福建省集体林权制度改革的响应与评价研究
摘要
福建省集体山林存在林木产权不明晰、经营机制不灵活、利益分配不合理等突出问题,随着改革的深入,林业发展中又面临许多亟待解决的新问题,需要不断进行实践探索与理论归纳。本文首先从内部入手进行响应研究,然后从外部着眼进行评价研究,按照由内及外的思路,从理论和实证两方面进行论证,对福建省集体林权制度改革展开深入的分析,总结福建省集体林权制度改革的利弊,为福建省集体林权制度改革提供理论参考,为福建省乃至全国林业可持续发展提供理论保障。本研究为响应研究和评价研究两部分：
1、响应研究：
(1)福建省集体林权制度改革的林业法律制度响应研究。本研究深入分析了林业法律制度中的森林采伐限额制度、森林资源资产评估制度、林地承包经营制度、林权登记制度、林权流转制度、生态公益林补偿制度以及森林保险制度存在的不足与问题,并提出了相应的响应策略。
(2)福建省集体林权制度改革的林业相关理论响应研究。从物权理论及林权理论出发,对福建省集体林权制度改革进行林业相关理论响应研究。本研究认为物权理论存在以下问题：森林的生态价值作为无体物,在《物权法》中无法得到立法上的确认与保护,对我国自然资源保护立法存在不利影响；物权登记制度存在着不足：《物权法》未规定国家对自然资源用益物权的强行收回制度。本研究认为林权理论存在以下问题：《宪法》、《森林法》、《物权法》以及《森林法实施条例》等相关法律法规对并末对林权的内涵和外延作出明确定义,造成林权内涵模糊不清、界定不严,林权主体、客体说法不一现象的发生。由于物权理论与林权理论存在的不足与问题,导致森林资源产权制度不明晰,阻碍福建省集体林权制度改革。
(3)福建省集体林权管理体系响应研究。就单一、静态的林权管理模式向多元、动态管理模式转变的现实需求,对现有林权管理体系模式弊端进行研究,指出了建设林权管理体系的必要性,提出建立健全林权管理体系的响应策略,以适应现代林业产权制度发展和林业可持续发展的需求。
(4)福建省集体林权制度改革的林农意愿响应研究。通过问卷调查,从林农进行集体林地分配意愿和林地林木转出意愿角度,对福建省集体林权制度改革的林农意愿进行响应研究。通过卡方检验、单因素分析得出,不同地区、不同文化程度、不同年龄阶段对林农进行集体林地分配意愿均存在显著差异。通过二分类Logistic回归模型,在样本村人均林地面积上,最少仅有0.17hm2/人,最多达到1.44hm2/人,林农接触过林权交易市场的比例仅为37%,样本村中确权到户比例最低为15%,最高为90.00%,在9个样本村中仅有一样本村有农户转出林地106.67hm2,林农年龄(岁数)、家庭劳动力人数、求学子女个数、林地面积(hm2)与林农林木林地流转与否有显著关系(检验统计量的值B分别为-1.200、1.126、-1.847、0.003),得出农年龄越小、家庭劳动人人数越多、林地面积越多,林地林木流转意愿越强烈的结论。
2、评价研究
(1)福建省集体林权制度改革对林业科技进步贡献率的影响评价。福建省集体林权制度改革初期到中后期(“十五”到“十一五”期间),林业科技进步贡献率分别为330.49%、-44.03%；林业科技平均增长率分别为89.43%、-3.5%,林业科技平均增长率和林业科技进步贡献率均从第一位降至最后一位,下降趋势非常明显,说明在福建省集体林权制度改革中后期,并未把林业发展转化为以林业科技为内涵的增长上,林业科技发展滞后甚至后退。因此,迫切需要采取切实措施,增加政府对林业科技的投入力度,提高林业科技进步对林业发展的贡献份额。
(2)福建省集体林权制度改革前后林业状况评价。对三明市林权制度改革成效进行定量分析,并建立预测模型。通过集体林权制度改革的t检验得出,改革后木材平均税费比重(%)极显著降低(P=0.000<0.01)；改革后非公有制造林比重(%)极显著提高(P=0.0092<0.01)。用典型相关分析方法,对林改前后林产业发展进行对比分析,表现为改革前林木平均转让价格(元/hm2)与改革前林业加工企业个数(个)的负相关(相关系数分别为-0.8337、0.9099),改革后林木平均转让价格(元/hm2)与改革后企业年加工产值(万元)之间的负相关(相关系数分别为-0.7445、0.9394)。用逐步回归分析方法,分别对林改前后林农人均增收因素、山林纠纷因素、村集体林业增收因素分析,并建立林农人均增收因素、山林纠纷因素、村集体林业增收因素预测模型。分析结果为改革前非公有制造林比重(%)对林农人均增收产生的负面影响最大(偏相关系数为ryx9=-0.6205)；已明晰产权面积(hm2)(X6)、林权申请登记率(%)(X8)、已发证到户面积(hm2)(X9)促进山权纠纷的产生(偏相关系数分别为r(Y,X6)=0.9887、r(Y,X8)=0.9375、r(y,X9)=0.9859*);村集体统一经营(hm2)(X5)、已发证到户面积(hm2)(X9)阻碍村集体林业增收(r(Y,X5)=-0.8613*、r(Y,X9)=-1.0077**)。通过结论,提出我国应实施的林改政策机制是继续执行木材减税政策,大力发展非公有制林业,增加非公有制造林比重,明晰集体林木所有权和林地使用权,放活集体林地林木经营权,积极扶持林业加工企业和村集体企业。
