美国康奈尔计划发展研究
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摘要
对大学社会服务职能的探讨既是一个理论问题，又是一个与实践紧密相关的问题。从大学发展历史看，大学社会服务职能是随着大学的自身发展和时代发展的需要形成发展起来的，是在大学的教学和科研两项职能基础上孕育产生的。
关于现代大学社会服务职能的确立，多以“威斯康星理念”为标志。实际上，美国《莫雷尔法案》颁布以后，赠地学院从它创建之初就确立了服务社会的理念和功能。作为美国赠地学院的杰出代表，康奈尔大学自1868年创建之初就提出了包括参与社会服务的现代大学办学理念，这些理念主要体现在该校初建时期形成的康奈尔计划之中。康奈尔计划不仅明确了康奈尔大学的办学宗旨和办学方向，而且也确立了大学服务社会的办学思想。康奈尔计划作为一个开放的系统，在康奈尔大学的发展过程中，不断完善社会服务机制，拓展社会服务功能，提高社会服务能力，为美国现代大学社会服务职能的确立奠定了重要思想基础，产生了重要影响。研究美国大学社会服务职能的产生、发展及其实施过程，借鉴国外大学社会服务的成功经验，正确认识大学服务职能，强化大学社会服务理念，完善大学社会服务职能，促进大学与社会服务的协调发展，这些都是我国大学面临的亟待解决的问题。
关于大学服务社会职能的内涵学界已经论述颇多，相关的研究文献和成果数目繁多，对大学服务社会的职能至今没有一个统一的概念。从国内外学者研究情况看，关于大学社会服务职能的内涵释义主要有广义说和狭义说。本文研究中所使用的大学社会服务概念是指广义社会服务的内涵，即人才培养、科学研究和推广服务，其中推广服务又指的是狭义的社会服务或称作直接社会服务，也就是大学从直接满足社会现实需要出发，以人才培养、科学研究为依托，有目的、有计划、有组织地为社会发展提供的一系列活动。概言之，大学社会服务职能就是大学为社会所进行的包括人才培养、科学研究与推广服务。
本论文以美国“康奈尔计划”为研究对象，从社会服务的角度对康奈尔大学的教学、科研和推广服务职能进行了较为全面地梳理和分析，从而揭示康奈尔计划中所体现的大学服务社会的思想和实践以及其对美国高等教育的重大影响和意义。同时也为我们进一步了解美国高等教育的历史提供更广阔的视野，并为我国目前高校改革与发展提供一些有益的借鉴。
论文从内容结构看，分为两部分：
第一部分为导论。主要介绍本论文的选题缘由、研究意义以及国内外相关研究成果、研究内容、研究方法、创新点。
第二部分为第1章至第5章：
第1章主要分析1868年以前康奈尔计划提出的背景，包括经济、社会、教育文化及政策环境，最后分析了康奈尔大学创办者的影响以及在康奈尔计划孕育形成过程的作用。
第2章主要分析了1868---1885年康奈尔计划的提出、内容以及初步实施情况。阐述了怀特的教育理念和康奈尔的办学愿望。这个时期康奈尔大学服务的主要特点是围绕育人服务为主展开，特别是注重培养实用型人才服务社会，同时大学面向社会的科学研究也逐步地展开，而社会推广服务工作也初步开展。
第3章主要探讨了1886---1913年康奈尔计划的推进，阐述了康奈尔大学加强科研服务社会的背景，论述了面向社会的科研实践，这个时期时任校长亚当斯和舒尔曼重视科学研究，大学科研服务职能得到充分发挥。与此同时，面向社会的人才培养服务逐步推进，推广服务进一步发展。
第4章主要论述了康奈尔大学推广服务职能，分析了1914---1949年期间康奈尔计划逐步走向完善的过程。这一时期，德伊校长更加强调了大学的社会责任，推广服务职能得到充分体现，推广服务得到广泛发展，与育人服务职能和科学研究服务职能共同构成了“三位一体”的大学社会服务职能体系。
第5章主要分析美国康奈尔计划的历史地位与影响，特别是康奈尔计划与威斯康星观念的异同，并且结合美国康奈尔计划发展的历史经验，分析了康奈尔计划在美国高等教育发展的影响，以及康奈尔大学社会服务职能的构建与演变对我国大学发展的借鉴意义。
论文从服务的视角探究康奈尔计划的形成与发展的过程，认为康奈尔计划与康奈尔大学社会服务职能之间有着内在联系。康奈尔计划中所确定的大学社会服务理念是康奈尔大学社会服务职能发挥的基础，而康奈尔大学社会服务的实践又不断丰富和发展了康奈尔计划。康奈尔计划不单单是一个大学的组织计划或课程计划，而是康奈尔大学创建与发展的蓝图，它体现了大学创办者的现代办学理念，也是康奈尔大学办学思想的集中体现。康奈尔计划是一个开放的系统，是一个发展的计划，随着康奈尔大学的不断发展，康奈尔计划经历了从形成、实施和发展完善的过程，康奈尔计划的影响广泛而深远。从对康奈尔大学社会服务职能研究看，大学社会服务职能的认识和实践不能仅指直接的社会服务，而是包括人才培养、科研研究和直接社会服务在内的全方位的大服务观；是大学自发地、主动地向社会提供服务，参与到社会发展中去，这应该是现代大学发展的共同特征。在我国大学发展过程中，要强化大学社会服务职能的认识，正确理解大学社会服务职能的内涵，发挥好大学社会服务职能在促进经济社会发展中的作用；要重视人才培养和科研研究，不断提升人才培养质量和科研水平，提升人才培养服务和科学研究服务社会的能力；要重视和积极推进直接社会服务，依托人才培养和科学研究成果不断开拓服务领域、服务内容和服务方式，不断提升直接服务社会的能力。
It is both theoretical and practical problem for discussing of social service function ofuniversity. In the viewpoint of the history of university’s development, the university’s socialservice function formed developed along with the needs of the development of theuniversities themselves and times, meanwhile it’s breeding based on the university’s teachingand researching.
