H型垂直轴风力机风轮气动设计及气动性能研究
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摘要
垂直轴风力机与水平轴风力机相比，两者在设计方面虽然具有相同的理论基础，但气动性能却有很大的差异，垂直轴风力机不能完全采用水平轴风力机的设计方法进行设计。虽然国内外学者对影响垂直轴风力机气动性能的主要因素也进行过多方面研究，但作为垂直轴风力机的设计理论和方法还很不完备。本课题利用已有的垂直轴风力机设计理论,初步设计风力机的各种参数，然后根据垂直轴风力机的理论模型编程计算，对参数进行优化从而提高风轮的气动性能，以达到设计要求；并利用数值模拟的方法对翼型以及风轮性能进行探讨，其主要内容包括：
1、根据相关的垂直轴风力机设计理论以及根据国外已有的翼型数据，初步确定风力机的叶片弦长、风轮直径、风轮高度、尖速比、翼型等风轮气动参数；
2、根据双多流管理论编辑Matlab程序，并与国外公布的性能曲线进行对比，验证其可靠性；利用所编程序对风轮参数进行计算，并对参数进行优化以使其满足设计的风力机性能要求；进而分析了风轮的高径比、叶片弦长变化以及叶片数量变化导致的实度变化对风力机气动性能的影响，为风轮气动参数的选取提供参考依据；
3、为了提高风力机CFD数值模拟计算精度，分析了不同湍流计算模型、不同边界条件、不同网格划分方法与不同雷诺数变化对风力机翼型气动性能参数计算精度的影响；
4、为分析直叶片垂直轴风力机流场特性，采用滑移网格技术模拟二维垂直轴风力机的非定常流场，得出风轮及叶片周围流体的速度分布情况，为风轮的设计提供参考；并与根据双多流管理论进行Matlab编程计算得出的气动性能结果进行对比分析。
Comparisons between vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT) and horizontal axiswind turbine(HAWT), both of them have the same theoretical basis in the designaspect. However, it is different in the aerodynamic performance between them, so theway designed the VAWT is impossible used completely as the way of HAWT. Thoughmany home and abroad scholar reached the main effects of the aerodynamicperformance of the VAWT in many aspects, the theory is not perfect. In thispaper,making use of the design theory of VAWT to preliminarily devise various parametersof the wind turbine,then the aerodynamic performance of a VAWT is calculated based on thetheory model of double-multiple streamtube model by means of MATLAB software in orderto improve the performance of the wind turbine;and the performance of airfoil and windturbine are analysed.The main contents include four parts as follows:
1. various parameters of wind turbine is preliminarily confirmed such as balde-sectionchord、 rotor diameter、rotor height、tip speed ratio and so on, by means of relative designtheory of Vawt,then We use the fluent software to simulate aerodynamic performance ofthree kinds of symmetrical airfoil to determine the airfoil of wind turbine.
2. The power of wind turbine is calculated based on double-multiple streamtubemodel by menans of Matlab software.in order to ensure the performancerequirement,we optimize the rotor parameters,and analyse influence of differentparameters to the aerodynamic performance of wind trubine.
3. In order to improve CFD simulation accurate of wind turbine,in this paper,weanalyse different turbulent models,different boundary conditions,different grid distributionsand different Reynolds to affect the calculate accuracy of aerodynamic performance ofairfoil.
4. In order to analyse the flow field characteristics of VAWT.Numercalsimulation on unsteady flow is done based on moving mesh by means of Fluentsoftware.Thus,we compare the result of numerical simulation with the result fromMatlab program.
1、根据相关的垂直轴风力机设计理论以及根据国外已有的翼型数据，初步确定风力机的叶片弦长、风轮直径、风轮高度、尖速比、翼型等风轮气动参数；
2、根据双多流管理论编辑Matlab程序，并与国外公布的性能曲线进行对比，验证其可靠性；利用所编程序对风轮参数进行计算，并对参数进行优化以使其满足设计的风力机性能要求；进而分析了风轮的高径比、叶片弦长变化以及叶片数量变化导致的实度变化对风力机气动性能的影响，为风轮气动参数的选取提供参考依据；
3、为了提高风力机CFD数值模拟计算精度，分析了不同湍流计算模型、不同边界条件、不同网格划分方法与不同雷诺数变化对风力机翼型气动性能参数计算精度的影响；
4、为分析直叶片垂直轴风力机流场特性，采用滑移网格技术模拟二维垂直轴风力机的非定常流场，得出风轮及叶片周围流体的速度分布情况，为风轮的设计提供参考；并与根据双多流管理论进行Matlab编程计算得出的气动性能结果进行对比分析。
Comparisons between vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT) and horizontal axiswind turbine(HAWT), both of them have the same theoretical basis in the designaspect. However, it is different in the aerodynamic performance between them, so theway designed the VAWT is impossible used completely as the way of HAWT. Thoughmany home and abroad scholar reached the main effects of the aerodynamicperformance of the VAWT in many aspects, the theory is not perfect. In thispaper,making use of the design theory of VAWT to preliminarily devise various parametersof the wind turbine,then the aerodynamic performance of a VAWT is calculated based on thetheory model of double-multiple streamtube model by means of MATLAB software in orderto improve the performance of the wind turbine;and the performance of airfoil and windturbine are analysed.The main contents include four parts as follows:
1. various parameters of wind turbine is preliminarily confirmed such as balde-sectionchord、 rotor diameter、rotor height、tip speed ratio and so on, by means of relative designtheory of Vawt,then We use the fluent software to simulate aerodynamic performance ofthree kinds of symmetrical airfoil to determine the airfoil of wind turbine.