(3)福建省集体林权制度改革对森林生态系统服务价值的影响评价。应用Constaza et al等的研究方法,对集体集体林权改革前后(2003～2008年),福建省森林生态系统服务价值进行了比较分析。福建省集体林权制度改革五年中,集体集体林权改革前后福建省森林生态系统服务总价值增幅0.15%：生态系统服务价值居前三位的营养循环、原材料以及侵蚀控制服务价值均仅增幅0.22%,增幅均不显著。福建省集体林权制度改革五年中,集体林面积有微弱降幅,集体林生态系统服务价值降幅0.04%,但是,集体林中的特用林面积增幅明显,特用林生态系统服务价值增幅56.45%。集体林经营模式开始由用材林、薪炭林转化为特用林、防护林经营。
(4)福建省集体林权制度改革的政策落实度和需求评价。对林农、林业干部和技术人员进行问卷调查,通过符号检验法,得出十县市林农赞成集体林权制度改革的结论。通过列联表、交叉列联表法、频数分布法,得出山区县和沿海县林农对对林改政策了解度、对集体林地分配意愿存在差异,山区县和沿海县林业干部对林改后受益的最大主体认知上有差异。得出以下结论：林农改知情度调查上,政府宣传了解的占48.6%；林农政策了解度调查上,完全或基本了解的占63.1%；林农林改参与度调查上,山区林农各选项均有参与(包括订方案(100%)、会议表决(100%)、订协议(100%),上山指界(50%)以及其它(66.7.0%)),沿海县林农参与度低(包括订方案(0%)、会议表决(0%)、订协议(0%)、上山指界(50%)以及其它(33.3%))；70.3%的林农认为林业税费减免实惠很大或大；山区县林改问题主要集中在表决公示环节(75%),沿海县集中在组织领导(100%)和发证环节(100%)；59.6%的林农对林改实施各阶段非常满意或满意。绝大多数林业干部和技术人员认为林改促进经济发展(50%)和有利资金聚集(50%),66.7%的人认为当前林业发展急需解决的问题主要集中在林业产业发展,74.6%的人认为有必要进行森林保险,68.1%的人认为有必要对林农进行林业科技指导,97%的人认为法律咨询服务很有或有一定帮助。
(5)采用问卷调查和实证分析方法,从林农需求情况调查研究和林业合作组织建设实证研究两方面进行评价研究。对福建省三明永安市林业社会化服务体系建设进行实证分析,得出政府应大力提高林农合作化组织程度的观点。采用列联表进行卡方检验,通过山区县与沿海县比较研究,得出以下结论：63.8%的林农对森林抵押贷款有需求意愿,38.1%的林农怕政策不稳,75.1%的林农对希望能够进行森林资源保险,59.3%的林农需要林业科技指导,79.6%的林农迫切需要或需要木竹检量服务,92.4%的林农认为法律对经营林业很有帮助或有一定帮助。根据以上结论,提出我国应实施的林业社会化服务体系机制是放低林农森林抵押贷款标准,保证大多数林农能够通过银行、信用社等途径便捷地得到低息贷款；政府应增强林业政策时效性,防止林业政策出现频繁变更问题；做到政府政策性扶持森林保险业务,保证林农林业收益；大力发展森林资产评估业务,培养森林资产评估人才,以及在林权管理中心等机构设置法律咨询、科技服务等便民服务项目。
There were unclear mountains, inflexible operating mechanism, unreasonable distribution of benefits and other outstanding problems in the reform of collective forest right system in Fujian. Many new problems need to be solved through the practices and theoretical exploration with the development of the forestry. This paper firstly studied on respond from the inside, and evaluation from the outside by the theory and demonstration, in-depth analyzed the reform of collective forest right system in Fujian, summarized advantages and disadvantages of it, to provide the theory reference and support for the sustainable development of forestry of the whole country.
