不同孕期彩色多普勒超声辐照对仔鼠脑功能的影响
|
摘要
目的彩色多普勒超声检查已成为产前检查的一项重要手段。发育中的胎脑对超声非常敏感,已有研究表明孕期彩色多普勒超声照射后可引起脑组织细胞凋亡以及超微结构的变化,但是凋亡和超微结构的变化是否会影响子代的脑功能,目前尚无系统性研究。本实验旨在探讨孕期诊断剂量彩色多普勒超声辐照孕鼠子宫投影区一定时间,是否对仔鼠脑功能产生影响,以及观察海马区超微结构的变化,从而为彩色多普勒超声的产科安全应用提供有价值的实验依据。
方法通过观察阴栓及镜检活精子,结合触诊胎囊大小的方法,成功获得孕6d,12d,18 d SD大鼠作为早、中、晚孕模型。各孕期孕鼠按照辐照时间随机分为4组:10min,20min,30min组和假辐照组。待其产下仔鼠后,仔鼠成长至90d,每组挑选健康仔鼠10只(体质量220-250g),先进行OF实验,之后进行Morris水迷宫测试。仪器采用Acuson公司Sequoia-512型彩色电脑声像仪,照射条件:4V1探头,二维频率H3.0 MHz,彩色频率3.0 MHz,Tis=1.8,MIcd=1.6。实验各组仔鼠生后90d分别进行开场实验(上海吉量软件科技有限公司研制的开场实验视频分析系统)及Morris水迷宫(上海吉量软件科技有限公司研制的全自动Morris水迷宫视频分析系统)测试。统计各组在开场实验中活动总路程、活动度、中央区时间、中央区路程以及平均运动速度以及在MWM实验中上台潜伏期及目标象限游泳时间的百分比。所得分数用统计软件spss 13.0进行评价。行为学实验后,取仔鼠脑组织进行HE染色及电子显微镜观察海马区超微结构的变化。
结果开场实验中:与对照组相比,各孕期辐照10min,20min及30min组仔鼠的活动总路程、活动度、中央区时间、中央区路程以及平均运动速度均无明显差异(P>0.05)。MWM实验中:与对照组(10.78±3.89,37.42%±2.37%)相比,各孕期接受辐照30min组(21.96±5.29)仔鼠的上台潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),目标象限游泳时间的百分比(27.89%±2.14%)显著降低(P<0.05);而10min(9.98±2.12,37.42%±1.89%)和20min(12.23±2.56,34.11%±2.65%)组与对照组相比则无明显差异(P>0.05)。光镜与电镜观察结果发现辐照组与对照组仔鼠海马区神经细胞超微结构并无明显差异。
结论各孕期诊断剂量彩超照射对仔鼠的自发活动不产生明显影响。然而各孕期30min彩色多普勒超声照射虽然形态学上对仔鼠的神经细胞并未造成影响,但在功能上可能对仔鼠的学习记忆能力产生影响。因此产科检查时,建议应当避免对胎儿的长时间照射。
Objective The safety of diagnostic ultrasound is an arising important topic in medical research. Therefore, the possibility of diagnostic CDUS causing adverse effects on fetal brain functions is an important but little-studied question. Most research focuses on the molecular level or examines the brain’s microstructure, while experimental studies on function are almost nonexistent. The intent of this study is to begin to bridge that gap. The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) during different durations of pregnancy on offspring’s brain functions and ultrastructure of hippocampus in rats.
Methods Pregnant Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups according to the exposure time: control group (0 min group), 10 min group , 20 min group and 30 min group, and were exposed to ultrasound (3.0MHz, MI=1.6, Tis=1.8) differently on 6th, 12th, and 18th days of gestation. In each group, neonatal rats were selected to open field test for locomotion activity and then to Morris water maze test for learning and memory abilities at ninety days old. Then morphology of hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscope.
Results In the open field test, to the total distance,average velocity,activity,central distance and central time ,there were no differences between the 10 min group,20min group ,30min and the control group(P>0.05).In the Morris water maze test ,the escape latencies of rats in 30min group(21.96±5.29) were significantly longer than those of the control group(10.78±3.89 )(P <0. 05), the ratio of time spent in the target quadrant in 30min group(27.89%±2.14%) were significantly lower than that of the control group(37.42%±2.37%); and there were no significant differences between the 10 min group (9.98±2.12,37.42%±1.89%),20min (12.23±2.56,34.11%±2.65%)and the control (10.78±3.89, 37.42%±2.37%)group(P>0.05).To the ultrastructure, there were no differences between the exposed group and the control group.
Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasound during different durations of pregnancy doesn't have any effect on offspring' locomotion activity. While thirty-min exposures to CDUS in utero during different durations of pregnancy could adversely affect the learning and memorizing ability of the rat offspring, and the 10 min exposures had no demonstrable effect.
方法通过观察阴栓及镜检活精子,结合触诊胎囊大小的方法,成功获得孕6d,12d,18 d SD大鼠作为早、中、晚孕模型。各孕期孕鼠按照辐照时间随机分为4组:10min,20min,30min组和假辐照组。待其产下仔鼠后,仔鼠成长至90d,每组挑选健康仔鼠10只(体质量220-250g),先进行OF实验,之后进行Morris水迷宫测试。仪器采用Acuson公司Sequoia-512型彩色电脑声像仪,照射条件:4V1探头,二维频率H3.0 MHz,彩色频率3.0 MHz,Tis=1.8,MIcd=1.6。实验各组仔鼠生后90d分别进行开场实验(上海吉量软件科技有限公司研制的开场实验视频分析系统)及Morris水迷宫(上海吉量软件科技有限公司研制的全自动Morris水迷宫视频分析系统)测试。统计各组在开场实验中活动总路程、活动度、中央区时间、中央区路程以及平均运动速度以及在MWM实验中上台潜伏期及目标象限游泳时间的百分比。所得分数用统计软件spss 13.0进行评价。行为学实验后,取仔鼠脑组织进行HE染色及电子显微镜观察海马区超微结构的变化。
结果开场实验中:与对照组相比,各孕期辐照10min,20min及30min组仔鼠的活动总路程、活动度、中央区时间、中央区路程以及平均运动速度均无明显差异(P>0.05)。MWM实验中:与对照组(10.78±3.89,37.42%±2.37%)相比,各孕期接受辐照30min组(21.96±5.29)仔鼠的上台潜伏期明显延长(P<0.05),目标象限游泳时间的百分比(27.89%±2.14%)显著降低(P<0.05);而10min(9.98±2.12,37.42%±1.89%)和20min(12.23±2.56,34.11%±2.65%)组与对照组相比则无明显差异(P>0.05)。光镜与电镜观察结果发现辐照组与对照组仔鼠海马区神经细胞超微结构并无明显差异。
结论各孕期诊断剂量彩超照射对仔鼠的自发活动不产生明显影响。然而各孕期30min彩色多普勒超声照射虽然形态学上对仔鼠的神经细胞并未造成影响,但在功能上可能对仔鼠的学习记忆能力产生影响。因此产科检查时,建议应当避免对胎儿的长时间照射。
Objective The safety of diagnostic ultrasound is an arising important topic in medical research. Therefore, the possibility of diagnostic CDUS causing adverse effects on fetal brain functions is an important but little-studied question. Most research focuses on the molecular level or examines the brain’s microstructure, while experimental studies on function are almost nonexistent. The intent of this study is to begin to bridge that gap. The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) during different durations of pregnancy on offspring’s brain functions and ultrastructure of hippocampus in rats.