Most people believe that the “Wisconsin ideas” marked the establishment of the modernuniversity’s social service function. In fact, the American Morrill Act let the land-grantcolleges define the social service idea and function. As an outstanding representative of theAmerican land-grant colleges, Cornell university proposed the ideas of constructing modernuniversity including the involvement in social services since its inception. These ideas mainlymanifest in the Cornell Plan which has taken shape during the university’s foundation period.The Cornell Plan not only defined the university’s educational aim and direction, but alsoestablished the running thoughts of social service. It is an opening system, so it couldcontinue the improvement of social service mechanism, expand the service function and alsoimprove the service ability. It lay the important ideological foundation for the establishmentof the social service function of the American modern university. To research the productionand development and implementation process of the American university’s social servicefunction, to use the foreign universities’ successful experience, to correctly understand andimprove the university’s function, to strengthen the idea of its social service function, and topromote balanced development between the universities and social are our universities’ chiefproblems.
There have been many discussions about the connotation of the universities’s socialservice function in the educational circles, and have a large number of the relative researchliterature and achievement. However, the concept of the universities’s social service functionin academic community still does not have an unanimous one. In view of domestic andoverseas scholars’ researches, the description of this concept has broad sense and narrowsense. This paper used the broad concepts, that is personnel training, scientific research andsocial service which refers to the narrow social service or direct social service. This narrowsocial service could provide a series of activities for social development with purposes and plans and organizations. In a word, the universities’ social service function is to support thepersonnel training, scientific research and direct social service for society.
This paper’s research based on the “Cornell Plan”. It fully analyzed the Cornelluniversity’s teaching, research and social service, and then we can reveal the universityservice thought and practice from the “Cornell Plan”. So it’s of significance in Americanhigher education. Meanwhile we can gain a more knowledge of the history of Americanhigher education and provide historical reference for our today’s higher education reform.
Based on the contents, this paper is divided into two parts:
Part I is the Preface. This part gives some introductions about the background of thisresearch, main study achievements on Cornell Plan, the content of this paper, the innovationpoints, and the value of this research.
