极低频电磁场职业接触控制水平研究
摘要
随着电力的广泛运用,极低频电磁场无处不在,特别是工业上某些高电压和强电流的特殊要求,使职业环境存在大量的极低频电磁场污染。为控制极低频电磁场的职业健康危害,确定合理的职业接触控制水平尤为重要,本研究通过我国极低频电磁场职业接触现况调查、极低频电磁场健康影响的系统评价以及供电企业极低频磁场作业工人慢性健康影响探讨,最后从符合健康和经济技术可行性两方面考虑,提出符合我国国情的极低频电磁场控制水平,与此同时也回答了我国极低频电磁场职业接触现况、极低频电磁场急慢性健康影响等重要科学问题。具体方法结果如下：
第一部分极低频电磁场职业接触现况调查
[目的]
了解各行业极低频电磁场源及作业环境的污染水平,了解各行业作业工人累计工频磁场接触水平。
[方法]
本研究以典型抽样的方式选取存在较高极低频电磁场的发电厂、供电企业、汽车制造业电阻焊车间、电力炼钢、部分使用变电站的企业等为研究对象,采用德国PMM8053电磁场测量系统及EHP-50工频电磁场测量探头对极低频电磁场辐射源和作业环境进行定点检测；采用美国EMDEX MATE和EMDEX LITE个体磁场暴露计对部分行业存在极低频磁场的作业岗位进行整个工作班的个体磁场计量,并结合访谈和问卷调查信息,根据作业工人每日接触磁场强度Hday、每年作业天数d和每年标准工作天数d0,d0=220天,计算作业工人年平均年平均日磁场接触水平Hyear。
[结果]
极低频电场主要存在于电网企业和发电厂的超高压变电站及其输送线路,其电场强度往往超过5kV/m,部分作业点电场强度超过10kV/m。常接触高电场强度的作业工人为电网企业变电送电运行及检修工人,电厂电气点检作业工人。极低频磁场主要存在于汽车制造业的电阻焊作业岗位,其磁场的性质为冲击式,其磁场强度RMS达几百微特斯拉,峰值最高可达10mT以上,其次,电力火车和电力炼钢作业场所也存在较高水平的磁场,电网企业磁场多在100微特斯拉以下,但部分变电站电容器和电抗器可达几百微特斯拉。各级电压变电站及线路运检人员年平均日磁场接触水平Hdayx±s为1.93±1.60μT,最低为0.26 u T,最高为4.92μT。电阻焊作业岗位工频磁场最小均方根值(RMS)为4.0μT,最大RMS值为6470.0μT。其中2个点RMS值低于10μT；28.6%,139个测点RMS值为10～100μT；58.4%,284个测点RMS值为100～500μT；7.4%,36个测点RMS值为100～1000μT；4.9%,24个测点RMS值为1000～5000μT；只有1个测点RMS值超过5000μT。
第二部分极低频电磁场健康效应的系统评价
[目的]
系统评价极低频电磁场的健康影响,寻找健康效应指标。[方法]
采用系统评价的方法对极低频电磁场健康影响文献进行分析评价。本研究收集2000-2010年公开发表的有关文献资料,包括极低频电磁场重要的标准和制定依据(WHO、ICNIRP、IEEE、ACGIH、EN等)以及通过PubMed、Medline、HighWire、ScienceDirect、Wiley Online Library、EBSCOHost、OVID、CNKI、万方数据库等搜索引擎收集到的相关中英文文献,本研究按Oxford CASP论文质量的评价标准对不同类型的文献进行评价并评分,保留分数达到和超过及格分数线的文献,并按系统对文献进行综合评估。对每个系统符合Meta分析要求的文献研究(病例对照研究；单组样本量大于100例；研究中控制了主要的混杂因素；发表语种为英语和中文；测量指标为ELF-EMFs与发生危险性的关联指标OR),应用Review Manager 5.1对数据进行Meta分析,计算各文献效应指标,包括OR及95%置信区间。
[结果]
通过对极低频健康影响文献的系统评价显示,高剂量情况下,体内电流密度达到10mAm-2,极低频电磁场会导致神经肌肉异常兴奋。慢性研究结果表明未绝经组乳腺癌与极低频电磁场暴露相关,而绝经组则为无关。亚组未绝经组4,95%CI=(1.03,1.49),绝经组ORMH=0.94,95%CI=(0.81,1.09)。儿童暴露组白血病发生ORDL=1.19,95%CI=(1.00,1.42),职业暴露组oRDL=1.08,95%CI=(0.82,1.42)。表明两组人群与白血病发生有一定关系,但职业暴露组无统计学差异,而儿童暴露组有统计学意义。
第三部分某供电企业极低频电磁场对作业工人慢性健康影响研究
[目的]
研究工频电磁场对作业工人的慢性健康影响
[方法]