Methods Pregnant Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups according to the exposure time: control group (0 min group), 10 min group , 20 min group and 30 min group, and were exposed to ultrasound (3.0MHz, MI=1.6, Tis=1.8) differently on 6th, 12th, and 18th days of gestation. In each group, neonatal rats were selected to open field test for locomotion activity and then to Morris water maze test for learning and memory abilities at ninety days old. Then morphology of hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscope.
Results In the open field test, to the total distance,average velocity,activity,central distance and central time ,there were no differences between the 10 min group,20min group ,30min and the control group(P>0.05).In the Morris water maze test ,the escape latencies of rats in 30min group(21.96±5.29) were significantly longer than those of the control group(10.78±3.89 )(P <0. 05), the ratio of time spent in the target quadrant in 30min group(27.89%±2.14%) were significantly lower than that of the control group(37.42%±2.37%); and there were no significant differences between the 10 min group (9.98±2.12,37.42%±1.89%),20min (12.23±2.56,34.11%±2.65%)and the control (10.78±3.89, 37.42%±2.37%)group(P>0.05).To the ultrastructure, there were no differences between the exposed group and the control group.
Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasound during different durations of pregnancy doesn't have any effect on offspring' locomotion activity. While thirty-min exposures to CDUS in utero during different durations of pregnancy could adversely affect the learning and memorizing ability of the rat offspring, and the 10 min exposures had no demonstrable effect.
引文
1. ljaiya MA,Aboyyeji AP,Braimoh KT,et al.The role of ultrasound in obstetrics. Niger J Med 2002, 11(2):50-55
2. Barnett SB, Rott HB,Terhaar GR,et al.The sensitivity of biological tissue to ultrasound ,Ultrosound Med Biol,1997,23(6):805
3. Jacques S. Abramowicz,MD. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. J Ultrasound Med, 2002,21:1327-1333
4. Barnett SB, Maulik D. Guidelines and recommendations for safe use of Doppler ultrasound in perinatal applications. J Matern Fetal Med. 2001, 10(2): 75-84
5. Carstensen EL, Gracewski Sl, Dalecki D. The search for cavitation in vivo. Ultrasound Med Bio. 2000, 26(9): 1377-1385
6. Koch C.Thermal effects of ultrasound. Ultraschall Med, 2001,22(3): 146-52
7. Barnett SB, Kossoff G, Edwards MJ. Is diagnostic ultrasound safe? Current international consensus on the thermal mechanism. Med J Aust. 1994, 160(1): 33-37
8. Ziskin MC, Barnett SB. ultrasound and the developing central nervous system. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27(7): 875-876
9. Suresh R, Uma Devi P, Ovchinnikov N, et al. Long-term effects of diagnostic ultrasound during fetal period on postnatal development and adult behavior of mouse Life Sciences,2002 (71): 339-350
10. Horder MM, Barnett SB, Vella GJ, et al. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on sphenoid bone temperature and the heart rate in guinea-pig fetuses. Early Human Development, 1998, 52(3): 221-233
11. Doody C, Porter H, Duck FA, et al. In vitro heating of human etal vertebra bypulsed diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Medicine Bio. 1999, 25(8): 1289-1294
12.Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Bio, 2001, 27(7): 883-888
13. Silverman RH, Lizzi FL, Ursea BG, et al. Safety levels for exposure of cornea and lens to very high-frequency ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 2001, 20(9): 979-986
14. Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Bio, 2000, 26(4): 647-654
15. Miller MW, Brayman AA, Abramowicz JS.Obstetric ultrasonography: A biophysical consideration of patient safety: The rules have changed. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1998, 79(1): 241-254
16. EFSUMB: Tutorial. Thermal Teratology. European Committee for Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound 1999, 9(3): 281-283
17. 17. Krantz JC, Beck F. Sound waves are tried as cancer treatment. Arch Phys Therapy, 1939,20:370.
18. 18. 程树群,周信达.高功率聚焦超声在肿瘤治疗中的应用. 国外医学肿瘤学分册,1994,21:74-77.
19. 19. Hickey RC, Fry WJ, et al. Human pituitary irradiation with focused ultrasound. Arch Surg, 1961,83:620.
20. 20. EFSUMB. Safety Tutorial: Radiation stress and its bio-effects. European Journal of Ultrasound. 2000, 11 (1): 61-66
21. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on the frog heart: III. The radiation force mechanism Ultrasound Med Bio. 1997, 23(2): 275-285
21. Nightingale KR, Kornguth PJ, Walker WF, et al. A novel ultrasonic technique for differentiating cysts from solid lesions: preliminary results in the breast. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1995, 21(6): 745-751
22. Pohl P, Antonenko YN, Rosenfeld E. Effect of ultrasound on the pH profiles in the unstirred layers near planar bilayer lipid membranes measured by microelectrodes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1152(1): 155-160
23. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Thresholds for fetal haemorrhages produced by a piezoelectric lithotripter. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997, 23(2): 287-297
24. EFSUMB. Safety Tutorial: Radiation stress and its bio-effects. European Journal of Ultrasound. 2000, 11 (1): 61-64
25. Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Swanson SD, et al. Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging: A new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998, 24(9): 1419-1435
26. Pohl P, Antonenko YN, Rosenfeld E. Effect of ultrasound on the pH profiles in the unstirred layers near planarbilayer lipid membranes measured by microelectrodes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993, 1152(1): 155-160
27. Pohl EE, Rosenfeld EH, Pohl P, et al. Effects of ultrasound on agglutination and aggregation of human erythrocytes in vitro. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995, 21(5): 711-719
28. Salz H, Rosenfeld EH, Wussling M. Effect of ultrasound on the contraction of isolated myocardial cells of adult rats. Ultrasound Med Bio. 1997, 23 (1): 143-149
29. EFSUMB: Tutorial. Acoustic cavitation and capillary bleeding. European Committee for Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound 1999, 9(3): 277 -280
30. Church CC. Spontaneous homogeneous nucleation, inertial cavitation and the safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002, 28(10): 1349-1364
31. Holland CK, Deng CX, Apfel RE, et al. Direct evidence of cavitation in vivo from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1996, 22(7): 917-925
32. Rott HD. Lung hemorrhage caused by diagnostic ultrasound. Review of the literature. Ultraschall Med, 1997, 18(5): 226-228
33. Child SZ, Hartman CL, Schery LA, et al. Lung damage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1990, 16(8): 817-825
34. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Ultrasonically-induced lung hemorrhage in young swine. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997, 23(5): 771-781
35. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Age dependence of ultrasonically- induced lung hemorrhage in mice. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1997, 23(5): 767-776
36. Dalecki D. Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al. Intestinal hemorrhage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1995, 21(8): 1067-1072
37. Anonymous. Mechanical bioeffects from diagnostic ultrasound: AIUM consensus statements introduction, J Ultrasound Med. 2000, 19 (2) : 76-168
38. Penny DP, Schenk EA, Maltby K, et al. Morphologic effects of pulsed ultrasound in the lung. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1993, 19(2): 127-135
39. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, Carstensen EL. A test for cavitation as a mechanism for intestinal hemorrhage in mice to a piezoelectric lithotripter. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1996, 22(4): 493-496
40. Miller DL, Thomas RM. Heating as a mechanism for ultrasonically-induced petechial hemorrhages in mouse intestine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994, 20(5): 493-503
41. Milier DL, Gies RA. The interaction of ultrasound heating and cavitation in vascular bioeffects on mouse intestine. Ultrasound Med Bio. 1998, 24(1): 123-128
42. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Bioeffects of positive and negative acoustic pressures in mice infused with microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000, 26(8): 1327-1332
43. Miller DL, Quddus J. Diagnostic ultrasound activation of contrast agent gas bodies induces capillary rupture in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97(18): 10179-10184
44. Miller DL, Gies RA. The influence of ultrasound frequency and gas-body composition on the contrast agent-mediated enhancement of vascular bioeffects in mouse intestine. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26(2): 307-313
45. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al. Hemolysis in vivo from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1997, 23(2): 307-313
46. Miller MW, Brayman AA, Sherman TA, et al. Comparative sensitivity of human fetal and adult erythrocytes to hemolysis by pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Bio. 2001, 27(3): 419-425
47. Suhr D, Brummer F, Irmer U, et al. Bioeffects of diagnostic ultrasound In vitro. ultrasonics. 1996, 34(2-5): 559-561
48. 张彩霞, 马晓玲, 孟爱英. 产科诊断剂量超声波对培养细胞影响的实验研究. 中国生物医学工程学报, 1998, 17(3): 276-280
49. Kondo T, kodaira T, Kano E. Free radical formation induced by ultrasound effects on strand break in DNA of cultured FM 3A cells. Free Radic Res Commun. 1993, 19(suppl 1): s193-200
50. Fuciarelli AF, Sisk EC, Thomas RM, et al. Induction of base damage in DNA solutions by ultrasounic cavication. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995, 18(2):231-238
52. Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26:647-654.
