棉花滴灌节水机理与优质高效灌溉模式
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摘要
新疆荒漠内陆气候为棉花生长提供了得天独厚的自然生态环境,已发展成我国最大的优质棉生产基地。但是,水资源匮乏、农业水资源供需矛盾突出等问题又在一定程度上限制了棉花产量的提高。如何高效利用有限水资源进行灌溉已成为当地棉花生产中急需解决的突出问题之一。本文以新疆大田棉花为研究对象,探讨膜下滴灌和地下滴灌条件下,水分调控对棉花根区土壤水分、棉株生长发育、籽棉产量和棉纤维品质等指标的影响,确定适合新疆滴灌棉花的优质高效灌溉模式及相应灌溉指标。取得了以下主要成果：
(1)提出了膜下滴灌条件下土壤剖面平均含水率计算方法。采用3点取样(膜下宽行中央、膜下窄行中央和膜外裸地),在水平方向上利用面积加权平均法计算各层土壤平均含水率,然后在垂直方向上利用积分中值定理法计算平均值,其结果与真实值(高密度取样积分法求解)最接近;膜下滴灌棉田墒情监测的土壤水分传感器适宜埋设位置是地表下0～10cm、20～30cm、40～50cm和60～80cm(选膜下宽行中央、膜下窄行中央和膜外裸地3个观测点)。
(2)分析了蕾期和花铃期水分调控对棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积以及根系生长发育的影响。蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水下限为60%田间持水率(θf)),既能适度抑制地上部分营养生长,促进根系生长发育,又能促进光合产物向生殖器官的运转,为棉花的优质高产奠定基础；蕾期水分过低(灌水下限为50%θf)会抑制棉花植株的正常生长发育,水分过高(灌水下限为75%θf)又会造成棉株旺长,均不利于棉花高产。花铃期水分胁迫不仅抑制棉株生长,还导致棉花蕾铃大量脱落,这种负面影响随水分胁迫的加剧而加重(与75%θf灌水下限处理籽棉产量相比,50%θf灌水下限处理减产24.19%～29.17%)。与膜下滴灌相比,地下滴灌能促进深层根系发育(花铃期调查发现,地下滴灌43～70cm土层平均根重密度比膜下滴灌高37.64%),有利于提高水分利用效率。
(3)阐明了不同生育期水分调控对棉花品质的影响。蕾期适度水分胁迫有利于霜前花衣分以及棉纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度的提高,但过度水分胁迫会使其降低；花铃期水分胁迫降低了棉纤维上半部平均长度,而且随着水分胁迫的加剧而加重;花铃期适度水分胁迫有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高,但过度水分胁迫则会降低棉纤维断裂比强度。棉纤维整齐度、伸长率和马克隆值对水分调控的敏感性非常小。除受水分调控的影响外,棉花品质指标还受灌水方式的影响,地下滴灌更有利于棉花品质的改善,棉纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度、伸长率和整齐度分别比膜下滴灌提高了0.18%～0.97%、0.84%～1.88%、0.99%～2.53%和0.96%～1.61%。
(4)分析了不同灌水方式对棉花耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。高产条件下棉花全生育耗水量为453～540mm,苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的耗水量分别占全生育耗水量的17%-22%、14%～19%、49%～58%和6%～15%；阶段耗水量和总耗水量均随水分胁迫程度的加剧而降低。相同水分处理条件下,地下滴灌耗水量比膜下滴灌增加了4.42%～8.98%,产量除蕾期重度亏水处理外其他处理均比膜下滴灌有不同程度的增加,而水分利用效率差异相对较小。与对照处理相比,蕾期适度水分胁迫处理的籽棉产量提高了11.28%～13.10%,水分利用效率提高了9.91%～12.40%。
(5)建立了3种棉花需水量估算模型,包括基于恒水位蒸发皿蒸散量模型、基于有效积温模型以及基于叶面积指数模型。利用2008年棉花生育期内的实测资料进行模型验证,模拟值的相对误差分别为2.37%～13.53%(基于叶面积指数模型)、0.68%～21.72%(基于有效积温模型)和1.77%～4.35%(基于蒸发皿蒸发量模型)；蕾期和花铃期累积需水量的模拟值与实测值的相对误差分别为1.52%-5.53%和0.29%～8.88%,能够满足实时灌溉对作物需水量计算精度的要求。
(6)初步确定了适合不同毛管布设方式下的新疆滴灌棉花优质高效灌溉模式。一膜一管四行：出苗水45mm,苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期灌水定额分别为22.5mm和37.5mm,灌水周期均为7d；一膜两管四行和地下滴灌：出苗水45mm,苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期的灌水控制下限分别为60%和75%田间持水率(以窄行土壤含水率为依据),灌水定额均为30mm。出苗水灌45mm,苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期当冠层上方恒水位蒸发皿累积蒸发量达到75mm和50mm时进行灌水,灌水定额分别为30mm和35mm。
本研究的主要创新点：
①提出了适宜滴灌棉田土壤剖面平均含水率的计算方法以及膜下滴灌棉田墒情监测的土壤水分探头布设方案；
②构建了滴灌条件下基于恒水位蒸发皿蒸散量的棉田需水量估算模型,模型精度高、操作方法简单,便于推广应用;
③提出了适合新疆滴灌棉花优质高产的节水灌溉模式及相应的灌溉指标,基于恒水位水面蒸发量的优质高效灌溉模式,以设备简易、操作简单的优势可以大范围推广应用。
Xinjiang has the largest cotton plantation area of China due to its favourable natural and climatic conditions. However, the lack of water resources, particultural for agriculture production, is very serious, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has become more and more apparent. Thus, how to effectively utilize the limited water resources and improve water use efficiency is the main concern for cotton production in this area. In2009-2010, an experiment was conducted in Xinjiang with cotton as research crop under drip irrigation (e.g. drip irrigation under mulch and subsurface drip irrigation). The characteristics of soil moisture dynamic variation, plant growth, seed cotton yield, fibre quality as well as water use efficiency were investigated. The main results are as following.
