简支体系桥梁震害调查及抗震概念设计原则研究
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摘要
桥梁做为公路交通网络的重要组成部分,是公路系统的咽喉。就整个公路交通网络而言,桥梁无论跨度大小,只要在地震中发生严重损毁,都有可能导致交通网络的瘫痪,从而严重影响灾后抗震救灾工作,汶川地震即是一个鲜明的实例。简支体系桥梁作为中小跨度桥梁最广泛采用的桥型,针对其进行专门的抗震设计研究具有重要的现实意义。本文在收集近年来国内外多次大地震震害的基础上,总结了简支体系桥梁的主要震害类型,并对主要震害特点及机理进行了简要分析,得到了震害启示；在此基础上,对简支体系桥梁基于桥墩保护和横向落梁保护的概念设计原则进行了研究。
1)收集了近年来国内外10次大地震中120座简支体系桥梁的主要震害现象,归纳出简支体系桥梁的支承破坏或落梁、桥墩震害、地基震害为主要震害；桥台震害、伸缩缝或桥面连续震害、主梁结构性震害为次要震害；对简支体系桥梁的主要震害特点及机理进行了简要分析,得到了震害启示。
2)运用梁格法建立了某桥面连续预应力混凝土简支梁桥动力计算模型,进行了简支梁桥地震响应特性分析,总结了简支体系桥梁的地震响应特性。
3)通过探讨桥面连续的作用及联孔长度、支座优化布置(桥墩组合抗推刚度)、孔跨布置等方面进行了地震作用下桥墩内力分析,得到了桥面连续简支体系桥梁基于桥墩保护的概念设计原则。核心问题是应使得一联内各墩内力分配大致均衡,从而避免结构出现薄弱环节,发挥出结构的整体抗震性能；同时给出了已知桥墩尺寸时,支座的合理选型方法。
4)通过探讨挡块刚度对结构横向地震响应的影响,总结了挡块的合理设置原则。确定挡块刚度的基本原则应是在确保主梁不发生落梁的前提下,尽量减小桥墩内力。
Bridge is the throat of road system, which is an important part of road traffic network. No matter how long brige is, once bridge is damaged, there would be a Paralysis in road traffic network, wenchuan earthquake is a clear example in which the damage of bridge had once affected the relief work seriously. As simply-support system bridge is the most widely used brige shape of the medium or small-span bridge, the special seismic design research of it has an important practical significance. Based on the collections of seismic damage in recent earthquakes, this article summarized the main seismic damage of simply-support system bridge, simply analyzed the main characteristics and mechanism of seismic damage, summarized the experience, and then researched the conceptual design principle, which is based on the protection of piers and protection of horizontal falling beam in simply-support system bridge.
1) The data of main seismic damage of 120 simply-support system bridges was Collected in recent 10 times domestic and aborad earthquakes, the article genaeralized the conclusion that bearing damage or falling beams and the seismic damage of bridge piers and foundations are main seismic damage, the damages of abutment and expansion joint and continuous deck and structural seismic damage of main beams are subordinate seismic damage, we analyzed the mechanism of seismic damage of simply-support system bridge simply and obtained the enlightenment of seismic damage.
2) The dynamic model of some pre-stressed concrete continuous deck simply supported T-beam bridges with the grillage method was established then we analyzed and summarized the earthquake response properties of simply supported bridge.
3) According to analyzing the effect of the length of united spans, the effect of continuous deck, the optimal layout of supports(composed anti-push stiffness of bridge piers), the layout of spans, we analyzed the internal force of bridge piers, obtained the conceptual design principle of continuous deck simply-support system bridge based on protection of bridge piers. The core problem is that it should be balanced to the composed anti-push stiffness of each pier in one union so as to avoid appearing weak link of the structure and play the overall seismic performance of the structure, meanwhile we gived the reasonable method of selecting bearings when the size of bridge pier is known.
4) By means of probing the effect of block stiffness to horizontal structual earthquake response, the article summarize the reasonable installing principle of block. The basic principle of defining block stiffness is not overly increasing the internal forces of bridge under the premise of ensuring not falling main beams.