53. Beckett SR, Duxon MS,Aspley S,et al.Central c-fos expression following 20kHz ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull, 1997,42:421-426
54. Beckett SR, Duxon MS, Aspley S, et al. Central c-fos expression following 20kHz/ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 1997, 42(6): 421-426
55. 孟素云,米瑞发,鄂玲玲等. 诊断超声对胎鼠大脑 FOS 蛋白表达的研究. 中华超声影像学杂志,2000, 9(5): 314-316
56. 程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生. 诊断级彩超照射后胎鼠脑组织 Fos 蛋白的表达. 第四军医大学学报. 2001, 22(10): 905
57. 程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生,田蓉. 诊断剂量超声与胎鼠中枢神经元凋亡. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2001, 10(10): 624-626
58. 赵晶 , 段云友 ,贾化平等. 晚孕期彩超重复照射对胎鼠中枢神经P53蛋白表达及超微结构的影响. 中国医学影像技术,2005:21(8)-1169-1171
59. Hynynen K, Vykhodtseva NI, Chung AH, et al. Thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain: determination with MR imaging. Radiology. 1997, 204(1): 247-253
60. Jensh RP, Lewin PA, Poczobutt MT, Goldberg BB, Oler J, Brent RL. The effects of prenatal ultrasound exposure on postnatal growth and acquisition of reflexes. Radiat Res. 1994, 140(2): 284-293
61. Ramnarine KV, Nassiri DK, McCarthy A, Brown NA. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on embryonic development: an in vitro study. Ultrasound MedBiol. 1998, 24(4): 575-585
62. O'Brien WD, Hendrickx AG.. Evaluation of the bioeffects of prenatal ultrasound exposure in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis): III. Developmental and hematologic studies. Teratology. 1993, 47(2): 159-170
63. Carnes KI, Hess RA, Dunn F. The effect of ultrasound exposure in utero on the development of the fetal mouse testis: adult consequences. Ultrasound Medicine Biology. 1995, 21(9): 1247-1257
64. Hande MP, Devi PV. Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995, 17(2): 179-188
65. Devi PU, Suresh R, Hande MP. Effect of fetal exposure to ultrasound on the behavior of the adult mouse. Radiat Res. 1995, 141(3): 314-317
66. Vorhees CV, Acuff-Smith KD, Schilling MA, Fisher JE Jr, Meyer RA, Smith NB, Ellis DS, O'Brien WD Jr. Behavioral teratologic effects of prenatal exposure to continuous-wave ultrasound in unanesthetized rats. Teratology. 1994, 50(3): 238-249
67. 张振荣, 陈健, 桂君民. 不同时间超声辐射早孕大鼠的仔鼠神经行为致畸观察. 中国超声医学杂志, 1992, 8(3): 192-194
68. Frizzell L, Chen E, Lee C. Effect of pulsed ultrasound on the mouse neonate: hind limb paralysis and lung hemorrhage. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1994, 20(1): 53-63
69. 周宁,段云友,贾化平.孕期诊断剂量超声辐照对仔鼠学习记忆能力的影响.中华超声影像学杂志,2005,(7): 543-545
70. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声辐照大鼠睾丸组织对 Fas/FasL 蛋白表达的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2000, 9(8): 493-495
71. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声辐照后大鼠睾丸生精细胞 P53 mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA 表达改变. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2001, 10(3):182-183
72. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对不同龄大鼠睾丸组织 P53 和 Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志. 2000, 9(8): 496-498
73. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对不同年龄大鼠睾丸组织 Fas/FasL 蛋白表达的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 2000, 16(4): 252-254
74. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸组织凋亡的研究. 中国医学影像技术,2000, 16(7): 609-610
75. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声与细胞凋亡. 中华超声影像学杂志,2000, 9(6): 374-376
76. 曹敏丽,王怀禄,赵红斌,尹满军. 大鼠卵巢经诊断超声照射后 bcl-2 表达的研究. 中国临床医学影像杂志, 2002, 13(3): 198-199
77. 曹敏丽,王怀禄,赵红斌,李真,尹满军. 大鼠卵巢经诊断超声照射后c-fos 表达的研究. 中国超声医学杂志, 2002, 18(1): 13-15
78. 陈文雪,吴小华,刘荷一,郭运强,李彦群. 诊断超声对大鼠卵巢细胞凋亡的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志,2001,10(12): 744-747
79. 陈文雪,李彦群,李芹,田素美. 诊断超声对大鼠输卵管组织细胞凋亡的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2002, 11(9): 561-563
80. Ryo E, Shiotsu H, Takai Y, et al. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on development and glucose uptake of preimplantation mouse embryos. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27(7): 999-1002
81. 王锦惠,刘立民,魏睿等. 诊断剂量彩色多普勒超声对小鼠早孕胚胎组织细胞安全性的影响. 中国超声医学杂志, 2002, 18(8): 578-581
82. 王锦惠,刘立民,魏睿等. 不同频率诊断超声对小鼠早孕胚胎组织细胞凋亡影响的对比研究. 中国医学影像技术,2003, 19(10):1270-1271
83. 贾化平,段云友,曹铁生等. 彩色多普勒超声对胎鼠心肌细胞凋亡影响的实验研究. 中国医学影像技术. 2003, 19(5): 556-558
84. 贾化平,段云友,曹铁生等. 彩色多普勒超声对胎鼠小肠上皮细胞凋亡影响的实验研究. 医学影像学杂志. 2003, 13(5): 345-347
85. 周海燕, 段云友, 贾化平等. 彩超照射对中孕胎鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡及超微结构的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2004,20(4):251-254
86. 周海燕 段云友 杨继庆等. 彩色多普勒超声照射对中孕胎鼠肾小管上皮细胞 bcl-2 蛋白表达的影响. 中国医学影像技术. 2004, 20(5): 683-685
87. Stanton MT, Ettarh R, Arango D, et al. Diagnostic ultrasound induces change within numbers of cryptal mitotic and apoptotic cells in small intestine. Life Sci. 2001, 68(13): 1471-1475
88. 张淑梅, 杜宝琮. 不同剂量的超声对脑组织和心脏影响的实验观察. 中国超声医学杂志. 1998, 14(8): 63-66
89. Heffer-Lauc M, Latim V, Breyer B, et al. Ultrasound glycoprotein and ganglioside changes in human trophoblasts after exposure to pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1995, 21(4): 579-584
90. Zur O, Shneyour U Dan, Chemke J, et al. A possible effect of ultrasound on RNA synthesis in cultured amniocytes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1993, 72(4): 243-245
91. 崔运河, 孙凤兰, 王强. 诊断级超声对人孕早期绒毛组织的化学影响. 中国全科医学, 2001, 4(4): 275-276
92. Zhang J, Zhou F, Song Y, et al. Long dwell-time exposure of human chorionic villi to transvaginal ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy induces activation of caspase-3 and cytochrome C release. Biol Reprod. 2002, 67(2): 580-583