(1) Calculation method of average soil water content in soil profile under mulched drip irrigation conditions was put forward.3sampling points were taken at the wide row under film, the narrow row under film and the bare ground out of film, respectively, the estimated average soil moisture (in the horizontal direction, using the area weighted method to calculate average soil moisture of each soil layer, and calculating average soil moisture in vertical direction with integral weighted method) was very close to the true values estimated by layered integration method at the vertical profile based the high-density sampling. The result based on observations of12probes showed that the suitable location of burying soil moisture sensors was0～10,20～30,40～50and60～80cm below soil surface, and selecting the data of3sampling points to calculate average soil moisture could truly reflect the soil moisture of the profile.
(2) The influence of water stress at the squaring stage and at the flowering-boll stage on the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area of cotton were analyzed. Moderate water deficit occurring at squaring stage (with the lower limit of soil moisture for irrigation as60%of field capacity) could inhibit the above-ground vegetative growth plant excessive growth of cotton, promote root growth and development, and has an advantage of transporting the photosynthate to fruits which providing a good base for high-yield formation. Heavy water stress (with the lower limit of soil moisture as50%of field capacity) at the squaring stage could inhibit the normal growth and development of cotton, excessive water (with the lower limit of soil moisture as75%of field capacity) result in vigorous growth of cotton plant and were not conducive to cotton yield. Water stress at the flowering-boll stage not only inhibited the growth and development of cotton, but also increased the shedding rate of buds and bolls, and the negative effect increased with degree of water deficit imposed. Compared with the treatment of surface drip irrigation under mulch, subsurface drip irrigation could help the cotton root to penetrate into deep soil layers, and was favorable to the root system to absorb soil moisture within the deeper layer (the average density of root weight at the depth of43～70cm increased37.64%).
(3)The effect of water control at different growth stages on cotton quality was expounded. Moderate water deficit at the squaring stage could increase the lint percentage of blossom before frost, fibre length and breaking tenacity of cotton fibre, but excessive water stress lower the fibre length and breaking tenacity of cotton fibre. Heavy water stress at flowering-boll stage could decrease the fibre length of cotton, and the response of the fibre length to water stress increased with the degree of water stress, however, moderate water stress could increase the breaking tenacity of cotton fibre, and heavy water stress dramatically reduce the breaking tenacity of cotton. The fibre uniformity index, elongation and micronaire of cotton were little sensitive to water stress in this study. Compared with the treatment of drip irrigation under mulch, the subsurface drip irrigation was more beneficial to the improvement of the fibre quality of cotton, the fibre length, breaking tenacity, elongation and the uniformity index under subsurface drip irrigation improved by0.18%-0.97%,0.84%～1.88%,0.99%～2.53%and0.96%～1.61%, separately.