1、Study on response
First, Study on response of forestry legal system of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian. The study analyzed the problems of forestry legal system, such as quota system of forest harvesting, forest resources and assessment system, land management system, registration system of forest right,circulation system of forest right, compensation system of ecological forest and forest insurance system, and put forward the improvement suggestion.
Second, Study on response of related forestry theory of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian. The ecological value of forests as the intangible could not be confirmed on property law, that had the downside effects in protective legislation of natural resources in our country; registration system existed deficiencies;"property law" was not specified in the forcible recovery system.Constitution, forest law, property law and implementing Regulations of forest law and other relevant laws didn't make a clear definition on connotation and extension of collective forest rights, caused that the connotation of collective forest rights was vague. the definition of collective forest rights wasn't strict, subject and object of collective forest rights had different versions.The study in-depth analyzed the property right and forest right theory of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian, and thought that the deficiencies and problems of the property right and forest right theory led to unclear property rights, hindered reform of collective forest right system in Fujian.
Third, Building the management system of forest rights for adapting the reform of collective forest rights system in Fujian. By the view of system theory, studying the shortcoming of the mode of it, mading the specific measures of establishing a sound forest management system, and a adjustment between the various branches of management, to adjust needs to the development of the modern property rights system and sustainable forestry.
Fourth, Study on the response of the foresters'wills of reform of collective forest right system in fujian.Through the questionnaire survey, from the wills of distribution and circulation of collective forestry, by chi-square test, single factor analysis, the degree of different regions, pointing out view that different culture, different age stages of foresters were significant difference in the wills of collective forestry distribution. In the sample village, forest area per capita, minimum only0.17hectare per person, up to1.44hectares per person. Only37%of foresters contacted the forestry market. By the sample village tenure in the home, the lowest is15%, the maximum is90%. in a sample of9village, only one farmer transfer the woodland only as106.67hectares. The foresters'age (age), family force number, the number of children learning, forest land area (hectare) and forest forest land had significant relationship with the forestry circulation(test statistic values of B were1.200,1.126,1.847,0.003). If the agricultural ages were smaller, the number of family labor were more, forest areas were more, the will of forester transfer will be stronger.
2、Study on evaluation
First, Impact evaluation of collective of forest right reform in Fujian for contribution rate of forestry scientific and technological progress. The contribution rate of forestry scientific and technological progress was from330.49%to-44.03%(from"Tenth Five-Year"to"Eleven Five-Year "); The average growth rate of forestry science and technology was from the first to the last, and the contribution rate of forestry scientific and technological progress too.The downward trend was very clear, indicating that the forestry scientific and technological progress was behind even backwards.Therefore, an urgent need was to take effective measures to increase government investment in forestry science and technology, to improve the contribution of forestry science and technology to the development of forestry.
Second, By qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, doing statistical analysis and prediction mode for the Sanming city forest tenure reform. Through the/test of the reform of the collective forest right system, derived that the average taxes proportion of the wood decreased significantly after the reform (P=00.01); the proportion of the non-public afforestation increased significantly after the reform (P=0.00920.01). Using canonical correlation analysis method, to forest and forest industry development analyzed, average transfer price (yuan/HA) and the number of forestry processing enterprises had a negative correlation before reform (correlation coefficients were-0.8337,0.9099), transfer price (yuan/average hectares) and the output value of processing enterprises (million yuan) had a negative correlation after the reform (correlation coefficients were-0.7445,0.9394).With canonical correlation analysis, analyzing the forest industry development before and after the forest reform. With stepwise regression analysis, Analysing the per capita income of forest farmers, factor in forest dispute and forestry income factor of village after the forest reform, and building the prediction mode respectively. The results were that, for the non-public afforestation proportion on Farmers'per capita income generated the most negative influence before reform(partial correlation coefficient ry.X9=-0.6205); clear property right area (hectare)(X6), forest right registration rate (X8), issued area households (ha)(X9) promote hill right disputes (partial correlation coefficient R (Y, X6)=0.9887, R (Y, X8)=0.9375, R (Y, X9)=0.9859); village collective and unified management (hectare)(X5), issued area households (HA)(X9) blocked the village of collective forestry income (R (Y, X5)=-0.8613, R (Y, X9)=-1.0077). Through the conclusion, puting forward to continue to carry out wood cuts, vigorously develop forestry of blame state ownership, increase the proportion of state ownership afforestation, clear collective ownership of forest and forest land use, put vivid collective forest right of administration, actively support the forestry processing enterprises and village collective enterprises.The results will help forest management analyzing the effective of the forest tenture reform accuratively with the prediction mode, for Decision-makers to implement the right decisions for the forestry service.