93. 黄凤华,林莉,高秉兰等. 产科诊断超声对宫内绒毛细胞 DNA 的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2001, 17(3): 172-173
94. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对人早孕绒毛 bcl-2 蛋白表达的研究.中国超声医学杂志. 2001, 17(1): 7-9
95. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声照射后人早孕绒毛 Fas/FasL 蛋白表达的研究. 中国超声医学杂志.2000, 16(10): 732-734
96. 杜联芳,王泽,高小婵等. 诊断超声照射后人早孕绒毛细胞 p53mRNA、bcl-2mRNA 表达改变.山西医药杂志, 2002, 31(5): 366-368
97. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 超声诊断剂量与人早孕绒毛细胞凋亡. 中国医学影像学杂志. 2001, 9(4): 282-284
98. 邓文慧,金辉,李旭等. 诊断超声对人早孕绒毛增殖细胞核抗原的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2000, 16(7): 481-483
99. 王彩凤, 李旭, 张蕴璟. 点杂交法检测诊断超声引起的人绒毛细胞 DNA链的损伤. 中国超声医学杂志. 2002, 18(5): 335-337
100.霍丽蓉,刘晋敏,杨宪增等. 诊断级超声诱导早孕绒毛细胞凋亡. 中国超声医学杂志,2001,17(12): 888-891
101. Fatemi M,Ogburn Pl,Greenleaf JF. Fetal stimulation by pulsed diagnostic ultrasound. J ultrasound med. 2001,20:883-889
102.彭朗鸣,郭家松,孔秋英. 诊断超声对胎儿角膜的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2001,17(6):417-419
103.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿心脏超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1999, 15(10):761-763
104.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿脑垂体超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1998, 14(11):3-5
105.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿肾脏超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 2002, 18(3):175-177
106 冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中期妊娠胎儿睾丸超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1996, 12(5):12-14
107.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿卵巢超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1997, 13(12):43-45
108.Moore R, Prestridge LL, Newell GR. Effects of sonic radiation on grownth and development. Am J Epidemiol. 1982, 116(4): 571-576
109.Stark CR, Orleans M, Haverkamp AD, et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol, 1984, 63: 194-200
110.Newnham JP, Evans SF, Michael CA, et al. Effects of Frequent Ultrasound During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Lancet. 1993, 342(9): 887-891
111.Campbell JD, Elford RW, Brant RF. Case-Controlled Study of Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure in Children with Delayed Speech. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1993,149(10): 1435-1440
112. EFSUMB: Review of recent literature. European Committee for Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound. 1999, 9(2): 191-193
113.Naumburg E, Bellacco R, Cnattingius S,et al. Prenatal ultrasound examinations and risk of childhood leukaemia: case-control study. BMJ, 2000, 320(7230): 282-283
114.Kieler H, Haglund B, Waldenstrom U, et al. Routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy and the children’s subsequent growth, vision and hearing. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1997, 104(11): 126–172
115.崔运河,侯丽君,崔运秋等. 诊断超声检查与新生儿身高体重的相关性分析. 济宁医学院学报. 2000, 23(4): 10-11
116.Kieler H, Ahlsten G, Haglund B, et al. Routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy and the children’s subsequent neurologic development. Obstet Gynecol. 1998, 91 (5 Pt 1): 750–756
117.Kieler H, Axelsson O, Haglund B, et al. Routine ultrasound screening inpregnancy and the children ’s subsequent handedness. Early Hum Dev. 1998, 50(2): 233–45
118.Salvesen KA, Diknes SH. Ultrasound during pregnancy and subsequent childhood non-right handedness: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999, 13(4): 241-246
119.Abramowicz JS, Kossoff G, Mars??l K, et al. Literature review by the ISUOG Bioeffects and Safety Committee. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002,19(3): 318-319
120.Salvesen KA. Ultrasound and left-handedness: a sinister association? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 19(3): 217-221
121.Salvesen KA. EFSUMB: safety tutorial Epidemiology of diagnostic ultrasound exposure during Pregnancy. European committee for medical ultrasound safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound 2002, 15(3): 165-171
122. Ziskin MC. Intrauterine effects of ultrasound: human epidemiology. Teratology. 1999, 59(4): 252-260
123. Marinac-Dabic D, Krulewitch CJ, Moore RM Jr. The safety of prenatal ultrasound exposure in human studies. Epidemiology. 2002, 13(3 Suppl): S19-22
124. Walsh RN, Cummins RA.The Open-Field Test: a critical review. Psychol Bull. 1976 May;83(3):482-504
125.Hefner K, Holmes A.Ontogeny of fear-, anxiety- and depression-related behavior across adolescence in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res. 2007 Jan 25; 176(2):210-5.
126. Morris R G M, Garrud P, Rawlin J N P, et al. Place navigation impaired in rats with hippacampal lesions. Nature, 1982, 297:681
127.Frick K M , Baxter M G ,Markowaska A L ,et al .Age-related spatialreference and working memory deficits assessed in the water maze. Neurobiology of Aging,1995, 16(2):149
138.胡镜清,温泽淮,赖世龙.Morris 水迷宫检测的记忆属性与方法学初探.广州中医药大学学报,2000,6,17(2):117-119
129. Barnett SB, Rott HD, ter Haar GR, et al. The sensitivity of biological tissue to ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997,23(6): 805-812
130.European Committee for Radiation Safety-the Watchdogs. Clinical safety statement for diagnostic ultrasound (1995). European J Ultrasound, 1996, 9(3): 283-284
131. 周宁,段云友,贾化平.孕期诊断剂量超声辐照对仔鼠学习记忆能力的影响.中华超声影像学杂志,2005,(7): 543-545
132. Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001 ,27:883-888.