本研究以某供电局作业工人为研究对象,将在变电站及其线路的运行检修岗位工作1年以上的作业工人为暴露组,以本局内作业岗位不涉及接触高压线或变电站,并在该岗位工作2年以上的生产工人和行政人员为对照组,两组年龄18～60岁且近一周无细菌病毒感染病史、无抗生素用药史。通过个体磁场检测结果计算作业工人累积暴露剂量Hyear,并将暴露组分为Hyear<0.4μT的低剂量暴露组和Hyear≥0.4≥T的高剂量暴露组；通过问卷调查收集作业工人一般情况和遗传病史、吸烟、饮酒等混杂因素情况；通过体格检查,对所有被研究者进行心率、血压、心电图的测定,通过实验室检测,获取白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白等18项反应血细胞变化的指标。所有研究对象都是清晨空腹体检,所有调查人员经过统一培训,所有数据通过Epidata3.1进行录入和管理,采用均数、率和构成比描述作业工人一般情况,在控制年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒及家族遗传史等混杂因素,用logistic回归分析暴露强度与心电异常的关系,通过单因素方差分析探讨极低频磁场暴露与血细胞变化的关系。
[结果]
对某电力公司作业工人慢性健康影响的研究显示,将是否有心电图异常作为因变量,将性别、年龄、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、心血管遗传病史和极低频电磁场暴露程度等作为自变量进行logistic回归分析,结果,性别、年龄、心血管疾病遗传病史及暴露强度是影响心电图的有效因素,极低频电磁场高暴露职业人群患心电图异常的风险比不接触人群高,其OR值为1.35,P值为0.45,有显著统计学差异。对照组男性865人,暴露组男性548人共1413名男性参与了血细胞的检查。经单因素方差分析,男性低暴露组与男性对照组相比,血红蛋白和淋巴细胞计数高于对照组。男性高暴露组与对照组相比,除红细胞分布宽度低于对照组外,白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白、平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度、淋巴细胞计数、单核细胞计数各值均高于对照组(P<0.05)
第四部分100kHz以下电磁场职业接触控制水平
[目的]
探讨极低频电磁场职业接触控制水平
[方法]
本研究根据第二部分和第三部分极低频电磁场健康影响研究结果,探讨极低频电磁场急慢性健康效应阈值,并与第一部分我国极低频电磁场作业环境及个体接触现况进行比较分析,以职业环境存在最广泛的工频电磁场为切入点,确定其合理的安全系数,并根据磁场模型假设和J=πRfσB等式,以及ICNIRP所建立的电场模型,推导出100kHz以下所有频段的电磁场职业接触控制水平。
[结果]
0.24 u T作为慢性健康影响阈值,经济技术不可行,最终以急性健康效应阈值10mAm-2作为制定限值的依据。通过比较分析,当工频电磁场控制水平分别确定到10kV/m和1mT时,电磁场安全系数为3,按目前的工艺,作业场所95%作业点符合控制水平要求,部分不符合要求的作业场所,可以通过屏蔽、防护等方式进行改进,并达到控制水平以下。最终通过磁场和电场模型,得到0.001～0.82 kHz控制水平电场强度为500/f,磁通密度为50/f；0.82-100 kHz控制水平电场强度为610 Vm-1,磁通密度为3.07x10-2mT.
结论
我国极低频电磁场接触的关键职业人群是电阻焊作业工人,高压变电送电的运行和检修工人。作业场所工频电场关键控制点在高压及超高压变电站和输送线路；作业场所工频磁场关键控制点在电阻焊作业岗位、变电站未屏蔽的电容器和电抗器、变压器、高电流电缆以及电力火车和电力炼钢熔炉等。
体内电流密度达到10mAm-2以上,可能刺激末梢及中枢神经系统,并导致健康危害；绝经前女性乳腺癌、小儿白血病与极低频电磁场接触相关,OR值分别为1.24和1.19；长期接触几μT极低频磁场职业人群心电图异常的风险增加,白细胞、红细胞及血小板等血细胞活性增强。
本次研究所提出的控制水平,电场强度与ICNIRP的限值相当,磁通密度与日本和ACGIH限值相当,密切关注了作业工人的健康,同时也考虑了我国广泛使用极低频电磁场之实际。
Objective:to study the occupational exposure limits of extremely Low frequency electromagnetic fields in China.
