中国草莓属野生资源及白草莓育种初探
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摘要
草莓属于蔷薇科(Rosaceae)草莓属Fragaria)多年生草本植物,中国是世界上草莓栽培面积最大、产量最多的国家,同时也是世界上野生草莓种类最丰富的国家。我国自然分布的野生种有11个种,包括8个二倍体种：森林草莓(Fragaria vesca L.)、黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht.)、五叶草莓(Fragaria pentaphylla Lozinsk.)、纤细草莓(Fragaria gracilis Lozinsk.)、西藏草莓(Fragaria nubicola Lindl.)、绿色草莓(Fragaria viridis Duch.)、裂萼草莓(Fragaria daltoniana Gay)、东北草莓(Fragaria m andschurica Staudt)和3个四倍体种：东方草莓(Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk.)、西南草莓(Fragaria moupinensis(Franch.)Card.)、伞房草莓(Fragaria corymbosa Lozinsk.)。
目前国内外关于草莓育种的研究很多,但主要集中在对其果实个大、色泽亮丽、味道香甜、耐贮运和高产等性状的改良。本研究从改变亲本入手,选用我国野生的白果二倍体黄毛草莓和市售的红果八倍体凤梨草莓作为亲本,通过杂交育种、辐射育种及秋水仙素加倍等多种手段,以期育成目标性状白色大果的草莓,从而改变市场上单一的红色系草莓。
本研究结果如下：
1、本试验收集了中国8个种的草莓野生资源,并通过引种驯化,改变种植地的光照、水分、土壤等条件,使野生种草莓基木适应了北京鹫峰林场的环境,能够进行正常的生长发育。
2、杂交试验用黄毛草莓和红颜草莓作为亲本,得到了325粒杂交F1代种子。
3、用剂量分别为20Gy、40Gy、60Gy、80Gy、100Gy的60Co-Y射线对黄毛草莓的自交种子进行辐射处理后,种子的发芽率随辐射剂量增大而迅速下降,得到其半致死剂量为62.85Gy。通过对种子萌发后的高度、叶片数、叶片大小等各项指标的测定,得到其生长量与辐射剂量的大小呈负相关,但小剂量的辐射能够促进幼苗的生长。
4、用浓度为0.2%、0.6%、1.0%的秋水仙素处理匍匐茎试验,通过对叶面积的测定和对叶背气孔数目及大小的测定,得到叶面积的大小与秋水仙素浓度呈正相关；相同面积下的气孔数目与秋水仙素浓度呈负相关；相同放大倍数下的气孔大小与秋水仙素浓度呈正相关。用相同浓度的秋水仙素处理黄毛草莓和东方草莓的匍匐茎,通过对死亡率的比较,得出秋水仙素对东方草莓的毒害比对黄毛草莓的毒害作用更为明显。
Strawberry, which belongs to Rosaceae Fragaria, is a kind of perennial herbs. China is the world's largest strawberry cultivation area, the most productive countries, and also the world's richest countries in the type of wild strawberries. China has11natural distribution of wild species, including eight diploid species, such as Fragaria vesca L., Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht., Fragaria pentaphylla Lozinsk., Fragaria gracilis Lozinsk, Fragaria nubicola Lindl., Fragaria viridis Duch., Fragaria daltoniana Gay, Fragaria m andschurica Staudt, and three tetraploid species, such as,Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk.,Fragaria moupinensis (Franch.) Card, Fragaria corymbosa Lozinsk..
There are many researches at home and abroad, but most of them focus on the improvement of the characters to make the strawberry have large fruit, bright color, sweet taste, suitable for transport, and high-yield and so on. Here we report to change the parents, which are the wild diploid Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht. in China with white fruit and the sold octoploid Fragaria ananassaDuch with red fruit, through cross-breeding, radiation breeding and chromosome doubling and other means to breed the large white Fragaria, to change the single market of red strawberry.
The results of this reaserch are as follows:
1. This experiment collects eight kinds of wild strawberries resource, through the introduction and domestication, changing the conditions of cultivation such as light, moisture and soil, made the wild strawberry species everywhere are basically adapted to the Jiufeng forest environment and can make normal growth and development.
2、Hybridization test made the Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht. and "Hongyan" as parents and got325F1generation seeds.
3、After the radiation treatment with doses of20Gy,40Gy,60Gy,80Gy and100Gy of60Co-y Ray for self-seeds, the germination rate declined with the increase of the radiation dose, then we got the semi-lethal dose Gy. By testing the size of the height on seed germination, the number and size of leaves, and the determination of many indicators, the result is that the growth and radiation dose was negatively correlated, but small doses of radiation (of20Gy) to promote the growth of seeding.