133. Hande MP ,Devi PU .Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
134. Blizard DA. The Maudsley reactive and noncreative strains: A North American perspective. Behav. Genet, 1981, 11:469– 489.
135. Blizard DA, Bailey DW. Genetic correlation between open-field activity and defecation: Analysis with the CXB recombinant-inbred strains. Behav. Genet, 1979, 9:349–357.
136. Boissy A. Fear and fearfulness in animals. Q. Rev. Biol, 1995, 70:165–191.
137. Weiss E, Greenberg G. Comparative Psychology. New York: A Handbook, 1998, 257–263.
138. Rao S, Ovchinnikov N, McRae A. Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006 Aug;76(8):602-8.-66-
139. Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26:647-654.
140. Beckett SR, Duxon MS,Aspley S,et al.Central c-fos expression following 20kHz ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull,1997,42:421-426
141. 赵晶,段云友,贾化平等.晚孕期彩超重复照射对胎鼠中枢神经 P53 蛋白表达及超微结构的影响.中国医学影像技术,2005,21(8):1169-1171
142. SURESH R,DEVI P U,OOCHINNCKOO N.Long—term of diagnostic ultrasound during fetal on postnatal development and adult behavior of mouse[J].Life Science,2OO2,71(3):339-350.
143.HANDE M P,DEVI P U.Teratogenic effects of prenatal exposures to X—rays or ultrasound in mice[J].Neurotoxicol and Teratol,1995,17(2):179-188
144.程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生.诊断剂量超声与胎鼠中枢神经元的凋亡.中华超声影像学杂志,2001,10:624-626
145.Morris RG. Synaptic plasticity and learning :selective impairment of learning rats and blockade of long-term potertiation in Vivo by the Nmethyl –D-aspartate receptor amagmina AP5. J Neuorscine ,1989,9:3040-3057
146.Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001 ,27:883-888.
147.Hande MP ,Devi PU .Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
148.Oh H,Lee SE,Yang JA,et al.Establishment of a biological indicator for the radiation and safety of diagnostic ultrasound using apoptosis. In Vivo,2000, 14:345-349
149.周宁,段云友,贾化平等.孕期诊断剂量超声辐射对仔鼠学习记忆力的影响.中华超声影像学杂志,2005,14(7):543-545
150. Hande MP ,Devi PU .Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
151. Barnett SB,Maulik D. Guidelines and recommendations for safe use of Doppler ultrasound in prenatal applications. J Matern Fetal Med.2001, 10(2):75-84
152.Oh ,H, Lee SE,Yang JA ,et al. Establishment of a biological indicator for the radiation and safety of diagnostic ultrasound using apoptosis.In- Vivo.2000,14(2):345-349
153.Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001 ,27:883-888.
154.Hande MP, Devi PU. Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
155.Oh H,Lee SE,Yang JA,et al.Establishment of a biological indicator for the radiation and safety of diagnostic ultrasound using apoptosis. In Vivo, 2000,14:345-349
156.Ang ES Jr,Gluncic V, Duque A, Schafer ME,Rakic P. Prenatal exposure to ultrasound waves impacts neuronal migration in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 22;103(34):12661-2.
157.程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生.诊断剂量超声与胎鼠中枢神经元的凋亡.中华超声影像学杂志,2001,10:624-626
158.Kieler H, Cnattingius S, Haglund B, et al.Sinistrality aside effect of prenatal sonography: a comparative study of young men. Epidemiology, 2001, 12:618-623.
159. Carstensen EL, Gracewski Sl, Dalecki D. The search for cavitation in vivo.Ultrasound Med Bio. 2000, 26(9): 1377-1385
160.蔡文琴,李海标.发育神经生物学.北京:科学出版社 , 2001.106-112.
161.Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26:647-654.
162.Beckett SR, Duxon MS,Aspley S,et al.Central c-fos expression following 20kHz ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull, 1997,42:421-426
2. Barnett SB, Rott HB,Terhaar GR,et al.The sensitivity of biological tissue to ultrasound ,Ultrosound Med Biol,1997,23(6):805
3. Jacques S. Abramowicz,MD. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. J Ultrasound Med, 2002,21:1327-1333
4. Barnett SB, Maulik D. Guidelines and recommendations for safe use of Doppler ultrasound in perinatal applications. J Matern Fetal Med. 2001, 10(2): 75-84
5. Carstensen EL, Gracewski Sl, Dalecki D. The search for cavitation in vivo. Ultrasound Med Bio. 2000, 26(9): 1377-1385
6. Koch C.Thermal effects of ultrasound. Ultraschall Med, 2001,22(3): 146-52
7. Barnett SB, Kossoff G, Edwards MJ. Is diagnostic ultrasound safe? Current international consensus on the thermal mechanism. Med J Aust. 1994, 160(1): 33-37
8. Ziskin MC, Barnett SB. ultrasound and the developing central nervous system. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27(7): 875-876
9. Suresh R, Uma Devi P, Ovchinnikov N, et al. Long-term effects of diagnostic ultrasound during fetal period on postnatal development and adult behavior of mouse Life Sciences,2002 (71): 339-350
10. Horder MM, Barnett SB, Vella GJ, et al. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on sphenoid bone temperature and the heart rate in guinea-pig fetuses. Early Human Development, 1998, 52(3): 221-233
11. Doody C, Porter H, Duck FA, et al. In vitro heating of human etal vertebra bypulsed diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Medicine Bio. 1999, 25(8): 1289-1294
12.Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Bio, 2001, 27(7): 883-888
13. Silverman RH, Lizzi FL, Ursea BG, et al. Safety levels for exposure of cornea and lens to very high-frequency ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 2001, 20(9): 979-986
14. Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Bio, 2000, 26(4): 647-654
15. Miller MW, Brayman AA, Abramowicz JS.Obstetric ultrasonography: A biophysical consideration of patient safety: The rules have changed. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1998, 79(1): 241-254
16. EFSUMB: Tutorial. Thermal Teratology. European Committee for Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound 1999, 9(3): 281-283
17. 17. Krantz JC, Beck F. Sound waves are tried as cancer treatment. Arch Phys Therapy, 1939,20:370.
18. 18. 程树群,周信达.高功率聚焦超声在肿瘤治疗中的应用. 国外医学肿瘤学分册,1994,21:74-77.
19. 19. Hickey RC, Fry WJ, et al. Human pituitary irradiation with focused ultrasound. Arch Surg, 1961,83:620.