Methods:At first, the ELF-EMF levels of working environment and personal exposure at different factories which use ELF-EMF widely, such as power factory, grid corporation, resistance welding factory and so on were measured. Then a systematic review(SR) of all papers published from 2000 to 2010 about the health effects of ELF-EMF was done, at the same time some papers which accord with the requirements of meta analysis were selected for meta analysis. And the changes of ECG and blood cells among workers with different exposure levels to ELF-FMF in a grid corporation were analysed. At last, the health effects of ELF-EMF and the occupational exposure situation of ELF-EMF were thought over for discussing the limits of extremely Low frequency electromagnetic Fields in China.
Results:
At the 500kV and above areas in ultra high pressure substation, More than 90% power electric field intensities of measure points were over 5kV/m. Shielding can decrease the electric field. The magnetic field intensities near reactors and capacitors were often over 100μT, reached near 1mT. The exposure levels of workers in power grid were between 0.04 and 5.0μT.70% were over 0.4μT. The exposure levels of resistance wielding workers often were over 500μT, reached near 1mT.
By systematic review, when the electric current reached 10A/m2 in the body, the effects of nerve and muscle might be watched. The chronic exposure to ELF-EMF was related with mammary cancer among the women before menopause. ORMH=1.24, 95%CI=(1.03,1.49). the children leukaemia was also related with exposure to ELF-EMF, ORDL=1.08,95%CI=(0.82,1.42).
Took into account gender, age, smoking status, drinking status, genetic history and exposure levels, a logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the risk between exposure to ELF-EMF and ECG changes. At last the exposutr level was a risk factor, the OR of people with high exposure level was 1.35, P=0.45, compared with control group.
10A/m2 was the threshold dose. When the levels of electromagnetic fields were under 10kV/m and 1mT, the safety factor was 3 and 95% environment in China were under the limits. At last, the recommendatory limits of ELF-EMF were following, frequency: 0.001～0.82 kHz, the limit of electric intensity was 500/f V/m, the limit of magnetic flux density was 50/f mT; 0.82～100 kHz, the limit of electric intensity was 610 Vm-1, the limit of magnetic flux density was 3.07×10-2 mT.
Conclusion:The areas at ultra high pressure power substation or near reactors and capacitors were the key risk areas of ELF-EMF in power grid. The resistance wielding workers exposured to high intensity of ELF magnetic field. Long-time exposure to ELF-EMF were related with the ECG changes, mammary cancer among the women before menopause and children leukaemia. The ELF-EMF limits which this study recommended were accord with both health and condition of economy and technology of China
第一部分极低频电磁场职业接触现况调查
[目的]
了解各行业极低频电磁场源及作业环境的污染水平,了解各行业作业工人累计工频磁场接触水平。
[方法]