(4) The influence of different irrigation methods on water consumption and water use efficiency of cotton was analyzed. The water consumption of cotton in the whole growth stage was453～540mm, of which during the seedling stage, squaring stage, flowering-boll stage and boll opening stage accounted for17%～22%,14%～19%,49%～58%and6%～15%, respectively, and it decreased with the degree of water stress imposed. Compared with surface drip irrigation under same water treatment conditions, the water consumption of subsurface drip irrigation increased by4.42%-8.98%, the seed cotton yield of which in other treatments also increased in various degrees besides the treatment of heavy water stress at the squaring stage, and water use efficiency between two irrigation ways had a little difference.
(5) The estimation models of water requirement for cotton under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province were established based on pan evaporation, effective accumulated temperature and leaf area index of cotton, respectively. The models were verified by using the measured values in2008, and the result showed that average relative error of simulated values was2.37%～13.53%(based on leaf area index model),0.68%-21.72%(based on the effective accumulated temperature model) and1.77%-14.35%(based on pan evaporation model), separately. The average relative error of cumulative water consumption for simulated values during the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage was1.52%～5.53%and0.29%～8.88%, respectively. Therefore, the established models could satisfy the precision needs of calculating crop water requirement for real time irrigation.
(6) The irrigation index and irrigation pattern were determined to achieve high yield, high quality and efficiency for cotton production under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province. As for one tube controlling four rows of cotton,45mm of irrigation water was applied to ensure emergence after sowing, no water applied at both the seedling stage and boll opening stage, and irrigation water quota was22.5mm and37.5mm with7d of irrigation frequency at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, respectively. Under the irrigation way of two tube controlling four rows of cotton and subsurface drip irrigation, irrigation water quota was30mm and22.5mm at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, respectively, when the lower limit of soil moisture at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage was60%and75%of field capacity respectively, and the irrigation water quota was30mm and35mm at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, respectively, in the case of the accumulated pan evaporation reached75mm an50mm at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, separately.
Main highlights of this paper:
①The suitable method to calculate average soil water content in soil profile and the layout scheme of the soil moisture monitoring probes in drip irrigation under mulch were put forward.
②The estimation model of water consumption for cotton under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province was established based on the pan evaporation and it can satisfy the precision needs of calculating crop water requirement for real time irrigation.
③The irrigation index and irrigation pattern were determined in order to achieve high yield, high quality and efficiency for cotton production under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province, particularly, the irrigation pattern based on accumulated pan evaporation due to the advantages of simple equipment and easy operation could be popularized and applied.
(1)提出了膜下滴灌条件下土壤剖面平均含水率计算方法。采用3点取样(膜下宽行中央、膜下窄行中央和膜外裸地),在水平方向上利用面积加权平均法计算各层土壤平均含水率,然后在垂直方向上利用积分中值定理法计算平均值,其结果与真实值(高密度取样积分法求解)最接近;膜下滴灌棉田墒情监测的土壤水分传感器适宜埋设位置是地表下0～10cm、20～30cm、40～50cm和60～80cm(选膜下宽行中央、膜下窄行中央和膜外裸地3个观测点)。
