基于复杂网络的社区系统管理
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摘要
当前我国正处于经济和社会转型时期，城市化、工业化和市场化趋势明显，大量农村社区正通过城中村改造转型为城市社区，城市社区管理面临着许多新情况、新问题。新形势下，社区作为社会的缩影，既是社会发展的直接参与者、推动者，又是社会矛盾问题的承受者和解决的主要载体，社区事务相互关联、牵一发而动全身，社区管理复杂性大大增加，以系统的观点重新审视社区、推动社区自治与系统管理有着重要的理论和现实意义。
论文从复杂网络理论角度进行社区系统分析和管理研究，属于系统科学与社会学交叉前沿领域。该文的主要创新点是：
1、将单个“社区”视为由“居民”构成的系统，整个“城市”视为由“社区”构成的网络(也称社会网络)，提出从系统论和复杂网络角度研究城市社区系统管理的新思路。
2、基于复杂网络理论刻画了城市社区网络的一般特征，包括社区网络的结构特征、关系构成以及社区网络中各种指标的定义。
3、提出了适合城市社区管理评价新的社会网络指标，包括中心性、凝聚性、结构对等性和弱关系性指标体系；并结合城市社区抽样调查程序进行了小世界特性的验证分析。
4、借助复杂网络理论进行了青岛市城乡居民的社区网络系统分析，通过研究和发现，结合青岛市崂山区的实际情况，提出了城市化进程中城乡结合部社区系统管理的创新思路和对策建议。
So far China has been undergoing a great economic and social transformation, accompanying with urbanization, industrialization and marketization. Lots of rural communities are turning into urban communities by the reconstruction of village in cities. It makes urban community administration confront new troubles and problems. In the new situation, as the miniature of society, community not only participates in social construction, but also suffers and solves social problems. The interrelated community affairs make community administration more complicated. Therefore, it has great theoretical and practical signification to restudy community in the viewpoint of system, promoting community self-governance and systematic management.
This dissertation analyzes the community system and its management from the perspective of Complex Networks Theory, combining Systems Science and Sociology into an edge-cutting interdisciplinary field. The main innovative points of this dissertation are as follows:
1. Individual "communities" are regarded as a systems consisting of "dwellers"; the whole "city" as a network (also called a social network) composed of "communities". Hence a new line of thought is put forward from the perspectives of System Theory and Complex Networks Theory to study the management of community systems in cities.
2. The general features of community networks in cities are described in light of Complex Networks Theory, which include the structure characteristics of community networks, relation forming and definitions of various indexes in the community networks.
3. New indexes of social network to assess community management in cities are proposed, which include such indexes as centrality, cohesion, structural symmetry and weakness in relations; a verifying analysis is done on the Small-World Properties with the aid of sample surveys of communities in cities.
4. An analysis is conducted on community networks systems in both urban and rural areas of Qingdao in light of Complex Networks Theory. Analyses and discoveries are done according to the reality in Laoshan District of Qingdao. At last, innovative line of thoughts and corresponding suggestions for urbanization are put forward on the management of community systems in the overlap between urban and rural areas.
论文从复杂网络理论角度进行社区系统分析和管理研究，属于系统科学与社会学交叉前沿领域。该文的主要创新点是：
1、将单个“社区”视为由“居民”构成的系统，整个“城市”视为由“社区”构成的网络(也称社会网络)，提出从系统论和复杂网络角度研究城市社区系统管理的新思路。
2、基于复杂网络理论刻画了城市社区网络的一般特征，包括社区网络的结构特征、关系构成以及社区网络中各种指标的定义。
3、提出了适合城市社区管理评价新的社会网络指标，包括中心性、凝聚性、结构对等性和弱关系性指标体系；并结合城市社区抽样调查程序进行了小世界特性的验证分析。
4、借助复杂网络理论进行了青岛市城乡居民的社区网络系统分析，通过研究和发现，结合青岛市崂山区的实际情况，提出了城市化进程中城乡结合部社区系统管理的创新思路和对策建议。
So far China has been undergoing a great economic and social transformation, accompanying with urbanization, industrialization and marketization. Lots of rural communities are turning into urban communities by the reconstruction of village in cities. It makes urban community administration confront new troubles and problems. In the new situation, as the miniature of society, community not only participates in social construction, but also suffers and solves social problems. The interrelated community affairs make community administration more complicated. Therefore, it has great theoretical and practical signification to restudy community in the viewpoint of system, promoting community self-governance and systematic management.