本研究以典型抽样的方式选取存在较高极低频电磁场的发电厂、供电企业、汽车制造业电阻焊车间、电力炼钢、部分使用变电站的企业等为研究对象,采用德国PMM8053电磁场测量系统及EHP-50工频电磁场测量探头对极低频电磁场辐射源和作业环境进行定点检测；采用美国EMDEX MATE和EMDEX LITE个体磁场暴露计对部分行业存在极低频磁场的作业岗位进行整个工作班的个体磁场计量,并结合访谈和问卷调查信息,根据作业工人每日接触磁场强度Hday、每年作业天数d和每年标准工作天数d0,d0=220天,计算作业工人年平均年平均日磁场接触水平Hyear。
[结果]
极低频电场主要存在于电网企业和发电厂的超高压变电站及其输送线路,其电场强度往往超过5kV/m,部分作业点电场强度超过10kV/m。常接触高电场强度的作业工人为电网企业变电送电运行及检修工人,电厂电气点检作业工人。极低频磁场主要存在于汽车制造业的电阻焊作业岗位,其磁场的性质为冲击式,其磁场强度RMS达几百微特斯拉,峰值最高可达10mT以上,其次,电力火车和电力炼钢作业场所也存在较高水平的磁场,电网企业磁场多在100微特斯拉以下,但部分变电站电容器和电抗器可达几百微特斯拉。各级电压变电站及线路运检人员年平均日磁场接触水平Hdayx±s为1.93±1.60μT,最低为0.26 u T,最高为4.92μT。电阻焊作业岗位工频磁场最小均方根值(RMS)为4.0μT,最大RMS值为6470.0μT。其中2个点RMS值低于10μT；28.6%,139个测点RMS值为10～100μT；58.4%,284个测点RMS值为100～500μT；7.4%,36个测点RMS值为100～1000μT；4.9%,24个测点RMS值为1000～5000μT；只有1个测点RMS值超过5000μT。
第二部分极低频电磁场健康效应的系统评价
[目的]
系统评价极低频电磁场的健康影响,寻找健康效应指标。[方法]
采用系统评价的方法对极低频电磁场健康影响文献进行分析评价。本研究收集2000-2010年公开发表的有关文献资料,包括极低频电磁场重要的标准和制定依据(WHO、ICNIRP、IEEE、ACGIH、EN等)以及通过PubMed、Medline、HighWire、ScienceDirect、Wiley Online Library、EBSCOHost、OVID、CNKI、万方数据库等搜索引擎收集到的相关中英文文献,本研究按Oxford CASP论文质量的评价标准对不同类型的文献进行评价并评分,保留分数达到和超过及格分数线的文献,并按系统对文献进行综合评估。对每个系统符合Meta分析要求的文献研究(病例对照研究；单组样本量大于100例；研究中控制了主要的混杂因素；发表语种为英语和中文；测量指标为ELF-EMFs与发生危险性的关联指标OR),应用Review Manager 5.1对数据进行Meta分析,计算各文献效应指标,包括OR及95%置信区间。
[结果]
通过对极低频健康影响文献的系统评价显示,高剂量情况下,体内电流密度达到10mAm-2,极低频电磁场会导致神经肌肉异常兴奋。慢性研究结果表明未绝经组乳腺癌与极低频电磁场暴露相关,而绝经组则为无关。亚组未绝经组4,95%CI=(1.03,1.49),绝经组ORMH=0.94,95%CI=(0.81,1.09)。儿童暴露组白血病发生ORDL=1.19,95%CI=(1.00,1.42),职业暴露组oRDL=1.08,95%CI=(0.82,1.42)。表明两组人群与白血病发生有一定关系,但职业暴露组无统计学差异,而儿童暴露组有统计学意义。
第三部分某供电企业极低频电磁场对作业工人慢性健康影响研究
[目的]
研究工频电磁场对作业工人的慢性健康影响
[方法]
本研究以某供电局作业工人为研究对象,将在变电站及其线路的运行检修岗位工作1年以上的作业工人为暴露组,以本局内作业岗位不涉及接触高压线或变电站,并在该岗位工作2年以上的生产工人和行政人员为对照组,两组年龄18～60岁且近一周无细菌病毒感染病史、无抗生素用药史。通过个体磁场检测结果计算作业工人累积暴露剂量Hyear,并将暴露组分为Hyear<0.4μT的低剂量暴露组和Hyear≥0.4≥T的高剂量暴露组；通过问卷调查收集作业工人一般情况和遗传病史、吸烟、饮酒等混杂因素情况；通过体格检查,对所有被研究者进行心率、血压、心电图的测定,通过实验室检测,获取白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白等18项反应血细胞变化的指标。所有研究对象都是清晨空腹体检,所有调查人员经过统一培训,所有数据通过Epidata3.1进行录入和管理,采用均数、率和构成比描述作业工人一般情况,在控制年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒及家族遗传史等混杂因素,用logistic回归分析暴露强度与心电异常的关系,通过单因素方差分析探讨极低频磁场暴露与血细胞变化的关系。
[结果]
对某电力公司作业工人慢性健康影响的研究显示,将是否有心电图异常作为因变量,将性别、年龄、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、心血管遗传病史和极低频电磁场暴露程度等作为自变量进行logistic回归分析,结果,性别、年龄、心血管疾病遗传病史及暴露强度是影响心电图的有效因素,极低频电磁场高暴露职业人群患心电图异常的风险比不接触人群高,其OR值为1.35,P值为0.45,有显著统计学差异。对照组男性865人,暴露组男性548人共1413名男性参与了血细胞的检查。经单因素方差分析,男性低暴露组与男性对照组相比,血红蛋白和淋巴细胞计数高于对照组。男性高暴露组与对照组相比,除红细胞分布宽度低于对照组外,白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白、平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度、淋巴细胞计数、单核细胞计数各值均高于对照组(P<0.05)
第四部分100kHz以下电磁场职业接触控制水平
[目的]
探讨极低频电磁场职业接触控制水平
[方法]
本研究根据第二部分和第三部分极低频电磁场健康影响研究结果,探讨极低频电磁场急慢性健康效应阈值,并与第一部分我国极低频电磁场作业环境及个体接触现况进行比较分析,以职业环境存在最广泛的工频电磁场为切入点,确定其合理的安全系数,并根据磁场模型假设和J=πRfσB等式,以及ICNIRP所建立的电场模型,推导出100kHz以下所有频段的电磁场职业接触控制水平。
[结果]
0.24 u T作为慢性健康影响阈值,经济技术不可行,最终以急性健康效应阈值10mAm-2作为制定限值的依据。通过比较分析,当工频电磁场控制水平分别确定到10kV/m和1mT时,电磁场安全系数为3,按目前的工艺,作业场所95%作业点符合控制水平要求,部分不符合要求的作业场所,可以通过屏蔽、防护等方式进行改进,并达到控制水平以下。最终通过磁场和电场模型,得到0.001～0.82 kHz控制水平电场强度为500/f,磁通密度为50/f；0.82-100 kHz控制水平电场强度为610 Vm-1,磁通密度为3.07x10-2mT.