2. The power of wind turbine is calculated based on double-multiple streamtubemodel by menans of Matlab software.in order to ensure the performancerequirement,we optimize the rotor parameters,and analyse influence of differentparameters to the aerodynamic performance of wind trubine.
3. In order to improve CFD simulation accurate of wind turbine,in this paper,weanalyse different turbulent models,different boundary conditions,different grid distributionsand different Reynolds to affect the calculate accuracy of aerodynamic performance ofairfoil.
4. In order to analyse the flow field characteristics of VAWT.Numercalsimulation on unsteady flow is done based on moving mesh by means of Fluentsoftware.Thus,we compare the result of numerical simulation with the result fromMatlab program.
引文
[1]李俊峰，蔡丰波等.风光无限-201中国风电发展报告[M].中国环境科学出版社.
[2]倪受元.风力发电讲座第一讲《风力机的类型与结构》[J]．太阳能，2000(2):6-10.
[3]贺德馨.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006.
[4]Le Gourieres D.风力机的理论与设计[M].施鹏飞,译.北京:机械工业出版社,1987.
[5]杨金明,吴捷等.风力发电技术探讨[J]．太阳能，2003(3):13-16.
[6]孙云峰，田德.垂直轴风力发电机的发展概况及趋势[J].农村牧区机械化.2008.2:42-44.
[7]严强，蒋超奇.垂直轴风力发电机的发展趋势和应用[J].上海电力，2007.2：166-167.
[8]全球风能理事会[M].Globle Wind Energy Outlook2011.2011.
[9]中国风能[J].2011，3.
[10] Paraschivoiu I. Wind Turbine Design-Emphasis on Darrieus Concept[M]. Pressesinter Polytechnique I. Canada,2002.
[11] Templin R J. Aerodynamic Performance Theory for the NRC Vertical-Axis WindTurbine[R]. N.A.E. Report LTRLA-160,1974.
[12] Strickland J H. The Darrieus Turbine: A Performance Prediction Using MultipleStream tubes[R]. Sandia Laboratories Report SAND75-0431,1975.
[13] Paraschivoiu I. Double-multiple Streamtube Model for Darrieus wind turbines[J].Second DOE/NASA wind.1981,p19-25.
[14] Strickland JH, Webster BT, Nguyen T. A vortex model of the Darrieus turbine: ananalytical and experimental study[J]. Trans ASME J Fluids Eng1979,101:500-5.
[15]王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2004.
[16] Zhichao Jiang，Numerical Investigation on the Flow and Power Generation ofStraight Darrieus Wind Turbine in Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Flow[D]. Thesissubmitted for the Degree of Engineering，Hiroshima University，Japan，2005.
[17]王毅.立轴风轮的实验和数值分析[D].天津：天津大学硕士论文,2003.
[18]高宏智，孙德宏.用多流管模型计算立轴风车气动性能的方法[J].太阳能学报,1989，1（10）37-42.
[19]陈江,季路成，刘大响.Darrieus风力透平气动设计参数优化[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(4)586-588.
[20]朱丰泉，徐庶民.用双重多流管法计算立轴直叶片风力机气动性能[C]，中国工程热物理学会热机气动热力学学术讨论会，1984.
[21] Islam M, et al. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed verticalaxis wind turbines[Z]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2007).
[22]葛哲学.Matlab应用技术：精通MATLAB[M].北京.电子工业出版社.2006.
[23]王沫然.MATLAB与科学计算[M].北京.电子工业出版社.2005.
[24] JIANG. Numerical investigation on the flow and power of small-sizedmulti-bladed straight Darrieus wind turbine[J]. Journal of Zhejiang UniversitySCUEBCE A.2007,8(9):1414-1421.
[25]李自应等.云南风能可开发地区风速的韦布尔分布参数及风能特征值研究[J].太阳能学报,1998,19(3):248-253.