Third, Impact evaluation of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian for service value of forestry ecosystem. By methods of Constaza et al, before and after reform of collective forest rights of system in Fujian (2003、2008), made a comparative analysis of services value of forestry ecosystem. After five years of reform, the total service value of forestry ecosystem service in Fujian increased0.15%; the service value of the nutrient recycling, raw materials and erosion control increased only0.22%. five years of reform, the area of collective forestry had weak decline, the service value of collective forestry declined by0.04%. however, the service value of special forestry increased56.45%.The mode of forestry management was from timber and fuelwood forestry to special forestry and protection forestry.
Fourth, By questionnaire method and empirical analysis, studying the performance model on Fujian collective forest right system, and the different main and regional evaluation of performance. By the sign test method, drawing ten county foresters in favor of collective forest tenure reform. By contingency table, cross-table method, frequency distribution method through comparating the mountain counties with coastal counties, revealing the performance situation of reform of collective forest right system, Fujian Province. Between the coastal and county, farmers existed difference in the understanding degree of forest policy, distribution of collective forest land, Forestry cadres had different cognition in the maximum benefitTo the problem of forest supporting system, puting forward to strengthen the propaganda of the forest comprehensive insurance, and increase the forest resources assessment and other professional personnel training. Drawing the followed conclusion:to farmers' informed survey, government propaganda about accounted for48.6%; to policy survey of understanding of basic knowledge, farmers completely accounted for63.1%; to forest participation survey, mountain farmers each option had involvement (including ordering scheme (100%),(100%), meeting to vote on the agreement (100%), the mountain refered to the world (50%) and other (66.7.0%)), the coastal county farmers'participation is low (including ordering scheme (0%),(0%), meeting to vote on the agreement (0%), the mountain refers to the world (50%) and other (33.3%);70.3%) the farmers think forestry tax relief benefits greatly or greater; a mountainous area county forestry reform mainly concentrated in the voting public link (75%), the coastal county concentration in Organizational Leadership (100%) and the link (100%); in the collective forest land allocation, farmers choosed individual contract for38.7%;59.6%of the farmers on forest reform and implementation stages were very satisfied or satisfied. The vast majority of forestry cadres and technical staff think forestry reform to promote economic development (50%) and the favorable capital accumulation (50%),66.7%of the people think that current forestry development was badly in need of solving problems focused on the development of forestry industry,74.6%of the people think that it was necessary to forest insurance,68.1%of the people think that it was necessary to foresters'forestry science and technology guide,97%of people think legal advisory services were required,77.1%of people think that it was necessary to set up trading center of forestry property rights. Through the innovation of the conclusion of the model, puting forward to carry out the implementation of forestry policy and performance evaluation of synchronization, real-time control, master dynamic of performance evaluation of farmers and forestry management, at the same time divided area for performance evaluation, guarantee a comprehensive understanding of forest policy implementation.The results will help improve the existing management system of forest rights, optimize the existing forest tenure arrangements, and contribute to proper implementation of government forestry policy based on regional differences.
Fifth, By empirical analysis of questionnaire methods, studying on the mechanism from the forest farmers'demand investigation and the construction of the forestry cooperative organization, regional differences, Influence factors of the motivation. By contingency table with chi-square test, through comparating the mountain counties with coastal counties, evaluating and analyzing the performance for the social service system of forestry, Wing. According to the above conclusion, proposed that our country should carry out the socialization service system of forestry mechanism to place low forest owner mortgage lending standards, ensured that most farmers through banks, credit cooperatives and other convenient ways to get a low interest loan; the government should enhance the effectiveness of forestry policy, forestry policy to prevent frequent change problem; did government policy support forest insurance business, ensure forest income; the government should vigorously develop the factor markets of the forest right, formulated relevant legal relugating transfer behavior of forest right; vigorously developed the forest assets evaluation business, cultivating forest asset assessment personnel, as well as in the forest right management centers and other institutions setting legal consulting, technology services, and so on. The results contribute to the understanding of current forestry social service system construction of forestry sector, conduce to perfect socialization service system of forestry, advance forestry social service facilities construction.The results will help to understand the existing social service system of forestry, and the forestry sector improve it, promote the supporting facilities of the social service system of forestry.