Part II includes Chapter I to V. The Chapter I analyzed the Cornell plan’s incubationbefore1868. First, it described the history of universities’ function; and then analyzed Cornelluniversity’s background of economy, society, culture and policy; finally pointed out theinfluence of the university’s founders. The Chapter II described the Cornell plan’sbackground, content and preliminary from1868to1885. It discussed the main characters ofCornell university’s service during this period, that is teaching service. This school especiallyfocused on the applied education for serving society, meanwhile the research which geared tothe need of the society was being gradually conducted, and also the social extension servicewas in the initial stage. The Chapter III explored the Cornell plan’s advance, and the idea andpractice of Cornell university’s researching social service from1886to1913. At the sametime, the applied education for serving society was carried a step forward, while the socialextension service developed further. The Chapter IV discussed Cornell university’s functionof extension service, and analyzed the improvement process of Cornell plan form1914to1949. During this period, leading to the creation of the idea and function of extension service,and this service form has been widely developed. So the teaching, researching and theextension service together formed what I called the system of the universities’ social serviceof “trinity”. The Chapter V analyzed the main characters of the American Cornell plan,especially explored the sameness and differences between Cornell plan and Wisconsin idea.What is more, this paper analyzed the historical status and impact of the Cornell plan bylearning from the historical experience of Cornell plan.
From the Cornell plan perspective, this paper discussed the university’s social service function. There were inherent relations between the Cornell plan and Cornell university’ssocial service function. The idea of social service in the Cornell plan is the foundation ofCornell university’s social service function, and the practice of Cornell university’s socialservice constantly enriched and developed the Cornell plan. Cornell plan is not just a plan orprogram, but Cornell university’s developing blueprint. It embodies the founders’ moderneducational thoughts and also is the running principles of Cornell university. Cornell plan isan open system and a developing plan, with the university’s constant development, it hasundergone the formation, implementation and development process, so the Cornell plan has abroad and profound influence. From the research on Cornell university’s social servicefunction, it not only refers to the directed service, but it is an overall service conceptincluding the teaching, researching and directed service. That is a common feature of themodern university. So we should strengthen the understanding of the university’s socialservice function, catch the connotation, play the important role of it. We also should payattention to the students’ training and scientific researching, raise its service level and ability.And then we should advance the directed social service as relying on the teaching andresearch, in order to ascend the directed service ability.