1)收集了近年来国内外10次大地震中120座简支体系桥梁的主要震害现象,归纳出简支体系桥梁的支承破坏或落梁、桥墩震害、地基震害为主要震害；桥台震害、伸缩缝或桥面连续震害、主梁结构性震害为次要震害；对简支体系桥梁的主要震害特点及机理进行了简要分析,得到了震害启示。
2)运用梁格法建立了某桥面连续预应力混凝土简支梁桥动力计算模型,进行了简支梁桥地震响应特性分析,总结了简支体系桥梁的地震响应特性。
3)通过探讨桥面连续的作用及联孔长度、支座优化布置(桥墩组合抗推刚度)、孔跨布置等方面进行了地震作用下桥墩内力分析,得到了桥面连续简支体系桥梁基于桥墩保护的概念设计原则。核心问题是应使得一联内各墩内力分配大致均衡,从而避免结构出现薄弱环节,发挥出结构的整体抗震性能；同时给出了已知桥墩尺寸时,支座的合理选型方法。
4)通过探讨挡块刚度对结构横向地震响应的影响,总结了挡块的合理设置原则。确定挡块刚度的基本原则应是在确保主梁不发生落梁的前提下,尽量减小桥墩内力。
Bridge is the throat of road system, which is an important part of road traffic network. No matter how long brige is, once bridge is damaged, there would be a Paralysis in road traffic network, wenchuan earthquake is a clear example in which the damage of bridge had once affected the relief work seriously. As simply-support system bridge is the most widely used brige shape of the medium or small-span bridge, the special seismic design research of it has an important practical significance. Based on the collections of seismic damage in recent earthquakes, this article summarized the main seismic damage of simply-support system bridge, simply analyzed the main characteristics and mechanism of seismic damage, summarized the experience, and then researched the conceptual design principle, which is based on the protection of piers and protection of horizontal falling beam in simply-support system bridge.
1) The data of main seismic damage of 120 simply-support system bridges was Collected in recent 10 times domestic and aborad earthquakes, the article genaeralized the conclusion that bearing damage or falling beams and the seismic damage of bridge piers and foundations are main seismic damage, the damages of abutment and expansion joint and continuous deck and structural seismic damage of main beams are subordinate seismic damage, we analyzed the mechanism of seismic damage of simply-support system bridge simply and obtained the enlightenment of seismic damage.
2) The dynamic model of some pre-stressed concrete continuous deck simply supported T-beam bridges with the grillage method was established then we analyzed and summarized the earthquake response properties of simply supported bridge.
3) According to analyzing the effect of the length of united spans, the effect of continuous deck, the optimal layout of supports(composed anti-push stiffness of bridge piers), the layout of spans, we analyzed the internal force of bridge piers, obtained the conceptual design principle of continuous deck simply-support system bridge based on protection of bridge piers. The core problem is that it should be balanced to the composed anti-push stiffness of each pier in one union so as to avoid appearing weak link of the structure and play the overall seismic performance of the structure, meanwhile we gived the reasonable method of selecting bearings when the size of bridge pier is known.
4) By means of probing the effect of block stiffness to horizontal structual earthquake response, the article summarize the reasonable installing principle of block. The basic principle of defining block stiffness is not overly increasing the internal forces of bridge under the premise of ensuring not falling main beams.
引文
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[28]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTJD62-2004)[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004
[29]刘振宇,唐国汉等.都汶高速映秀至汶川段桥梁设计说明[R].2009
[30]范立础,王志强.桥梁减隔震设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001
[31]四川赛思特科技有限责任公司.都江堰至汶川高速公路映秀至汶川段主要桥梁、隧道工程场地地震安全性评价报告[R].2009
[32]台湾“内政部”建筑研究所.9.21集集大地震建筑物震害调查初步报告[R].1999
[33]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害[M].北京：地震出版社,2001
[34]陈达生,周锡元等.云南澜沧-耿马地震震害论文集[M].北京：科学出版社,1991
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[36]EERC. Loma Prieta Earthquake Reconnaissance Report[R]. Earthquake Spectra, 1990, Supplement to Vol.6