[26] Robert E.Sheldahl,Paul C.Klimas,Aerodynamic Performance of a5-Metre-Diameter Darrieus Turbine With Extruded Aluminum NACA-0015Blades[Z].Issuedby Sandia Laboratories.March1980.
[27]王飞，刘志璋等.升力型垂直轴风力机的功率计算及功率输出特性的分析[J].能源技术，2010,31（1）：34-36.
[28]钱翼稷.空气动力学[M]．北京.北京航天航空大学出版社.2004
[29]周丹,禹建军,阎超.层流平板摩擦阻力的数值计算[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2007,33(6):663-667.
[30] H.史里希廷.边界层理论[M].科学出版社,1991
[31]巫发明，杨从新等.风力机翼型摩擦阻力数值计算中不同湍流模型的比较研究[J].流体机械.2008,36（12）：11-14.
[32]杨从新，巫发明.设计参数对直叶片垂直轴风力机功率系数的影响[J].兰州理工大学学报,2009,35(5):47-50.
[33] D W.Zingg. Comparison of several spatial discretizations for the N-S equations[J].AIAA-99-3260,2000,160(2):683-704
[34] Kral,L.D, Recent experience with different turbulence models applied to thecalculation of flow over aircraft components[J], Progress in AerospaceSciences,1998,34,481-541.
[35]伍艳，王同光.三维旋转效应对叶片非定常气动特性的影响[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2005,37(2):178-182．
[36] Jameson Antony, Martinelli Luigi. Mesh refinement and modeling errors in flowsimulation[J]. AIAA Journal,,1998,36(5):676-686.
[37] Catherine A.Baxevanou and Nicolas S.Vlachos A Comparative study of numericalschemes and turbulence models for wind turbine aerodynamics modeling[J]. WindEngineering Volume28,No.3,2004,275-290.
[38] Islam, M.Ting, D.S.k.,Fartaj,A. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-typestraight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines[J]. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews.2007,12(4):1087-1109.
[39]刘磊，徐建中.湍流模型对风力机叶片气动性能预估的影响[J].工程热物理学报2009（7）：1136-1139.
[40]唐进.提高风力机叶型气动性能的研究[D].清华大学工学硕士学位论文.北京：清华大学.2004.
[41]陈坤.风力机尾涡模型及其对下游风力机性能的影响[D]:[硕士学位论文].中国空气动力研究与发展中心研究生部，1999.
[42]徐朝晖,吴玉林.基于滑移网格与RNG湍流模型计算泵内的动静干扰[J].工程热物理学报.2005,26(1):66-68.
[43]马海波.Darrieus风轮的空气动力特性研究[D].浙江大学工学硕士学位论文.浙江：浙江大学.2010
[44] DEGLON DA,MEYER C J.CFD modeling of stirred tanks： numericalconsiderations[J]．Minerals Eng，2006,19(10):1059—1068．
[45]张庆麟.风力机叶片三维气动性能的数值研究[D]．清华大学硕士学位论文,北京：清华大学,2007.
[46]张强，杨永.绕翼型低雷诺数流动的数值分析研究[J].空气动力学学报,2006,24(4):482-486.
[2]倪受元.风力发电讲座第一讲《风力机的类型与结构》[J]．太阳能，2000(2):6-10.
[3]贺德馨.风工程与工业空气动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006.
[4]Le Gourieres D.风力机的理论与设计[M].施鹏飞,译.北京:机械工业出版社,1987.
[5]杨金明,吴捷等.风力发电技术探讨[J]．太阳能，2003(3):13-16.
[6]孙云峰，田德.垂直轴风力发电机的发展概况及趋势[J].农村牧区机械化.2008.2:42-44.
[7]严强，蒋超奇.垂直轴风力发电机的发展趋势和应用[J].上海电力，2007.2：166-167.
[8]全球风能理事会[M].Globle Wind Energy Outlook2011.2011.
[9]中国风能[J].2011，3.
[10] Paraschivoiu I. Wind Turbine Design-Emphasis on Darrieus Concept[M]. Pressesinter Polytechnique I. Canada,2002.
[11] Templin R J. Aerodynamic Performance Theory for the NRC Vertical-Axis WindTurbine[R]. N.A.E. Report LTRLA-160,1974.
[12] Strickland J H. The Darrieus Turbine: A Performance Prediction Using MultipleStream tubes[R]. Sandia Laboratories Report SAND75-0431,1975.
[13] Paraschivoiu I. Double-multiple Streamtube Model for Darrieus wind turbines[J].Second DOE/NASA wind.1981,p19-25.