关于现代大学社会服务职能的确立，多以“威斯康星理念”为标志。实际上，美国《莫雷尔法案》颁布以后，赠地学院从它创建之初就确立了服务社会的理念和功能。作为美国赠地学院的杰出代表，康奈尔大学自1868年创建之初就提出了包括参与社会服务的现代大学办学理念，这些理念主要体现在该校初建时期形成的康奈尔计划之中。康奈尔计划不仅明确了康奈尔大学的办学宗旨和办学方向，而且也确立了大学服务社会的办学思想。康奈尔计划作为一个开放的系统，在康奈尔大学的发展过程中，不断完善社会服务机制，拓展社会服务功能，提高社会服务能力，为美国现代大学社会服务职能的确立奠定了重要思想基础，产生了重要影响。研究美国大学社会服务职能的产生、发展及其实施过程，借鉴国外大学社会服务的成功经验，正确认识大学服务职能，强化大学社会服务理念，完善大学社会服务职能，促进大学与社会服务的协调发展，这些都是我国大学面临的亟待解决的问题。
关于大学服务社会职能的内涵学界已经论述颇多，相关的研究文献和成果数目繁多，对大学服务社会的职能至今没有一个统一的概念。从国内外学者研究情况看，关于大学社会服务职能的内涵释义主要有广义说和狭义说。本文研究中所使用的大学社会服务概念是指广义社会服务的内涵，即人才培养、科学研究和推广服务，其中推广服务又指的是狭义的社会服务或称作直接社会服务，也就是大学从直接满足社会现实需要出发，以人才培养、科学研究为依托，有目的、有计划、有组织地为社会发展提供的一系列活动。概言之，大学社会服务职能就是大学为社会所进行的包括人才培养、科学研究与推广服务。
本论文以美国“康奈尔计划”为研究对象，从社会服务的角度对康奈尔大学的教学、科研和推广服务职能进行了较为全面地梳理和分析，从而揭示康奈尔计划中所体现的大学服务社会的思想和实践以及其对美国高等教育的重大影响和意义。同时也为我们进一步了解美国高等教育的历史提供更广阔的视野，并为我国目前高校改革与发展提供一些有益的借鉴。
论文从内容结构看，分为两部分：
第一部分为导论。主要介绍本论文的选题缘由、研究意义以及国内外相关研究成果、研究内容、研究方法、创新点。
第二部分为第1章至第5章：
第1章主要分析1868年以前康奈尔计划提出的背景，包括经济、社会、教育文化及政策环境，最后分析了康奈尔大学创办者的影响以及在康奈尔计划孕育形成过程的作用。
第2章主要分析了1868---1885年康奈尔计划的提出、内容以及初步实施情况。阐述了怀特的教育理念和康奈尔的办学愿望。这个时期康奈尔大学服务的主要特点是围绕育人服务为主展开，特别是注重培养实用型人才服务社会，同时大学面向社会的科学研究也逐步地展开，而社会推广服务工作也初步开展。
第3章主要探讨了1886---1913年康奈尔计划的推进，阐述了康奈尔大学加强科研服务社会的背景，论述了面向社会的科研实践，这个时期时任校长亚当斯和舒尔曼重视科学研究，大学科研服务职能得到充分发挥。与此同时，面向社会的人才培养服务逐步推进，推广服务进一步发展。
第4章主要论述了康奈尔大学推广服务职能，分析了1914---1949年期间康奈尔计划逐步走向完善的过程。这一时期，德伊校长更加强调了大学的社会责任，推广服务职能得到充分体现，推广服务得到广泛发展，与育人服务职能和科学研究服务职能共同构成了“三位一体”的大学社会服务职能体系。
第5章主要分析美国康奈尔计划的历史地位与影响，特别是康奈尔计划与威斯康星观念的异同，并且结合美国康奈尔计划发展的历史经验，分析了康奈尔计划在美国高等教育发展的影响，以及康奈尔大学社会服务职能的构建与演变对我国大学发展的借鉴意义。
论文从服务的视角探究康奈尔计划的形成与发展的过程，认为康奈尔计划与康奈尔大学社会服务职能之间有着内在联系。康奈尔计划中所确定的大学社会服务理念是康奈尔大学社会服务职能发挥的基础，而康奈尔大学社会服务的实践又不断丰富和发展了康奈尔计划。康奈尔计划不单单是一个大学的组织计划或课程计划，而是康奈尔大学创建与发展的蓝图，它体现了大学创办者的现代办学理念，也是康奈尔大学办学思想的集中体现。康奈尔计划是一个开放的系统，是一个发展的计划，随着康奈尔大学的不断发展，康奈尔计划经历了从形成、实施和发展完善的过程，康奈尔计划的影响广泛而深远。从对康奈尔大学社会服务职能研究看，大学社会服务职能的认识和实践不能仅指直接的社会服务，而是包括人才培养、科研研究和直接社会服务在内的全方位的大服务观；是大学自发地、主动地向社会提供服务，参与到社会发展中去，这应该是现代大学发展的共同特征。在我国大学发展过程中，要强化大学社会服务职能的认识，正确理解大学社会服务职能的内涵，发挥好大学社会服务职能在促进经济社会发展中的作用；要重视人才培养和科研研究，不断提升人才培养质量和科研水平，提升人才培养服务和科学研究服务社会的能力；要重视和积极推进直接社会服务，依托人才培养和科学研究成果不断开拓服务领域、服务内容和服务方式，不断提升直接服务社会的能力。
It is both theoretical and practical problem for discussing of social service function ofuniversity. In the viewpoint of the history of university’s development, the university’s socialservice function formed developed along with the needs of the development of theuniversities themselves and times, meanwhile it’s breeding based on the university’s teachingand researching.
