多功能农业与中国农业政策研究
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摘要
半个多世纪以来，在传统增长模式与发展模式的影响下，发达国家与发展中国家都将农业看作是工业与城市的“小侍女”，认为农业的作用在于服务经济增长这一主要目标，“本质上是食品生产”，而对于农业自身却缺乏应有的关怀，结果造成了全球范围内的农业危机。中国作为最大的发展中国家，在经济发展取得巨大成就的同时，出现了严重的“三农”问题。2004年以后，国家的农业政策发生了明显的变化，解决“三农”问题与新农村建设成了构建和谐社会的重要内容。但对于农业从“取”到“予”的转变还刚刚开始，传统的基于单独生产、私人产品、无外部性、无交易成本的政策理论已经不能适应要求。
八十年代末，多功能农业(文中简称MFA)在“农业在现代社会中的地位与作用以及未来农业政策的彻底思考”中出现。它的基本思想是：农业不仅提供食品和纤维，还提供形形色色的非经济产品。不仅有经济价值，还有环境价值与社会价值。作为一种理念、一种方法或一种目标，多功能农业将政策措施由传统的生产者—产品—市场模式转向了广阔的社会目标，将农业的所有功能放在一个整体的框架内进行分析，以其系统性和科学性吸引了大量学者与决策者的注意力。
本文的目的就是以已有的理论成果为基础，在MFA的基础上，构建中国农业政策的理论框架，并将重点放在农业的非经济功能上。主要的结论有：
农业是多功能的，这些功能源于它所产生的经济品与非经济品的多样性，而非经济品大多具有外部性和公共产品特性，市场无法解决它们的最佳供给问题，与社会对这些非经济品日益增加的需求产生了矛盾。
农业经济品与非经济品是联合生产的结果，这种联合不同于其它产业，是以生物联合为基本单元的物理联合或交叉联合。联合生产改变了市场均衡方式，而生物联合的紧密性与农业生产要素的自然依赖性又使得多数非经济品没有农业之外的替代供给途径。
由于联合生产，经济品与非经济品之间是相互关联相互影响的，同时由于非经济品的公共产品特性与唯一性，要求农业政策不仅要考虑经济品，还要考虑非经济品，不仅考虑经济功能，还要考虑社会功能与其它功能，不仅要从产业内考虑，还要从产业外考虑。这不仅是农业、农民与农村的需要，更是全社会的需要，是可持续发展与和谐社会的需要。
For more than half a century, under the guiding of traditional growth and development models, both developed and developing countries have considered their agricultural sector as a "serve maid" for other industries and their urban areas. The role that agriculture played was to serve economic growth. "Agriculture itself in nature is the production of food", Accompanied by the increasing use of new technologies and globalization, agriculture was seriously impaired all over the world.
As the biggest developing country in the world, China has made great achievements since the last two decades; meanwhile, she faces more serious farm-related problems. Since the year 2004, Chinese agricultural policy has changed remarkably. Solving of the three farm-related problems and construction of new rural areas are the main components of the harmonious society. For this reason, continuing measures have been taken favorably to farmers. But the turning from "taking" to "giving" is just at its beginning. The classical economic approach based on separate production, private goods, no externality and zero transaction cost are no longer fit well into the new context.
In the end of 1980s, the notion of multifunctionality emerged "in a thoroughly rethinking about the role and function of agriculture in modern society, and changes of agriculture system in the future." The basic idea behind multifunctionality is that agricultural production provides not only food and fibre, but also different non-market commodities. As a philosophy, a methodology and an objective, MFA incorporates all the natures of agriculture especially jointness, externalities and public goods characteristics into a single framework, and has gained more and more attentions. Many of the agricultural policy makers consider multifunctional agriculture the new direction of agriculture policy and a powerful trend of future agriculture.
This paper aims to develop a theoretical framework for Chinese agriculture policies based on the researches have been done by others. The stress will put on the non-commodities. The main results are:
Agriculture is multifunctional, the multifunctionality derived from various commodities and non-commodities. Most non-commodities exhibit externality and public goods characteristics, for which markets do not exist or function poorly. This cause trade-off between the provision of them and the increasingly demand for them.
Agriculture production is joint production. Different from other industry, it is physical or cross jointness composed by several unit biological ones. Jointness has strongly changed the way of market equilibrium. The strong degree of jointness and the inputs ' nature dependency makes most agricultural products unique.
Because of the jointness, commodities and non-commodities are interrelated and interdependent. Also because of the public goods and uniqueness of most non-commodities, policy measures must consider not only commodities but also non-commodities, not only economic functions but also social functions, not only from the agriculture sector but also from the society as a whole both nationly and internationly. It's is not just for farmers. It is more needed by the public, by the sustainable development and the building of the homornous society.