(2)分析了蕾期和花铃期水分调控对棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积以及根系生长发育的影响。蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水下限为60%田间持水率(θf)),既能适度抑制地上部分营养生长,促进根系生长发育,又能促进光合产物向生殖器官的运转,为棉花的优质高产奠定基础；蕾期水分过低(灌水下限为50%θf)会抑制棉花植株的正常生长发育,水分过高(灌水下限为75%θf)又会造成棉株旺长,均不利于棉花高产。花铃期水分胁迫不仅抑制棉株生长,还导致棉花蕾铃大量脱落,这种负面影响随水分胁迫的加剧而加重(与75%θf灌水下限处理籽棉产量相比,50%θf灌水下限处理减产24.19%～29.17%)。与膜下滴灌相比,地下滴灌能促进深层根系发育(花铃期调查发现,地下滴灌43～70cm土层平均根重密度比膜下滴灌高37.64%),有利于提高水分利用效率。
(3)阐明了不同生育期水分调控对棉花品质的影响。蕾期适度水分胁迫有利于霜前花衣分以及棉纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度的提高,但过度水分胁迫会使其降低；花铃期水分胁迫降低了棉纤维上半部平均长度,而且随着水分胁迫的加剧而加重;花铃期适度水分胁迫有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高,但过度水分胁迫则会降低棉纤维断裂比强度。棉纤维整齐度、伸长率和马克隆值对水分调控的敏感性非常小。除受水分调控的影响外,棉花品质指标还受灌水方式的影响,地下滴灌更有利于棉花品质的改善,棉纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度、伸长率和整齐度分别比膜下滴灌提高了0.18%～0.97%、0.84%～1.88%、0.99%～2.53%和0.96%～1.61%。
(4)分析了不同灌水方式对棉花耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。高产条件下棉花全生育耗水量为453～540mm,苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的耗水量分别占全生育耗水量的17%-22%、14%～19%、49%～58%和6%～15%；阶段耗水量和总耗水量均随水分胁迫程度的加剧而降低。相同水分处理条件下,地下滴灌耗水量比膜下滴灌增加了4.42%～8.98%,产量除蕾期重度亏水处理外其他处理均比膜下滴灌有不同程度的增加,而水分利用效率差异相对较小。与对照处理相比,蕾期适度水分胁迫处理的籽棉产量提高了11.28%～13.10%,水分利用效率提高了9.91%～12.40%。
(5)建立了3种棉花需水量估算模型,包括基于恒水位蒸发皿蒸散量模型、基于有效积温模型以及基于叶面积指数模型。利用2008年棉花生育期内的实测资料进行模型验证,模拟值的相对误差分别为2.37%～13.53%(基于叶面积指数模型)、0.68%～21.72%(基于有效积温模型)和1.77%～4.35%(基于蒸发皿蒸发量模型)；蕾期和花铃期累积需水量的模拟值与实测值的相对误差分别为1.52%-5.53%和0.29%～8.88%,能够满足实时灌溉对作物需水量计算精度的要求。
(6)初步确定了适合不同毛管布设方式下的新疆滴灌棉花优质高效灌溉模式。一膜一管四行：出苗水45mm,苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期灌水定额分别为22.5mm和37.5mm,灌水周期均为7d；一膜两管四行和地下滴灌：出苗水45mm,苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期的灌水控制下限分别为60%和75%田间持水率(以窄行土壤含水率为依据),灌水定额均为30mm。出苗水灌45mm,苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期当冠层上方恒水位蒸发皿累积蒸发量达到75mm和50mm时进行灌水,灌水定额分别为30mm和35mm。
本研究的主要创新点：
①提出了适宜滴灌棉田土壤剖面平均含水率的计算方法以及膜下滴灌棉田墒情监测的土壤水分探头布设方案；
②构建了滴灌条件下基于恒水位蒸发皿蒸散量的棉田需水量估算模型,模型精度高、操作方法简单,便于推广应用;
③提出了适合新疆滴灌棉花优质高产的节水灌溉模式及相应的灌溉指标,基于恒水位水面蒸发量的优质高效灌溉模式,以设备简易、操作简单的优势可以大范围推广应用。
Xinjiang has the largest cotton plantation area of China due to its favourable natural and climatic conditions. However, the lack of water resources, particultural for agriculture production, is very serious, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has become more and more apparent. Thus, how to effectively utilize the limited water resources and improve water use efficiency is the main concern for cotton production in this area. In2009-2010, an experiment was conducted in Xinjiang with cotton as research crop under drip irrigation (e.g. drip irrigation under mulch and subsurface drip irrigation). The characteristics of soil moisture dynamic variation, plant growth, seed cotton yield, fibre quality as well as water use efficiency were investigated. The main results are as following.
(1) Calculation method of average soil water content in soil profile under mulched drip irrigation conditions was put forward.3sampling points were taken at the wide row under film, the narrow row under film and the bare ground out of film, respectively, the estimated average soil moisture (in the horizontal direction, using the area weighted method to calculate average soil moisture of each soil layer, and calculating average soil moisture in vertical direction with integral weighted method) was very close to the true values estimated by layered integration method at the vertical profile based the high-density sampling. The result based on observations of12probes showed that the suitable location of burying soil moisture sensors was0～10,20～30,40～50and60～80cm below soil surface, and selecting the data of3sampling points to calculate average soil moisture could truly reflect the soil moisture of the profile.