1、响应研究：
(1)福建省集体林权制度改革的林业法律制度响应研究。本研究深入分析了林业法律制度中的森林采伐限额制度、森林资源资产评估制度、林地承包经营制度、林权登记制度、林权流转制度、生态公益林补偿制度以及森林保险制度存在的不足与问题,并提出了相应的响应策略。
(2)福建省集体林权制度改革的林业相关理论响应研究。从物权理论及林权理论出发,对福建省集体林权制度改革进行林业相关理论响应研究。本研究认为物权理论存在以下问题：森林的生态价值作为无体物,在《物权法》中无法得到立法上的确认与保护,对我国自然资源保护立法存在不利影响；物权登记制度存在着不足：《物权法》未规定国家对自然资源用益物权的强行收回制度。本研究认为林权理论存在以下问题：《宪法》、《森林法》、《物权法》以及《森林法实施条例》等相关法律法规对并末对林权的内涵和外延作出明确定义,造成林权内涵模糊不清、界定不严,林权主体、客体说法不一现象的发生。由于物权理论与林权理论存在的不足与问题,导致森林资源产权制度不明晰,阻碍福建省集体林权制度改革。
(3)福建省集体林权管理体系响应研究。就单一、静态的林权管理模式向多元、动态管理模式转变的现实需求,对现有林权管理体系模式弊端进行研究,指出了建设林权管理体系的必要性,提出建立健全林权管理体系的响应策略,以适应现代林业产权制度发展和林业可持续发展的需求。
(4)福建省集体林权制度改革的林农意愿响应研究。通过问卷调查,从林农进行集体林地分配意愿和林地林木转出意愿角度,对福建省集体林权制度改革的林农意愿进行响应研究。通过卡方检验、单因素分析得出,不同地区、不同文化程度、不同年龄阶段对林农进行集体林地分配意愿均存在显著差异。通过二分类Logistic回归模型,在样本村人均林地面积上,最少仅有0.17hm2/人,最多达到1.44hm2/人,林农接触过林权交易市场的比例仅为37%,样本村中确权到户比例最低为15%,最高为90.00%,在9个样本村中仅有一样本村有农户转出林地106.67hm2,林农年龄(岁数)、家庭劳动力人数、求学子女个数、林地面积(hm2)与林农林木林地流转与否有显著关系(检验统计量的值B分别为-1.200、1.126、-1.847、0.003),得出农年龄越小、家庭劳动人人数越多、林地面积越多,林地林木流转意愿越强烈的结论。
2、评价研究
(1)福建省集体林权制度改革对林业科技进步贡献率的影响评价。福建省集体林权制度改革初期到中后期(“十五”到“十一五”期间),林业科技进步贡献率分别为330.49%、-44.03%；林业科技平均增长率分别为89.43%、-3.5%,林业科技平均增长率和林业科技进步贡献率均从第一位降至最后一位,下降趋势非常明显,说明在福建省集体林权制度改革中后期,并未把林业发展转化为以林业科技为内涵的增长上,林业科技发展滞后甚至后退。因此,迫切需要采取切实措施,增加政府对林业科技的投入力度,提高林业科技进步对林业发展的贡献份额。
(2)福建省集体林权制度改革前后林业状况评价。对三明市林权制度改革成效进行定量分析,并建立预测模型。通过集体林权制度改革的t检验得出,改革后木材平均税费比重(%)极显著降低(P=0.000<0.01)；改革后非公有制造林比重(%)极显著提高(P=0.0092<0.01)。用典型相关分析方法,对林改前后林产业发展进行对比分析,表现为改革前林木平均转让价格(元/hm2)与改革前林业加工企业个数(个)的负相关(相关系数分别为-0.8337、0.9099),改革后林木平均转让价格(元/hm2)与改革后企业年加工产值(万元)之间的负相关(相关系数分别为-0.7445、0.9394)。用逐步回归分析方法,分别对林改前后林农人均增收因素、山林纠纷因素、村集体林业增收因素分析,并建立林农人均增收因素、山林纠纷因素、村集体林业增收因素预测模型。分析结果为改革前非公有制造林比重(%)对林农人均增收产生的负面影响最大(偏相关系数为ryx9=-0.6205)；已明晰产权面积(hm2)(X6)、林权申请登记率(%)(X8)、已发证到户面积(hm2)(X9)促进山权纠纷的产生(偏相关系数分别为r(Y,X6)=0.9887、r(Y,X8)=0.9375、r(y,X9)=0.9859*);村集体统一经营(hm2)(X5)、已发证到户面积(hm2)(X9)阻碍村集体林业增收(r(Y,X5)=-0.8613*、r(Y,X9)=-1.0077**)。通过结论,提出我国应实施的林改政策机制是继续执行木材减税政策,大力发展非公有制林业,增加非公有制造林比重,明晰集体林木所有权和林地使用权,放活集体林地林木经营权,积极扶持林业加工企业和村集体企业。