结论
我国极低频电磁场接触的关键职业人群是电阻焊作业工人,高压变电送电的运行和检修工人。作业场所工频电场关键控制点在高压及超高压变电站和输送线路；作业场所工频磁场关键控制点在电阻焊作业岗位、变电站未屏蔽的电容器和电抗器、变压器、高电流电缆以及电力火车和电力炼钢熔炉等。
体内电流密度达到10mAm-2以上,可能刺激末梢及中枢神经系统,并导致健康危害；绝经前女性乳腺癌、小儿白血病与极低频电磁场接触相关,OR值分别为1.24和1.19；长期接触几μT极低频磁场职业人群心电图异常的风险增加,白细胞、红细胞及血小板等血细胞活性增强。
本次研究所提出的控制水平,电场强度与ICNIRP的限值相当,磁通密度与日本和ACGIH限值相当,密切关注了作业工人的健康,同时也考虑了我国广泛使用极低频电磁场之实际。
Objective:to study the occupational exposure limits of extremely Low frequency electromagnetic fields in China.
Methods:At first, the ELF-EMF levels of working environment and personal exposure at different factories which use ELF-EMF widely, such as power factory, grid corporation, resistance welding factory and so on were measured. Then a systematic review(SR) of all papers published from 2000 to 2010 about the health effects of ELF-EMF was done, at the same time some papers which accord with the requirements of meta analysis were selected for meta analysis. And the changes of ECG and blood cells among workers with different exposure levels to ELF-FMF in a grid corporation were analysed. At last, the health effects of ELF-EMF and the occupational exposure situation of ELF-EMF were thought over for discussing the limits of extremely Low frequency electromagnetic Fields in China.
Results:
At the 500kV and above areas in ultra high pressure substation, More than 90% power electric field intensities of measure points were over 5kV/m. Shielding can decrease the electric field. The magnetic field intensities near reactors and capacitors were often over 100μT, reached near 1mT. The exposure levels of workers in power grid were between 0.04 and 5.0μT.70% were over 0.4μT. The exposure levels of resistance wielding workers often were over 500μT, reached near 1mT.
By systematic review, when the electric current reached 10A/m2 in the body, the effects of nerve and muscle might be watched. The chronic exposure to ELF-EMF was related with mammary cancer among the women before menopause. ORMH=1.24, 95%CI=(1.03,1.49). the children leukaemia was also related with exposure to ELF-EMF, ORDL=1.08,95%CI=(0.82,1.42).
Took into account gender, age, smoking status, drinking status, genetic history and exposure levels, a logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the risk between exposure to ELF-EMF and ECG changes. At last the exposutr level was a risk factor, the OR of people with high exposure level was 1.35, P=0.45, compared with control group.
10A/m2 was the threshold dose. When the levels of electromagnetic fields were under 10kV/m and 1mT, the safety factor was 3 and 95% environment in China were under the limits. At last, the recommendatory limits of ELF-EMF were following, frequency: 0.001～0.82 kHz, the limit of electric intensity was 500/f V/m, the limit of magnetic flux density was 50/f mT; 0.82～100 kHz, the limit of electric intensity was 610 Vm-1, the limit of magnetic flux density was 3.07×10-2 mT.
Conclusion:The areas at ultra high pressure power substation or near reactors and capacitors were the key risk areas of ELF-EMF in power grid. The resistance wielding workers exposured to high intensity of ELF magnetic field. Long-time exposure to ELF-EMF were related with the ECG changes, mammary cancer among the women before menopause and children leukaemia. The ELF-EMF limits which this study recommended were accord with both health and condition of economy and technology of China
引文
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