This dissertation analyzes the community system and its management from the perspective of Complex Networks Theory, combining Systems Science and Sociology into an edge-cutting interdisciplinary field. The main innovative points of this dissertation are as follows:
1. Individual "communities" are regarded as a systems consisting of "dwellers"; the whole "city" as a network (also called a social network) composed of "communities". Hence a new line of thought is put forward from the perspectives of System Theory and Complex Networks Theory to study the management of community systems in cities.
2. The general features of community networks in cities are described in light of Complex Networks Theory, which include the structure characteristics of community networks, relation forming and definitions of various indexes in the community networks.
3. New indexes of social network to assess community management in cities are proposed, which include such indexes as centrality, cohesion, structural symmetry and weakness in relations; a verifying analysis is done on the Small-World Properties with the aid of sample surveys of communities in cities.
4. An analysis is conducted on community networks systems in both urban and rural areas of Qingdao in light of Complex Networks Theory. Analyses and discoveries are done according to the reality in Laoshan District of Qingdao. At last, innovative line of thoughts and corresponding suggestions for urbanization are put forward on the management of community systems in the overlap between urban and rural areas.
引文
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122 同8
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2 全面建设小康社会，开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面——在中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会上的报告．2002
3 Park R．E．．城市社会学．北京：华夏出版社，1987
4 Robert P. Human Ecology. American Journal of Sociology. 1936
5 亚里士多德．政治学．北京：商务印书馆，1981
6 袁秉达，孟临主编．社区论．上海：中国纺织大学出版社，2000
7 格尔茨．深描：迈向文化的阐释理论．文化的解释．上海：上海人民出版社，1999
8 费孝通．中国现代化城市对社区建设的再思考．上海社区发展报告(1996-2000)．上海：上海大学出版社，2000
9 杨雅彬．中国社会学史．济南：山东人民出版，1987
10 鲍霏．梁漱溟学术精华录．北京：北京师范学院出版社，1988
11 Talcott P. The Social System. Glencoe. IL : Free Press, 1951
12 黄欣荣．复杂性科学的方法论研究．重厌：重厌大学出版社，2006
13 (英)欧阳莹之著，田宝国，周亚，樊瑛译．复杂系统理论基础．上海：上海科技教育出版社，2002
14 陈森发．复杂系统建模理论与方法．南京：东南大学出版社，2005
15 颜泽贤，范冬萍，张华夏．系统科学导论——复杂性探索．北京：人民出版社，2006
16 方美琪，张树人．复杂系统建模与仿真．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2005
17 苗东升．系统科学精要．第2版．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2006
18 王众托．系统工程引论．第3版．北京：电子工业出版社，2006
19 许国志．系统科学．上海：上海科技教育出版社，2000
20 Kaufman H. The Local Community as an Ecology of Games. American Journal of Sociology 64:10
21 Roland W. The Community in America. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1978.52页
22 Roland W. The Community in America. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1978.243页
23 Watts D J. and Strogatz S H.. Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks [J]. Nature, 1998, 393:440-442
24 Barabasi A. and Albert R.. Emergence of scaling in random networks [J]. Science, 1999, 286(5439): 509-512
25 Watts D.J., Dodds P.S. and Newman M.E.J.. Identity and search in social networks. Science, 2002, 296:1302-1305
26 方锦清，迅速发展的复杂网络研究与面临的挑战，自然杂志，2005，27(5)：269-273，290
27 Byers J., Horn G., Luby M., et al. FLID2DL: Congestion Control for Layered Multicast. IEEE J SAC Special Issue on Network Support for Multicast Communication, 2002, 20 (8): 1558-1570
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