(3)福建省集体林权制度改革对森林生态系统服务价值的影响评价。应用Constaza et al等的研究方法,对集体集体林权改革前后(2003～2008年),福建省森林生态系统服务价值进行了比较分析。福建省集体林权制度改革五年中,集体集体林权改革前后福建省森林生态系统服务总价值增幅0.15%：生态系统服务价值居前三位的营养循环、原材料以及侵蚀控制服务价值均仅增幅0.22%,增幅均不显著。福建省集体林权制度改革五年中,集体林面积有微弱降幅,集体林生态系统服务价值降幅0.04%,但是,集体林中的特用林面积增幅明显,特用林生态系统服务价值增幅56.45%。集体林经营模式开始由用材林、薪炭林转化为特用林、防护林经营。
(4)福建省集体林权制度改革的政策落实度和需求评价。对林农、林业干部和技术人员进行问卷调查,通过符号检验法,得出十县市林农赞成集体林权制度改革的结论。通过列联表、交叉列联表法、频数分布法,得出山区县和沿海县林农对对林改政策了解度、对集体林地分配意愿存在差异,山区县和沿海县林业干部对林改后受益的最大主体认知上有差异。得出以下结论：林农改知情度调查上,政府宣传了解的占48.6%；林农政策了解度调查上,完全或基本了解的占63.1%；林农林改参与度调查上,山区林农各选项均有参与(包括订方案(100%)、会议表决(100%)、订协议(100%),上山指界(50%)以及其它(66.7.0%)),沿海县林农参与度低(包括订方案(0%)、会议表决(0%)、订协议(0%)、上山指界(50%)以及其它(33.3%))；70.3%的林农认为林业税费减免实惠很大或大；山区县林改问题主要集中在表决公示环节(75%),沿海县集中在组织领导(100%)和发证环节(100%)；59.6%的林农对林改实施各阶段非常满意或满意。绝大多数林业干部和技术人员认为林改促进经济发展(50%)和有利资金聚集(50%),66.7%的人认为当前林业发展急需解决的问题主要集中在林业产业发展,74.6%的人认为有必要进行森林保险,68.1%的人认为有必要对林农进行林业科技指导,97%的人认为法律咨询服务很有或有一定帮助。
(5)采用问卷调查和实证分析方法,从林农需求情况调查研究和林业合作组织建设实证研究两方面进行评价研究。对福建省三明永安市林业社会化服务体系建设进行实证分析,得出政府应大力提高林农合作化组织程度的观点。采用列联表进行卡方检验,通过山区县与沿海县比较研究,得出以下结论：63.8%的林农对森林抵押贷款有需求意愿,38.1%的林农怕政策不稳,75.1%的林农对希望能够进行森林资源保险,59.3%的林农需要林业科技指导,79.6%的林农迫切需要或需要木竹检量服务,92.4%的林农认为法律对经营林业很有帮助或有一定帮助。根据以上结论,提出我国应实施的林业社会化服务体系机制是放低林农森林抵押贷款标准,保证大多数林农能够通过银行、信用社等途径便捷地得到低息贷款；政府应增强林业政策时效性,防止林业政策出现频繁变更问题；做到政府政策性扶持森林保险业务,保证林农林业收益；大力发展森林资产评估业务,培养森林资产评估人才,以及在林权管理中心等机构设置法律咨询、科技服务等便民服务项目。
There were unclear mountains, inflexible operating mechanism, unreasonable distribution of benefits and other outstanding problems in the reform of collective forest right system in Fujian. Many new problems need to be solved through the practices and theoretical exploration with the development of the forestry. This paper firstly studied on respond from the inside, and evaluation from the outside by the theory and demonstration, in-depth analyzed the reform of collective forest right system in Fujian, summarized advantages and disadvantages of it, to provide the theory reference and support for the sustainable development of forestry of the whole country.