[14] Strickland JH, Webster BT, Nguyen T. A vortex model of the Darrieus turbine: ananalytical and experimental study[J]. Trans ASME J Fluids Eng1979,101:500-5.
[15]王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2004.
[16] Zhichao Jiang，Numerical Investigation on the Flow and Power Generation ofStraight Darrieus Wind Turbine in Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Flow[D]. Thesissubmitted for the Degree of Engineering，Hiroshima University，Japan，2005.
[17]王毅.立轴风轮的实验和数值分析[D].天津：天津大学硕士论文,2003.
[18]高宏智，孙德宏.用多流管模型计算立轴风车气动性能的方法[J].太阳能学报,1989，1（10）37-42.
[19]陈江,季路成，刘大响.Darrieus风力透平气动设计参数优化[J].工程热物理学报,2006,27(4)586-588.
[20]朱丰泉，徐庶民.用双重多流管法计算立轴直叶片风力机气动性能[C]，中国工程热物理学会热机气动热力学学术讨论会，1984.
[21] Islam M, et al. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed verticalaxis wind turbines[Z]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2007).
[22]葛哲学.Matlab应用技术：精通MATLAB[M].北京.电子工业出版社.2006.
[23]王沫然.MATLAB与科学计算[M].北京.电子工业出版社.2005.
[24] JIANG. Numerical investigation on the flow and power of small-sizedmulti-bladed straight Darrieus wind turbine[J]. Journal of Zhejiang UniversitySCUEBCE A.2007,8(9):1414-1421.
[25]李自应等.云南风能可开发地区风速的韦布尔分布参数及风能特征值研究[J].太阳能学报,1998,19(3):248-253.
[26] Robert E.Sheldahl,Paul C.Klimas,Aerodynamic Performance of a5-Metre-Diameter Darrieus Turbine With Extruded Aluminum NACA-0015Blades[Z].Issuedby Sandia Laboratories.March1980.
[27]王飞，刘志璋等.升力型垂直轴风力机的功率计算及功率输出特性的分析[J].能源技术，2010,31（1）：34-36.
[28]钱翼稷.空气动力学[M]．北京.北京航天航空大学出版社.2004
[29]周丹,禹建军,阎超.层流平板摩擦阻力的数值计算[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2007,33(6):663-667.
[30] H.史里希廷.边界层理论[M].科学出版社,1991
[31]巫发明，杨从新等.风力机翼型摩擦阻力数值计算中不同湍流模型的比较研究[J].流体机械.2008,36（12）：11-14.
[32]杨从新，巫发明.设计参数对直叶片垂直轴风力机功率系数的影响[J].兰州理工大学学报,2009,35(5):47-50.
[33] D W.Zingg. Comparison of several spatial discretizations for the N-S equations[J].AIAA-99-3260,2000,160(2):683-704
[34] Kral,L.D, Recent experience with different turbulence models applied to thecalculation of flow over aircraft components[J], Progress in AerospaceSciences,1998,34,481-541.
[35]伍艳，王同光.三维旋转效应对叶片非定常气动特性的影响[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2005,37(2):178-182．
[36] Jameson Antony, Martinelli Luigi. Mesh refinement and modeling errors in flowsimulation[J]. AIAA Journal,,1998,36(5):676-686.
[37] Catherine A.Baxevanou and Nicolas S.Vlachos A Comparative study of numericalschemes and turbulence models for wind turbine aerodynamics modeling[J]. WindEngineering Volume28,No.3,2004,275-290.
[38] Islam, M.Ting, D.S.k.,Fartaj,A. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-typestraight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines[J]. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews.2007,12(4):1087-1109.
[39]刘磊，徐建中.湍流模型对风力机叶片气动性能预估的影响[J].工程热物理学报2009（7）：1136-1139.
[40]唐进.提高风力机叶型气动性能的研究[D].清华大学工学硕士学位论文.北京：清华大学.2004.
[41]陈坤.风力机尾涡模型及其对下游风力机性能的影响[D]:[硕士学位论文].中国空气动力研究与发展中心研究生部，1999.
[42]徐朝晖,吴玉林.基于滑移网格与RNG湍流模型计算泵内的动静干扰[J].工程热物理学报.2005,26(1):66-68.
[43]马海波.Darrieus风轮的空气动力特性研究[D].浙江大学工学硕士学位论文.浙江：浙江大学.2010
[44] DEGLON DA,MEYER C J.CFD modeling of stirred tanks： numericalconsiderations[J]．Minerals Eng，2006,19(10):1059—1068．
[45]张庆麟.风力机叶片三维气动性能的数值研究[D]．清华大学硕士学位论文,北京：清华大学,2007.
[46]张强，杨永.绕翼型低雷诺数流动的数值分析研究[J].空气动力学学报,2006,24(4):482-486.