4、The test that handle the stolonferous with the concentration of0.2%to1.0%colchicine prime, through the determination of leaf area and the number and size of the dorsal pores, find that the size of the leaf area with colchicine concentration was positively correlated; stoma number with colchicine in the same area under the hormone concentration was negatively correlated; the same magnification of the pore size was positively correlated with colchicine concentration. Colchicine on the Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht. and Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk. the same concentration can obtain it more obvious through the comparison of mortality rate.
目前国内外关于草莓育种的研究很多,但主要集中在对其果实个大、色泽亮丽、味道香甜、耐贮运和高产等性状的改良。本研究从改变亲本入手,选用我国野生的白果二倍体黄毛草莓和市售的红果八倍体凤梨草莓作为亲本,通过杂交育种、辐射育种及秋水仙素加倍等多种手段,以期育成目标性状白色大果的草莓,从而改变市场上单一的红色系草莓。
本研究结果如下：
1、本试验收集了中国8个种的草莓野生资源,并通过引种驯化,改变种植地的光照、水分、土壤等条件,使野生种草莓基木适应了北京鹫峰林场的环境,能够进行正常的生长发育。
2、杂交试验用黄毛草莓和红颜草莓作为亲本,得到了325粒杂交F1代种子。
3、用剂量分别为20Gy、40Gy、60Gy、80Gy、100Gy的60Co-Y射线对黄毛草莓的自交种子进行辐射处理后,种子的发芽率随辐射剂量增大而迅速下降,得到其半致死剂量为62.85Gy。通过对种子萌发后的高度、叶片数、叶片大小等各项指标的测定,得到其生长量与辐射剂量的大小呈负相关,但小剂量的辐射能够促进幼苗的生长。
4、用浓度为0.2%、0.6%、1.0%的秋水仙素处理匍匐茎试验,通过对叶面积的测定和对叶背气孔数目及大小的测定,得到叶面积的大小与秋水仙素浓度呈正相关；相同面积下的气孔数目与秋水仙素浓度呈负相关；相同放大倍数下的气孔大小与秋水仙素浓度呈正相关。用相同浓度的秋水仙素处理黄毛草莓和东方草莓的匍匐茎,通过对死亡率的比较,得出秋水仙素对东方草莓的毒害比对黄毛草莓的毒害作用更为明显。
Strawberry, which belongs to Rosaceae Fragaria, is a kind of perennial herbs. China is the world's largest strawberry cultivation area, the most productive countries, and also the world's richest countries in the type of wild strawberries. China has11natural distribution of wild species, including eight diploid species, such as Fragaria vesca L., Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht., Fragaria pentaphylla Lozinsk., Fragaria gracilis Lozinsk, Fragaria nubicola Lindl., Fragaria viridis Duch., Fragaria daltoniana Gay, Fragaria m andschurica Staudt, and three tetraploid species, such as,Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk.,Fragaria moupinensis (Franch.) Card, Fragaria corymbosa Lozinsk..
There are many researches at home and abroad, but most of them focus on the improvement of the characters to make the strawberry have large fruit, bright color, sweet taste, suitable for transport, and high-yield and so on. Here we report to change the parents, which are the wild diploid Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht. in China with white fruit and the sold octoploid Fragaria ananassaDuch with red fruit, through cross-breeding, radiation breeding and chromosome doubling and other means to breed the large white Fragaria, to change the single market of red strawberry.
The results of this reaserch are as follows:
1. This experiment collects eight kinds of wild strawberries resource, through the introduction and domestication, changing the conditions of cultivation such as light, moisture and soil, made the wild strawberry species everywhere are basically adapted to the Jiufeng forest environment and can make normal growth and development.
2、Hybridization test made the Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht. and "Hongyan" as parents and got325F1generation seeds.
3、After the radiation treatment with doses of20Gy,40Gy,60Gy,80Gy and100Gy of60Co-y Ray for self-seeds, the germination rate declined with the increase of the radiation dose, then we got the semi-lethal dose Gy. By testing the size of the height on seed germination, the number and size of leaves, and the determination of many indicators, the result is that the growth and radiation dose was negatively correlated, but small doses of radiation (of20Gy) to promote the growth of seeding.
4、The test that handle the stolonferous with the concentration of0.2%to1.0%colchicine prime, through the determination of leaf area and the number and size of the dorsal pores, find that the size of the leaf area with colchicine concentration was positively correlated; stoma number with colchicine in the same area under the hormone concentration was negatively correlated; the same magnification of the pore size was positively correlated with colchicine concentration. Colchicine on the Fragaria nilgrrensis Schlecht. and Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk. the same concentration can obtain it more obvious through the comparison of mortality rate.
引文
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