1、Study on response
First, Study on response of forestry legal system of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian. The study analyzed the problems of forestry legal system, such as quota system of forest harvesting, forest resources and assessment system, land management system, registration system of forest right,circulation system of forest right, compensation system of ecological forest and forest insurance system, and put forward the improvement suggestion.
Second, Study on response of related forestry theory of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian. The ecological value of forests as the intangible could not be confirmed on property law, that had the downside effects in protective legislation of natural resources in our country; registration system existed deficiencies;"property law" was not specified in the forcible recovery system.Constitution, forest law, property law and implementing Regulations of forest law and other relevant laws didn't make a clear definition on connotation and extension of collective forest rights, caused that the connotation of collective forest rights was vague. the definition of collective forest rights wasn't strict, subject and object of collective forest rights had different versions.The study in-depth analyzed the property right and forest right theory of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian, and thought that the deficiencies and problems of the property right and forest right theory led to unclear property rights, hindered reform of collective forest right system in Fujian.
Third, Building the management system of forest rights for adapting the reform of collective forest rights system in Fujian. By the view of system theory, studying the shortcoming of the mode of it, mading the specific measures of establishing a sound forest management system, and a adjustment between the various branches of management, to adjust needs to the development of the modern property rights system and sustainable forestry.
Fourth, Study on the response of the foresters'wills of reform of collective forest right system in fujian.Through the questionnaire survey, from the wills of distribution and circulation of collective forestry, by chi-square test, single factor analysis, the degree of different regions, pointing out view that different culture, different age stages of foresters were significant difference in the wills of collective forestry distribution. In the sample village, forest area per capita, minimum only0.17hectare per person, up to1.44hectares per person. Only37%of foresters contacted the forestry market. By the sample village tenure in the home, the lowest is15%, the maximum is90%. in a sample of9village, only one farmer transfer the woodland only as106.67hectares. The foresters'age (age), family force number, the number of children learning, forest land area (hectare) and forest forest land had significant relationship with the forestry circulation(test statistic values of B were1.200,1.126,1.847,0.003). If the agricultural ages were smaller, the number of family labor were more, forest areas were more, the will of forester transfer will be stronger.
2、Study on evaluation
First, Impact evaluation of collective of forest right reform in Fujian for contribution rate of forestry scientific and technological progress. The contribution rate of forestry scientific and technological progress was from330.49%to-44.03%(from"Tenth Five-Year"to"Eleven Five-Year "); The average growth rate of forestry science and technology was from the first to the last, and the contribution rate of forestry scientific and technological progress too.The downward trend was very clear, indicating that the forestry scientific and technological progress was behind even backwards.Therefore, an urgent need was to take effective measures to increase government investment in forestry science and technology, to improve the contribution of forestry science and technology to the development of forestry.
Second, By qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, doing statistical analysis and prediction mode for the Sanming city forest tenure reform. Through the/test of the reform of the collective forest right system, derived that the average taxes proportion of the wood decreased significantly after the reform (P=00.01); the proportion of the non-public afforestation increased significantly after the reform (P=0.00920.01). Using canonical correlation analysis method, to forest and forest industry development analyzed, average transfer price (yuan/HA) and the number of forestry processing enterprises had a negative correlation before reform (correlation coefficients were-0.8337,0.9099), transfer price (yuan/average hectares) and the output value of processing enterprises (million yuan) had a negative correlation after the reform (correlation coefficients were-0.7445,0.9394).With canonical correlation analysis, analyzing the forest industry development before and after the forest reform. With stepwise regression analysis, Analysing the per capita income of forest farmers, factor in forest dispute and forestry income factor of village after the forest reform, and building the prediction mode respectively. The results were that, for the non-public afforestation proportion on Farmers'per capita income generated the most negative influence before reform(partial correlation coefficient ry.X9=-0.6205); clear property right area (hectare)(X6), forest right registration rate (X8), issued area households (ha)(X9) promote hill right disputes (partial correlation coefficient R (Y, X6)=0.9887, R (Y, X8)=0.9375, R (Y, X9)=0.9859); village collective and unified management (hectare)(X5), issued area households (HA)(X9) blocked the village of collective forestry income (R (Y, X5)=-0.8613, R (Y, X9)=-1.0077). Through the conclusion, puting forward to continue to carry out wood cuts, vigorously develop forestry of blame state ownership, increase the proportion of state ownership afforestation, clear collective ownership of forest and forest land use, put vivid collective forest right of administration, actively support the forestry processing enterprises and village collective enterprises.The results will help forest management analyzing the effective of the forest tenture reform accuratively with the prediction mode, for Decision-makers to implement the right decisions for the forestry service.