20. 20. EFSUMB. Safety Tutorial: Radiation stress and its bio-effects. European Journal of Ultrasound. 2000, 11 (1): 61-66
21. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on the frog heart: III. The radiation force mechanism Ultrasound Med Bio. 1997, 23(2): 275-285
21. Nightingale KR, Kornguth PJ, Walker WF, et al. A novel ultrasonic technique for differentiating cysts from solid lesions: preliminary results in the breast. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1995, 21(6): 745-751
22. Pohl P, Antonenko YN, Rosenfeld E. Effect of ultrasound on the pH profiles in the unstirred layers near planar bilayer lipid membranes measured by microelectrodes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1152(1): 155-160
23. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Thresholds for fetal haemorrhages produced by a piezoelectric lithotripter. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997, 23(2): 287-297
24. EFSUMB. Safety Tutorial: Radiation stress and its bio-effects. European Journal of Ultrasound. 2000, 11 (1): 61-64
25. Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Swanson SD, et al. Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging: A new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998, 24(9): 1419-1435
26. Pohl P, Antonenko YN, Rosenfeld E. Effect of ultrasound on the pH profiles in the unstirred layers near planarbilayer lipid membranes measured by microelectrodes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993, 1152(1): 155-160
27. Pohl EE, Rosenfeld EH, Pohl P, et al. Effects of ultrasound on agglutination and aggregation of human erythrocytes in vitro. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995, 21(5): 711-719
28. Salz H, Rosenfeld EH, Wussling M. Effect of ultrasound on the contraction of isolated myocardial cells of adult rats. Ultrasound Med Bio. 1997, 23 (1): 143-149
29. EFSUMB: Tutorial. Acoustic cavitation and capillary bleeding. European Committee for Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound 1999, 9(3): 277 -280
30. Church CC. Spontaneous homogeneous nucleation, inertial cavitation and the safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002, 28(10): 1349-1364
31. Holland CK, Deng CX, Apfel RE, et al. Direct evidence of cavitation in vivo from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1996, 22(7): 917-925
32. Rott HD. Lung hemorrhage caused by diagnostic ultrasound. Review of the literature. Ultraschall Med, 1997, 18(5): 226-228
33. Child SZ, Hartman CL, Schery LA, et al. Lung damage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1990, 16(8): 817-825
34. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Ultrasonically-induced lung hemorrhage in young swine. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997, 23(5): 771-781
35. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Age dependence of ultrasonically- induced lung hemorrhage in mice. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1997, 23(5): 767-776
36. Dalecki D. Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al. Intestinal hemorrhage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1995, 21(8): 1067-1072
37. Anonymous. Mechanical bioeffects from diagnostic ultrasound: AIUM consensus statements introduction, J Ultrasound Med. 2000, 19 (2) : 76-168
38. Penny DP, Schenk EA, Maltby K, et al. Morphologic effects of pulsed ultrasound in the lung. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1993, 19(2): 127-135
39. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, Carstensen EL. A test for cavitation as a mechanism for intestinal hemorrhage in mice to a piezoelectric lithotripter. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1996, 22(4): 493-496
40. Miller DL, Thomas RM. Heating as a mechanism for ultrasonically-induced petechial hemorrhages in mouse intestine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994, 20(5): 493-503
41. Milier DL, Gies RA. The interaction of ultrasound heating and cavitation in vascular bioeffects on mouse intestine. Ultrasound Med Bio. 1998, 24(1): 123-128
42. Dalecki D, Child SZ, Raeman CH, et al. Bioeffects of positive and negative acoustic pressures in mice infused with microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000, 26(8): 1327-1332
43. Miller DL, Quddus J. Diagnostic ultrasound activation of contrast agent gas bodies induces capillary rupture in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97(18): 10179-10184
44. Miller DL, Gies RA. The influence of ultrasound frequency and gas-body composition on the contrast agent-mediated enhancement of vascular bioeffects in mouse intestine. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26(2): 307-313
45. Dalecki D, Raeman CH, Child SZ, et al. Hemolysis in vivo from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1997, 23(2): 307-313
46. Miller MW, Brayman AA, Sherman TA, et al. Comparative sensitivity of human fetal and adult erythrocytes to hemolysis by pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Bio. 2001, 27(3): 419-425
47. Suhr D, Brummer F, Irmer U, et al. Bioeffects of diagnostic ultrasound In vitro. ultrasonics. 1996, 34(2-5): 559-561
48. 张彩霞, 马晓玲, 孟爱英. 产科诊断剂量超声波对培养细胞影响的实验研究. 中国生物医学工程学报, 1998, 17(3): 276-280
49. Kondo T, kodaira T, Kano E. Free radical formation induced by ultrasound effects on strand break in DNA of cultured FM 3A cells. Free Radic Res Commun. 1993, 19(suppl 1): s193-200
50. Fuciarelli AF, Sisk EC, Thomas RM, et al. Induction of base damage in DNA solutions by ultrasounic cavication. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995, 18(2):231-238
52. Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26:647-654.
53. Beckett SR, Duxon MS,Aspley S,et al.Central c-fos expression following 20kHz ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull, 1997,42:421-426
54. Beckett SR, Duxon MS, Aspley S, et al. Central c-fos expression following 20kHz/ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 1997, 42(6): 421-426
55. 孟素云,米瑞发,鄂玲玲等. 诊断超声对胎鼠大脑 FOS 蛋白表达的研究. 中华超声影像学杂志,2000, 9(5): 314-316
56. 程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生. 诊断级彩超照射后胎鼠脑组织 Fos 蛋白的表达. 第四军医大学学报. 2001, 22(10): 905
57. 程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生,田蓉. 诊断剂量超声与胎鼠中枢神经元凋亡. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2001, 10(10): 624-626
58. 赵晶 , 段云友 ,贾化平等. 晚孕期彩超重复照射对胎鼠中枢神经P53蛋白表达及超微结构的影响. 中国医学影像技术,2005:21(8)-1169-1171
59. Hynynen K, Vykhodtseva NI, Chung AH, et al. Thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain: determination with MR imaging. Radiology. 1997, 204(1): 247-253
60. Jensh RP, Lewin PA, Poczobutt MT, Goldberg BB, Oler J, Brent RL. The effects of prenatal ultrasound exposure on postnatal growth and acquisition of reflexes. Radiat Res. 1994, 140(2): 284-293
61. Ramnarine KV, Nassiri DK, McCarthy A, Brown NA. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on embryonic development: an in vitro study. Ultrasound MedBiol. 1998, 24(4): 575-585
62. O'Brien WD, Hendrickx AG.. Evaluation of the bioeffects of prenatal ultrasound exposure in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis): III. Developmental and hematologic studies. Teratology. 1993, 47(2): 159-170
63. Carnes KI, Hess RA, Dunn F. The effect of ultrasound exposure in utero on the development of the fetal mouse testis: adult consequences. Ultrasound Medicine Biology. 1995, 21(9): 1247-1257
64. Hande MP, Devi PV. Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995, 17(2): 179-188
65. Devi PU, Suresh R, Hande MP. Effect of fetal exposure to ultrasound on the behavior of the adult mouse. Radiat Res. 1995, 141(3): 314-317
66. Vorhees CV, Acuff-Smith KD, Schilling MA, Fisher JE Jr, Meyer RA, Smith NB, Ellis DS, O'Brien WD Jr. Behavioral teratologic effects of prenatal exposure to continuous-wave ultrasound in unanesthetized rats. Teratology. 1994, 50(3): 238-249