(2) The influence of water stress at the squaring stage and at the flowering-boll stage on the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area of cotton were analyzed. Moderate water deficit occurring at squaring stage (with the lower limit of soil moisture for irrigation as60%of field capacity) could inhibit the above-ground vegetative growth plant excessive growth of cotton, promote root growth and development, and has an advantage of transporting the photosynthate to fruits which providing a good base for high-yield formation. Heavy water stress (with the lower limit of soil moisture as50%of field capacity) at the squaring stage could inhibit the normal growth and development of cotton, excessive water (with the lower limit of soil moisture as75%of field capacity) result in vigorous growth of cotton plant and were not conducive to cotton yield. Water stress at the flowering-boll stage not only inhibited the growth and development of cotton, but also increased the shedding rate of buds and bolls, and the negative effect increased with degree of water deficit imposed. Compared with the treatment of surface drip irrigation under mulch, subsurface drip irrigation could help the cotton root to penetrate into deep soil layers, and was favorable to the root system to absorb soil moisture within the deeper layer (the average density of root weight at the depth of43～70cm increased37.64%).
(3)The effect of water control at different growth stages on cotton quality was expounded. Moderate water deficit at the squaring stage could increase the lint percentage of blossom before frost, fibre length and breaking tenacity of cotton fibre, but excessive water stress lower the fibre length and breaking tenacity of cotton fibre. Heavy water stress at flowering-boll stage could decrease the fibre length of cotton, and the response of the fibre length to water stress increased with the degree of water stress, however, moderate water stress could increase the breaking tenacity of cotton fibre, and heavy water stress dramatically reduce the breaking tenacity of cotton. The fibre uniformity index, elongation and micronaire of cotton were little sensitive to water stress in this study. Compared with the treatment of drip irrigation under mulch, the subsurface drip irrigation was more beneficial to the improvement of the fibre quality of cotton, the fibre length, breaking tenacity, elongation and the uniformity index under subsurface drip irrigation improved by0.18%-0.97%,0.84%～1.88%,0.99%～2.53%and0.96%～1.61%, separately.
(4) The influence of different irrigation methods on water consumption and water use efficiency of cotton was analyzed. The water consumption of cotton in the whole growth stage was453～540mm, of which during the seedling stage, squaring stage, flowering-boll stage and boll opening stage accounted for17%～22%,14%～19%,49%～58%and6%～15%, respectively, and it decreased with the degree of water stress imposed. Compared with surface drip irrigation under same water treatment conditions, the water consumption of subsurface drip irrigation increased by4.42%-8.98%, the seed cotton yield of which in other treatments also increased in various degrees besides the treatment of heavy water stress at the squaring stage, and water use efficiency between two irrigation ways had a little difference.
(5) The estimation models of water requirement for cotton under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province were established based on pan evaporation, effective accumulated temperature and leaf area index of cotton, respectively. The models were verified by using the measured values in2008, and the result showed that average relative error of simulated values was2.37%～13.53%(based on leaf area index model),0.68%-21.72%(based on the effective accumulated temperature model) and1.77%-14.35%(based on pan evaporation model), separately. The average relative error of cumulative water consumption for simulated values during the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage was1.52%～5.53%and0.29%～8.88%, respectively. Therefore, the established models could satisfy the precision needs of calculating crop water requirement for real time irrigation.
(6) The irrigation index and irrigation pattern were determined to achieve high yield, high quality and efficiency for cotton production under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province. As for one tube controlling four rows of cotton,45mm of irrigation water was applied to ensure emergence after sowing, no water applied at both the seedling stage and boll opening stage, and irrigation water quota was22.5mm and37.5mm with7d of irrigation frequency at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, respectively. Under the irrigation way of two tube controlling four rows of cotton and subsurface drip irrigation, irrigation water quota was30mm and22.5mm at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, respectively, when the lower limit of soil moisture at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage was60%and75%of field capacity respectively, and the irrigation water quota was30mm and35mm at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, respectively, in the case of the accumulated pan evaporation reached75mm an50mm at the squaring stage and flowering-boll stage, separately.
Main highlights of this paper:
①The suitable method to calculate average soil water content in soil profile and the layout scheme of the soil moisture monitoring probes in drip irrigation under mulch were put forward.
②The estimation model of water consumption for cotton under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province was established based on the pan evaporation and it can satisfy the precision needs of calculating crop water requirement for real time irrigation.
③The irrigation index and irrigation pattern were determined in order to achieve high yield, high quality and efficiency for cotton production under drip irrigation in Xinjiang province, particularly, the irrigation pattern based on accumulated pan evaporation due to the advantages of simple equipment and easy operation could be popularized and applied.
引文
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