Third, Impact evaluation of reform of collective forest right system in Fujian for service value of forestry ecosystem. By methods of Constaza et al, before and after reform of collective forest rights of system in Fujian (2003、2008), made a comparative analysis of services value of forestry ecosystem. After five years of reform, the total service value of forestry ecosystem service in Fujian increased0.15%; the service value of the nutrient recycling, raw materials and erosion control increased only0.22%. five years of reform, the area of collective forestry had weak decline, the service value of collective forestry declined by0.04%. however, the service value of special forestry increased56.45%.The mode of forestry management was from timber and fuelwood forestry to special forestry and protection forestry.
Fourth, By questionnaire method and empirical analysis, studying the performance model on Fujian collective forest right system, and the different main and regional evaluation of performance. By the sign test method, drawing ten county foresters in favor of collective forest tenure reform. By contingency table, cross-table method, frequency distribution method through comparating the mountain counties with coastal counties, revealing the performance situation of reform of collective forest right system, Fujian Province. Between the coastal and county, farmers existed difference in the understanding degree of forest policy, distribution of collective forest land, Forestry cadres had different cognition in the maximum benefitTo the problem of forest supporting system, puting forward to strengthen the propaganda of the forest comprehensive insurance, and increase the forest resources assessment and other professional personnel training. Drawing the followed conclusion:to farmers' informed survey, government propaganda about accounted for48.6%; to policy survey of understanding of basic knowledge, farmers completely accounted for63.1%; to forest participation survey, mountain farmers each option had involvement (including ordering scheme (100%),(100%), meeting to vote on the agreement (100%), the mountain refered to the world (50%) and other (66.7.0%)), the coastal county farmers'participation is low (including ordering scheme (0%),(0%), meeting to vote on the agreement (0%), the mountain refers to the world (50%) and other (33.3%);70.3%) the farmers think forestry tax relief benefits greatly or greater; a mountainous area county forestry reform mainly concentrated in the voting public link (75%), the coastal county concentration in Organizational Leadership (100%) and the link (100%); in the collective forest land allocation, farmers choosed individual contract for38.7%;59.6%of the farmers on forest reform and implementation stages were very satisfied or satisfied. The vast majority of forestry cadres and technical staff think forestry reform to promote economic development (50%) and the favorable capital accumulation (50%),66.7%of the people think that current forestry development was badly in need of solving problems focused on the development of forestry industry,74.6%of the people think that it was necessary to forest insurance,68.1%of the people think that it was necessary to foresters'forestry science and technology guide,97%of people think legal advisory services were required,77.1%of people think that it was necessary to set up trading center of forestry property rights. Through the innovation of the conclusion of the model, puting forward to carry out the implementation of forestry policy and performance evaluation of synchronization, real-time control, master dynamic of performance evaluation of farmers and forestry management, at the same time divided area for performance evaluation, guarantee a comprehensive understanding of forest policy implementation.The results will help improve the existing management system of forest rights, optimize the existing forest tenure arrangements, and contribute to proper implementation of government forestry policy based on regional differences.
Fifth, By empirical analysis of questionnaire methods, studying on the mechanism from the forest farmers'demand investigation and the construction of the forestry cooperative organization, regional differences, Influence factors of the motivation. By contingency table with chi-square test, through comparating the mountain counties with coastal counties, evaluating and analyzing the performance for the social service system of forestry, Wing. According to the above conclusion, proposed that our country should carry out the socialization service system of forestry mechanism to place low forest owner mortgage lending standards, ensured that most farmers through banks, credit cooperatives and other convenient ways to get a low interest loan; the government should enhance the effectiveness of forestry policy, forestry policy to prevent frequent change problem; did government policy support forest insurance business, ensure forest income; the government should vigorously develop the factor markets of the forest right, formulated relevant legal relugating transfer behavior of forest right; vigorously developed the forest assets evaluation business, cultivating forest asset assessment personnel, as well as in the forest right management centers and other institutions setting legal consulting, technology services, and so on. The results contribute to the understanding of current forestry social service system construction of forestry sector, conduce to perfect socialization service system of forestry, advance forestry social service facilities construction.The results will help to understand the existing social service system of forestry, and the forestry sector improve it, promote the supporting facilities of the social service system of forestry.
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