67. 张振荣, 陈健, 桂君民. 不同时间超声辐射早孕大鼠的仔鼠神经行为致畸观察. 中国超声医学杂志, 1992, 8(3): 192-194
68. Frizzell L, Chen E, Lee C. Effect of pulsed ultrasound on the mouse neonate: hind limb paralysis and lung hemorrhage. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1994, 20(1): 53-63
69. 周宁,段云友,贾化平.孕期诊断剂量超声辐照对仔鼠学习记忆能力的影响.中华超声影像学杂志,2005,(7): 543-545
70. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声辐照大鼠睾丸组织对 Fas/FasL 蛋白表达的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2000, 9(8): 493-495
71. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声辐照后大鼠睾丸生精细胞 P53 mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA 表达改变. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2001, 10(3):182-183
72. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对不同龄大鼠睾丸组织 P53 和 Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志. 2000, 9(8): 496-498
73. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对不同年龄大鼠睾丸组织 Fas/FasL 蛋白表达的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 2000, 16(4): 252-254
74. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸组织凋亡的研究. 中国医学影像技术,2000, 16(7): 609-610
75. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声与细胞凋亡. 中华超声影像学杂志,2000, 9(6): 374-376
76. 曹敏丽,王怀禄,赵红斌,尹满军. 大鼠卵巢经诊断超声照射后 bcl-2 表达的研究. 中国临床医学影像杂志, 2002, 13(3): 198-199
77. 曹敏丽,王怀禄,赵红斌,李真,尹满军. 大鼠卵巢经诊断超声照射后c-fos 表达的研究. 中国超声医学杂志, 2002, 18(1): 13-15
78. 陈文雪,吴小华,刘荷一,郭运强,李彦群. 诊断超声对大鼠卵巢细胞凋亡的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志,2001,10(12): 744-747
79. 陈文雪,李彦群,李芹,田素美. 诊断超声对大鼠输卵管组织细胞凋亡的影响. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2002, 11(9): 561-563
80. Ryo E, Shiotsu H, Takai Y, et al. Effects of pulsed ultrasound on development and glucose uptake of preimplantation mouse embryos. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001, 27(7): 999-1002
81. 王锦惠,刘立民,魏睿等. 诊断剂量彩色多普勒超声对小鼠早孕胚胎组织细胞安全性的影响. 中国超声医学杂志, 2002, 18(8): 578-581
82. 王锦惠,刘立民,魏睿等. 不同频率诊断超声对小鼠早孕胚胎组织细胞凋亡影响的对比研究. 中国医学影像技术,2003, 19(10):1270-1271
83. 贾化平,段云友,曹铁生等. 彩色多普勒超声对胎鼠心肌细胞凋亡影响的实验研究. 中国医学影像技术. 2003, 19(5): 556-558
84. 贾化平,段云友,曹铁生等. 彩色多普勒超声对胎鼠小肠上皮细胞凋亡影响的实验研究. 医学影像学杂志. 2003, 13(5): 345-347
85. 周海燕, 段云友, 贾化平等. 彩超照射对中孕胎鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡及超微结构的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2004,20(4):251-254
86. 周海燕 段云友 杨继庆等. 彩色多普勒超声照射对中孕胎鼠肾小管上皮细胞 bcl-2 蛋白表达的影响. 中国医学影像技术. 2004, 20(5): 683-685
87. Stanton MT, Ettarh R, Arango D, et al. Diagnostic ultrasound induces change within numbers of cryptal mitotic and apoptotic cells in small intestine. Life Sci. 2001, 68(13): 1471-1475
88. 张淑梅, 杜宝琮. 不同剂量的超声对脑组织和心脏影响的实验观察. 中国超声医学杂志. 1998, 14(8): 63-66
89. Heffer-Lauc M, Latim V, Breyer B, et al. Ultrasound glycoprotein and ganglioside changes in human trophoblasts after exposure to pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 1995, 21(4): 579-584
90. Zur O, Shneyour U Dan, Chemke J, et al. A possible effect of ultrasound on RNA synthesis in cultured amniocytes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1993, 72(4): 243-245
91. 崔运河, 孙凤兰, 王强. 诊断级超声对人孕早期绒毛组织的化学影响. 中国全科医学, 2001, 4(4): 275-276
92. Zhang J, Zhou F, Song Y, et al. Long dwell-time exposure of human chorionic villi to transvaginal ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy induces activation of caspase-3 and cytochrome C release. Biol Reprod. 2002, 67(2): 580-583
93. 黄凤华,林莉,高秉兰等. 产科诊断超声对宫内绒毛细胞 DNA 的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2001, 17(3): 172-173
94. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声对人早孕绒毛 bcl-2 蛋白表达的研究.中国超声医学杂志. 2001, 17(1): 7-9
95. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 诊断超声照射后人早孕绒毛 Fas/FasL 蛋白表达的研究. 中国超声医学杂志.2000, 16(10): 732-734
96. 杜联芳,王泽,高小婵等. 诊断超声照射后人早孕绒毛细胞 p53mRNA、bcl-2mRNA 表达改变.山西医药杂志, 2002, 31(5): 366-368
97. 杜联芳, 张青萍, 刘望彭. 超声诊断剂量与人早孕绒毛细胞凋亡. 中国医学影像学杂志. 2001, 9(4): 282-284
98. 邓文慧,金辉,李旭等. 诊断超声对人早孕绒毛增殖细胞核抗原的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2000, 16(7): 481-483
99. 王彩凤, 李旭, 张蕴璟. 点杂交法检测诊断超声引起的人绒毛细胞 DNA链的损伤. 中国超声医学杂志. 2002, 18(5): 335-337
100.霍丽蓉,刘晋敏,杨宪增等. 诊断级超声诱导早孕绒毛细胞凋亡. 中国超声医学杂志,2001,17(12): 888-891
101. Fatemi M,Ogburn Pl,Greenleaf JF. Fetal stimulation by pulsed diagnostic ultrasound. J ultrasound med. 2001,20:883-889
102.彭朗鸣,郭家松,孔秋英. 诊断超声对胎儿角膜的影响. 中国超声医学杂志. 2001,17(6):417-419
103.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿心脏超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1999, 15(10):761-763
104.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿脑垂体超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1998, 14(11):3-5
105.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿肾脏超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 2002, 18(3):175-177
106 冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中期妊娠胎儿睾丸超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1996, 12(5):12-14
107.冯泽平,陈辉,吴连连等. 诊断超声对中孕宫内胎儿卵巢超微结构影响的研究. 中国超声医学杂志. 1997, 13(12):43-45
108.Moore R, Prestridge LL, Newell GR. Effects of sonic radiation on grownth and development. Am J Epidemiol. 1982, 116(4): 571-576
109.Stark CR, Orleans M, Haverkamp AD, et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol, 1984, 63: 194-200
110.Newnham JP, Evans SF, Michael CA, et al. Effects of Frequent Ultrasound During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Lancet. 1993, 342(9): 887-891
111.Campbell JD, Elford RW, Brant RF. Case-Controlled Study of Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure in Children with Delayed Speech. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1993,149(10): 1435-1440
112. EFSUMB: Review of recent literature. European Committee for Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound. 1999, 9(2): 191-193
113.Naumburg E, Bellacco R, Cnattingius S,et al. Prenatal ultrasound examinations and risk of childhood leukaemia: case-control study. BMJ, 2000, 320(7230): 282-283
114.Kieler H, Haglund B, Waldenstrom U, et al. Routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy and the children’s subsequent growth, vision and hearing. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1997, 104(11): 126–172
115.崔运河,侯丽君,崔运秋等. 诊断超声检查与新生儿身高体重的相关性分析. 济宁医学院学报. 2000, 23(4): 10-11
116.Kieler H, Ahlsten G, Haglund B, et al. Routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy and the children’s subsequent neurologic development. Obstet Gynecol. 1998, 91 (5 Pt 1): 750–756
117.Kieler H, Axelsson O, Haglund B, et al. Routine ultrasound screening inpregnancy and the children ’s subsequent handedness. Early Hum Dev. 1998, 50(2): 233–45
118.Salvesen KA, Diknes SH. Ultrasound during pregnancy and subsequent childhood non-right handedness: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999, 13(4): 241-246
119.Abramowicz JS, Kossoff G, Mars??l K, et al. Literature review by the ISUOG Bioeffects and Safety Committee. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002,19(3): 318-319
120.Salvesen KA. Ultrasound and left-handedness: a sinister association? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 19(3): 217-221
121.Salvesen KA. EFSUMB: safety tutorial Epidemiology of diagnostic ultrasound exposure during Pregnancy. European committee for medical ultrasound safety (ECMUS). European J Ultrasound 2002, 15(3): 165-171
122. Ziskin MC. Intrauterine effects of ultrasound: human epidemiology. Teratology. 1999, 59(4): 252-260
123. Marinac-Dabic D, Krulewitch CJ, Moore RM Jr. The safety of prenatal ultrasound exposure in human studies. Epidemiology. 2002, 13(3 Suppl): S19-22
124. Walsh RN, Cummins RA.The Open-Field Test: a critical review. Psychol Bull. 1976 May;83(3):482-504
125.Hefner K, Holmes A.Ontogeny of fear-, anxiety- and depression-related behavior across adolescence in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res. 2007 Jan 25; 176(2):210-5.