Most people believe that the “Wisconsin ideas” marked the establishment of the modernuniversity’s social service function. In fact, the American Morrill Act let the land-grantcolleges define the social service idea and function. As an outstanding representative of theAmerican land-grant colleges, Cornell university proposed the ideas of constructing modernuniversity including the involvement in social services since its inception. These ideas mainlymanifest in the Cornell Plan which has taken shape during the university’s foundation period.The Cornell Plan not only defined the university’s educational aim and direction, but alsoestablished the running thoughts of social service. It is an opening system, so it couldcontinue the improvement of social service mechanism, expand the service function and alsoimprove the service ability. It lay the important ideological foundation for the establishmentof the social service function of the American modern university. To research the productionand development and implementation process of the American university’s social servicefunction, to use the foreign universities’ successful experience, to correctly understand andimprove the university’s function, to strengthen the idea of its social service function, and topromote balanced development between the universities and social are our universities’ chiefproblems.
There have been many discussions about the connotation of the universities’s socialservice function in the educational circles, and have a large number of the relative researchliterature and achievement. However, the concept of the universities’s social service functionin academic community still does not have an unanimous one. In view of domestic andoverseas scholars’ researches, the description of this concept has broad sense and narrowsense. This paper used the broad concepts, that is personnel training, scientific research andsocial service which refers to the narrow social service or direct social service. This narrowsocial service could provide a series of activities for social development with purposes and plans and organizations. In a word, the universities’ social service function is to support thepersonnel training, scientific research and direct social service for society.
This paper’s research based on the “Cornell Plan”. It fully analyzed the Cornelluniversity’s teaching, research and social service, and then we can reveal the universityservice thought and practice from the “Cornell Plan”. So it’s of significance in Americanhigher education. Meanwhile we can gain a more knowledge of the history of Americanhigher education and provide historical reference for our today’s higher education reform.
Based on the contents, this paper is divided into two parts:
Part I is the Preface. This part gives some introductions about the background of thisresearch, main study achievements on Cornell Plan, the content of this paper, the innovationpoints, and the value of this research.
Part II includes Chapter I to V. The Chapter I analyzed the Cornell plan’s incubationbefore1868. First, it described the history of universities’ function; and then analyzed Cornelluniversity’s background of economy, society, culture and policy; finally pointed out theinfluence of the university’s founders. The Chapter II described the Cornell plan’sbackground, content and preliminary from1868to1885. It discussed the main characters ofCornell university’s service during this period, that is teaching service. This school especiallyfocused on the applied education for serving society, meanwhile the research which geared tothe need of the society was being gradually conducted, and also the social extension servicewas in the initial stage. The Chapter III explored the Cornell plan’s advance, and the idea andpractice of Cornell university’s researching social service from1886to1913. At the sametime, the applied education for serving society was carried a step forward, while the socialextension service developed further. The Chapter IV discussed Cornell university’s functionof extension service, and analyzed the improvement process of Cornell plan form1914to1949. During this period, leading to the creation of the idea and function of extension service,and this service form has been widely developed. So the teaching, researching and theextension service together formed what I called the system of the universities’ social serviceof “trinity”. The Chapter V analyzed the main characters of the American Cornell plan,especially explored the sameness and differences between Cornell plan and Wisconsin idea.What is more, this paper analyzed the historical status and impact of the Cornell plan bylearning from the historical experience of Cornell plan.
From the Cornell plan perspective, this paper discussed the university’s social service function. There were inherent relations between the Cornell plan and Cornell university’ssocial service function. The idea of social service in the Cornell plan is the foundation ofCornell university’s social service function, and the practice of Cornell university’s socialservice constantly enriched and developed the Cornell plan. Cornell plan is not just a plan orprogram, but Cornell university’s developing blueprint. It embodies the founders’ moderneducational thoughts and also is the running principles of Cornell university. Cornell plan isan open system and a developing plan, with the university’s constant development, it hasundergone the formation, implementation and development process, so the Cornell plan has abroad and profound influence. From the research on Cornell university’s social servicefunction, it not only refers to the directed service, but it is an overall service conceptincluding the teaching, researching and directed service. That is a common feature of themodern university. So we should strengthen the understanding of the university’s socialservice function, catch the connotation, play the important role of it. We also should payattention to the students’ training and scientific researching, raise its service level and ability.And then we should advance the directed social service as relying on the teaching andresearch, in order to ascend the directed service ability.
引文
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①【NIFA】http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html
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