And 9 opinions and strategies were suggested for reasonable exploitation, administration and protection of Chinese marine bioresources based on the theoretical and practical analyses and referring to the modes of other countries as follows: to protect marine environment and biodiversity, to protect and resume marine fishery resources by fishery quota license system, to construct marine nature reserves, to establish and reinforce marine laws system, to establish national basic serving network, to strengthen government macro-control and management, to exploit and utilize marine bioresources comprehensively by high-technology, to intensify the basic research on marine bioresources science and to explore new marine bioresources, and to arouse the civil consciousness of marine environment.
The innovation in this study is to analyze the situation of marine bioresources comprehensively and systematically by a series of theories of sustainable development, system dynamics, ecosystem, etc. The ideal is originality to exploit the marine bioresources reasonably under protection. Another originality is to propound the conception of scientific management system as well as the mode of whole-process management in fishery production.
The results and conclusions elicited from this study have vital significance for exploitation, utilization, protection, administration, and sustainable development of Chinese marine bioresources. There will be more use for reference of scientific decisions involving marine economy administration as well as for sustainable progress of Chinese marine bioresources, environment, economy, and society.
引文
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