126. Morris R G M, Garrud P, Rawlin J N P, et al. Place navigation impaired in rats with hippacampal lesions. Nature, 1982, 297:681
127.Frick K M , Baxter M G ,Markowaska A L ,et al .Age-related spatialreference and working memory deficits assessed in the water maze. Neurobiology of Aging,1995, 16(2):149
138.胡镜清,温泽淮,赖世龙.Morris 水迷宫检测的记忆属性与方法学初探.广州中医药大学学报,2000,6,17(2):117-119
129. Barnett SB, Rott HD, ter Haar GR, et al. The sensitivity of biological tissue to ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997,23(6): 805-812
130.European Committee for Radiation Safety-the Watchdogs. Clinical safety statement for diagnostic ultrasound (1995). European J Ultrasound, 1996, 9(3): 283-284
131. 周宁,段云友,贾化平.孕期诊断剂量超声辐照对仔鼠学习记忆能力的影响.中华超声影像学杂志,2005,(7): 543-545
132. Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001 ,27:883-888.
133. Hande MP ,Devi PU .Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
134. Blizard DA. The Maudsley reactive and noncreative strains: A North American perspective. Behav. Genet, 1981, 11:469– 489.
135. Blizard DA, Bailey DW. Genetic correlation between open-field activity and defecation: Analysis with the CXB recombinant-inbred strains. Behav. Genet, 1979, 9:349–357.
136. Boissy A. Fear and fearfulness in animals. Q. Rev. Biol, 1995, 70:165–191.
137. Weiss E, Greenberg G. Comparative Psychology. New York: A Handbook, 1998, 257–263.
138. Rao S, Ovchinnikov N, McRae A. Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006 Aug;76(8):602-8.-66-
139. Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26:647-654.
140. Beckett SR, Duxon MS,Aspley S,et al.Central c-fos expression following 20kHz ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull,1997,42:421-426
141. 赵晶,段云友,贾化平等.晚孕期彩超重复照射对胎鼠中枢神经 P53 蛋白表达及超微结构的影响.中国医学影像技术,2005,21(8):1169-1171
142. SURESH R,DEVI P U,OOCHINNCKOO N.Long—term of diagnostic ultrasound during fetal on postnatal development and adult behavior of mouse[J].Life Science,2OO2,71(3):339-350.
143.HANDE M P,DEVI P U.Teratogenic effects of prenatal exposures to X—rays or ultrasound in mice[J].Neurotoxicol and Teratol,1995,17(2):179-188
144.程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生.诊断剂量超声与胎鼠中枢神经元的凋亡.中华超声影像学杂志,2001,10:624-626
145.Morris RG. Synaptic plasticity and learning :selective impairment of learning rats and blockade of long-term potertiation in Vivo by the Nmethyl –D-aspartate receptor amagmina AP5. J Neuorscine ,1989,9:3040-3057
146.Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001 ,27:883-888.
147.Hande MP ,Devi PU .Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
148.Oh H,Lee SE,Yang JA,et al.Establishment of a biological indicator for the radiation and safety of diagnostic ultrasound using apoptosis. In Vivo,2000, 14:345-349
149.周宁,段云友,贾化平等.孕期诊断剂量超声辐射对仔鼠学习记忆力的影响.中华超声影像学杂志,2005,14(7):543-545
150. Hande MP ,Devi PU .Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
151. Barnett SB,Maulik D. Guidelines and recommendations for safe use of Doppler ultrasound in prenatal applications. J Matern Fetal Med.2001, 10(2):75-84
152.Oh ,H, Lee SE,Yang JA ,et al. Establishment of a biological indicator for the radiation and safety of diagnostic ultrasound using apoptosis.In- Vivo.2000,14(2):345-349
153.Barnett SB. Intracranial temperature elevation from diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2001 ,27:883-888.
154.Hande MP, Devi PU. Teratogenic effects of repeated exposures to X-rays and/or ultrasound in mice.Neurotoxicol Terstol,1995,17:179-184
155.Oh H,Lee SE,Yang JA,et al.Establishment of a biological indicator for the radiation and safety of diagnostic ultrasound using apoptosis. In Vivo, 2000,14:345-349
156.Ang ES Jr,Gluncic V, Duque A, Schafer ME,Rakic P. Prenatal exposure to ultrasound waves impacts neuronal migration in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 22;103(34):12661-2.
157.程颜苓, 段云友, 曹铁生.诊断剂量超声与胎鼠中枢神经元的凋亡.中华超声影像学杂志,2001,10:624-626
158.Kieler H, Cnattingius S, Haglund B, et al.Sinistrality aside effect of prenatal sonography: a comparative study of young men. Epidemiology, 2001, 12:618-623.
159. Carstensen EL, Gracewski Sl, Dalecki D. The search for cavitation in vivo.Ultrasound Med Bio. 2000, 26(9): 1377-1385
160.蔡文琴,李海标.发育神经生物学.北京:科学出版社 , 2001.106-112.
161.Duggan PM, Murcott MF, McPhee AJ, et al. The influence of variations in blood flow on pulsed Doppler ultrasonic heating of the cerebral cortex of the neonatal pig. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2000, 26:647-654.
162.Beckett SR, Duxon MS,Aspley S,et al.Central c-fos expression following 20kHz ultrasound induced defence behaviour in the rat. Brain Res Bull, 1997,42:421-426