[37]NZNSEE. The Loma Prieta,Califomia, Earthquake of October 17,1989.Report of the NZNSEE Reconnaissance Team[R]. Bull.New Zealand Nation Society,Earthquake Engneering,1990, Vol23
[38]EERC. Northrige Earthquake Reconnaissance Report[R]. Earthquake Spectra, 1996, Supplement C to Vol.11
[39]NZNSEE. Northrige Earthquake Reconnaissance Report[R]. Report of the NZNSEE Reconnaissance team on the 17 January 1994 Northridge,Los Angeles Earthquake, Bull.New Zealand Nation Society,Earthquake Engneering,1994, Vol27(4)
[40]中国赴日地震考查团.日本阪神大地震考察[M].北京：地震出版社,1995
[41]中国地震局赴土耳其地震现场考察专家组.土耳其伊兹米特地震震害考察[M].北京：地震出版社,2000
[42]刘振宇,赵灿晖等.雅泸路简支体系桥梁抗震设计研究[R].2008
[43]宋晓东,李建中.山区桥梁的抗震概念设计.地震工程与工程振动[J],2004,Vol24, No.1
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[2]范立础.桥梁抗震[M].上海：同济大学出版社,1997
[3]刘振宇,赵灿晖等.高烈度地震区中小跨径公路桥梁抗震设计关键技术研究可行性研究报告[R].2009
[4]California Department of Transportation.Caltrans Seismic design Criteria[S]. United States California,2001
[5]社団法人,日本道路协会道路.橋示方書·同解说V耐震设计编[S].东京：平成14年
[6]交通部公路规划设计院主编.公路工程抗震设计规范(JTJ 004-89)[S].北京：人民交通出版社,1990
[7]中华人民共和国行业推荐性标准.公路桥梁抗震设计细则(JTG／TB02-01-2008)[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2008
[8]范立础,胡世德,叶爱君.大跨度桥梁抗震设计[M]..北京：人民交通出版社,2001
[9]范立础,卓卫东.桥梁延性抗震设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001
[10]宋胜武等.汶川大地震工程震害调查与研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2001
[11]郭卫民,于晓飞,惠岗.桥梁结构的抗震概念设计.东北公路[J],2000
[12]陈虎.桥梁抗震概念设计.国外建材科技[J],2004,Vol 25,No.2
[13]兰雁.高烈度区高桥墩的概念设计.科技之友[J],2009,Vol 23(B)
[14]赵灿晖.大跨桥钢管混凝土拱桥的地震响应研究.博士学位论文[D].四川：西南交通大学桥梁工程系,2001
[15]姜秀娟.高烈度区钢筋混凝土桥墩延性设计与抗震能力评估.硕士学位论文[D].西安：长安大学土木工程学院,2008
[16]李国豪.工程结构抗震动力学[M].上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,1980
[17]赵国栋.斜拉桥地震反应分析与减震设计.硕士学位论文[D].北京：北京交通大学土木建筑工程学院,2008
[18]N.M.纽马克,E.罗森布卢斯著,叶耀先译.地震工程学原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1986
[19]Kiureghian A.D,Neuenhofer A. Response spectrum method for multi-support seismic excitation. EESD,Vol 21,1992:713～740
[20]Ernesto H.Z,Vanmarkce E.H. Seismic rondam-virbration analysis of multi-support structure system. ASCE. J. Eng Mech, Vol 120,1994:1107-1128
[21]Federico Peroth. Structural response to non-stationary multiple-support rondam excitation. EESD,vol 17,1990:513-527
[22]R.Clough, J.Pengjing著,王光远等译.结构动力学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[23]王天亮.大跨度斜拉桥地震反应分析及减震技术研究.硕士学位论文[D].上海：同济大学大学土木工程学院,2007
[24]戴公连,李德建.桥梁结构空间分析设计方法与应用[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001
[25]E.C.Hambly著,郭文辉译.桥梁上部构造性能[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1982
[26]王富万,杨文兵.梁格法在桥梁上部结构分析中的应用.华中科技大学学报[J],Vol.23, Sup.1,2006
[27]北京迈达斯技术有限公司.北京迈达斯技术有限公司技术资料-T梁梁格分析[R].2007
[28]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTJD62-2004)[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004
[29]刘振宇,唐国汉等.都汶高速映秀至汶川段桥梁设计说明[R].2009
[30]范立础,王志强.桥梁减隔震设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001
[31]四川赛思特科技有限责任公司.都江堰至汶川高速公路映秀至汶川段主要桥梁、隧道工程场地地震安全性评价报告[R].2009
[32]台湾“内政部”建筑研究所.9.21集集大地震建筑物震害调查初步报告[R].1999
[33]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害[M].北京：地震出版社,2001
[34]陈达生,周锡元等.云南澜沧-耿马地震震害论文集[M].北京：科学出版社,1991
[35]李乔,赵世春.汶川大地震工程震害分析[M].四川：西南交通大学出版社,2008
[36]EERC. Loma Prieta Earthquake Reconnaissance Report[R]. Earthquake Spectra, 1990, Supplement to Vol.6
[37]NZNSEE. The Loma Prieta,Califomia, Earthquake of October 17,1989.Report of the NZNSEE Reconnaissance Team[R]. Bull.New Zealand Nation Society,Earthquake Engneering,1990, Vol23
[38]EERC. Northrige Earthquake Reconnaissance Report[R]. Earthquake Spectra, 1996, Supplement C to Vol.11
[39]NZNSEE. Northrige Earthquake Reconnaissance Report[R]. Report of the NZNSEE Reconnaissance team on the 17 January 1994 Northridge,Los Angeles Earthquake, Bull.New Zealand Nation Society,Earthquake Engneering,1994, Vol27(4)
[40]中国赴日地震考查团.日本阪神大地震考察[M].北京：地震出版社,1995
[41]中国地震局赴土耳其地震现场考察专家组.土耳其伊兹米特地震震害考察[M].北京：地震出版社,2000
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