八十年代末，多功能农业(文中简称MFA)在“农业在现代社会中的地位与作用以及未来农业政策的彻底思考”中出现。它的基本思想是：农业不仅提供食品和纤维，还提供形形色色的非经济产品。不仅有经济价值，还有环境价值与社会价值。作为一种理念、一种方法或一种目标，多功能农业将政策措施由传统的生产者—产品—市场模式转向了广阔的社会目标，将农业的所有功能放在一个整体的框架内进行分析，以其系统性和科学性吸引了大量学者与决策者的注意力。
本文的目的就是以已有的理论成果为基础，在MFA的基础上，构建中国农业政策的理论框架，并将重点放在农业的非经济功能上。主要的结论有：
农业是多功能的，这些功能源于它所产生的经济品与非经济品的多样性，而非经济品大多具有外部性和公共产品特性，市场无法解决它们的最佳供给问题，与社会对这些非经济品日益增加的需求产生了矛盾。
农业经济品与非经济品是联合生产的结果，这种联合不同于其它产业，是以生物联合为基本单元的物理联合或交叉联合。联合生产改变了市场均衡方式，而生物联合的紧密性与农业生产要素的自然依赖性又使得多数非经济品没有农业之外的替代供给途径。
由于联合生产，经济品与非经济品之间是相互关联相互影响的，同时由于非经济品的公共产品特性与唯一性，要求农业政策不仅要考虑经济品，还要考虑非经济品，不仅考虑经济功能，还要考虑社会功能与其它功能，不仅要从产业内考虑，还要从产业外考虑。这不仅是农业、农民与农村的需要，更是全社会的需要，是可持续发展与和谐社会的需要。
For more than half a century, under the guiding of traditional growth and development models, both developed and developing countries have considered their agricultural sector as a "serve maid" for other industries and their urban areas. The role that agriculture played was to serve economic growth. "Agriculture itself in nature is the production of food", Accompanied by the increasing use of new technologies and globalization, agriculture was seriously impaired all over the world.
As the biggest developing country in the world, China has made great achievements since the last two decades; meanwhile, she faces more serious farm-related problems. Since the year 2004, Chinese agricultural policy has changed remarkably. Solving of the three farm-related problems and construction of new rural areas are the main components of the harmonious society. For this reason, continuing measures have been taken favorably to farmers. But the turning from "taking" to "giving" is just at its beginning. The classical economic approach based on separate production, private goods, no externality and zero transaction cost are no longer fit well into the new context.
In the end of 1980s, the notion of multifunctionality emerged "in a thoroughly rethinking about the role and function of agriculture in modern society, and changes of agriculture system in the future." The basic idea behind multifunctionality is that agricultural production provides not only food and fibre, but also different non-market commodities. As a philosophy, a methodology and an objective, MFA incorporates all the natures of agriculture especially jointness, externalities and public goods characteristics into a single framework, and has gained more and more attentions. Many of the agricultural policy makers consider multifunctional agriculture the new direction of agriculture policy and a powerful trend of future agriculture.
This paper aims to develop a theoretical framework for Chinese agriculture policies based on the researches have been done by others. The stress will put on the non-commodities. The main results are:
Agriculture is multifunctional, the multifunctionality derived from various commodities and non-commodities. Most non-commodities exhibit externality and public goods characteristics, for which markets do not exist or function poorly. This cause trade-off between the provision of them and the increasingly demand for them.
Agriculture production is joint production. Different from other industry, it is physical or cross jointness composed by several unit biological ones. Jointness has strongly changed the way of market equilibrium. The strong degree of jointness and the inputs ' nature dependency makes most agricultural products unique.
Because of the jointness, commodities and non-commodities are interrelated and interdependent. Also because of the public goods and uniqueness of most non-commodities, policy measures must consider not only commodities but also non-commodities, not only economic functions but also social functions, not only from the agriculture sector but also from the society as a whole both nationly and internationly. It's is not just for farmers. It is more needed by the public, by the sustainable development and the building of the homornous society.
引文
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[1] Bertrand Hervieu. Multifunctionality: a conceptual framework for a new organisation of research and development on grasslands and livestock systems[R].Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Paris.
[2] Hainsworth, Geoffrey B. Population-Environment Linkages: Toward a Conceptual Framework.[R]. Halifax and Jakarta: EMDI Project and Indonesian Ministry of Population and Environment, 1992.
[3] Philip L. Paarlberg, Maury Bredahl, John G. Lee. Multifunctionality and Agricultural Trade Negotiations[J] .Review of Agricultural Economics-Volume 24, Number 2: 322-335.
[4] David Freshwater.Applying Multifunctionality To U.S. Farm Policy[EB/OL]. Kentucky:Agricultural Economics Staff Paper # 437, 2002, http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AgEcon.
[5] Peter Boothroyd, Pham Xuan Nam. Socioeconomic Renovation in viet nam-The Origin, Evolution, and Impact of Doi Moi, 2000.
[6] 2001, figures-http://odin.dep.no/html/multifunc/multifunc6a.html.
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