基于网络编码的无线传感器网络数据收集模型与协议研究
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摘要
近年来,无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs)的研究受到了越来越多的关注,作为其主要应用之一的数据收集,也得到了越来越广泛和深入的研究。在数据收集的过程中,传感器节点部署在一定的区域内,采集该区域的环境信息。然后,节点之间通过多跳中继的方式,协作地将这些信息传输到汇聚节点(又称基站节点)。由于传感器节点的能量和计算资源有限,因此,如何安全、准确、迅速地传输数据,同时尽可能节约能量消耗,成为了数据收集模型与协议研究的主要目标。最近,一种新型的通信技术——网络编码被提出来,并开始用于WSNs。与基于传统存储转发路由的数据收集协议相比,基于网络编码的数据收集协议能够获得多种性能增益,包括吞吐量的提高、鲁棒性的增强、能耗与时延的减少等。然而,物联网兴起以后,作为其关键技术之一的WSNs具有了一些新的特点,因此也对数据收集协议提出了新的要求。具体来说,第一,用于物联网的WSNs都是大规模的网络,更需要节约能量消耗和缩短时延。第二,数据收集的需求更丰富。有时需要定期收集所有节点的数据；有时只需要某个节点采集的数据。第三,待收集数据的类型也更多样化。有时需要节点采集的原始数据；有时只需要所有数据的聚合结果。第四,传感器节点不再属于同一个机构或同一个实体。因此,它们具有自私性和独立性。这要求在数据收集的过程中,不仅要为传输提供安全性,还应维持节点参与合作的兴趣。综上所述,本论文建立了一个用于具有上述新特点的WSNs的数据收集模型,并基于网络编码来研究用于该模型的数据收集协议,使之适用于具有节点自私性和独立性的应用环境。本论文的主要工作与创新如下
(1)建立了一个符合上述新特点的无线传感器网络综合型数据收集模型,称为CM-DG-WSN(Comprehensive Model of Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks)模型。首先,一般情况下,该模型采用时间驱动型数据收集的模式,所有节点周期性地将数据传输到汇聚节点。当节点监测到某字段超过阈值时,则采用事件驱动型数据收集模式。这时,仅仅该节点传输其数据到汇聚节点。其次,它考虑了待收集数据的类型分别是原始数据和聚合数据这两种情况。再次,它还考虑了节点的自私性和独立性。因此,不仅应在数据收集的过程中提供安全性,而且还应在该过程中维持中间节点参与合作的兴趣。
(2)提出了一个时间驱动型数据收集协议,称为FNCDG (Flat-based Network Coding Data Gathering)协议。该协议将流间网络编码与机会路由作为主要技术。而且,本论文从理论和仿真的角度,将FNCDG协议与传统存储转发的路由协议进行了比较。它们的结果是一致的,都说明了FNCDG协议在节约能耗和缩短时延上具有明显的优势。
(3)研究了如何在聚合数据收集的过程中,进一步节约能耗的问题。在这种情况下,汇聚节点只需要所有数据的一个聚合结果,而非节点的原始数据。由于基于平面路由的网络编码协议很难在传输过程中完成数据聚合,因此,为了译码,它们可能需要浪费大量能量来传输编码包。于是,本论文提出基于分簇路由的网络编码协议,称为CNCDG (Cluster-based Network Coding Data Gathering)协议,它通过让簇头在传输数据的过程中完成一部分聚合数据的操作,来减少待传输的编码包数目,从而进一步节约能耗。
(4)在基于网络编码的事件驱动型数据收集中,研究了如何保护源节点隐私数据的问题,从而防止中间节点利用流经它们的编码包推导出源节点的隐私数据。与其他研究不同的是,本论文不仅考虑了如何防止任何单个节点的攻击,也考虑了如何防止多个节点的合谋攻击。利用“网络编码对污染的脆弱性”和数据混淆技术,本论文提出了一个数据隐私保护的网络编码协议,称为DPPNC (Data-Privacy-Preserving Network Coding)协议。该协议具有较低的计算和通信开销。为了进一步提高协议的安全性,本论文还提出了两个扩展协议,分别称为HDPPNC-1协议和HDPPNC-2协议。
(5)提出了一个既能保护源节点隐私数据,又能防止外部污染攻击的安全网络编码数据收集模型,作为CM-DG-WSN模型在安全性上的子模型,称为SNCDG (Secure Network Coding-based Data Gathering)模型。而且,本论文通过数据混淆技术,设计了一个用于该模型的协议,称为DPP&PP (Data-Privacy Preserving and Pollution Preventing)协议。该协议不仅能同时防止网内和网外攻击。而且,它具有较低的计算和通信开销。
In recent years, research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has attracted more and more considerable attention. Besides, data gathering, as one of the main applications of WSNs, has also been studied more and more extensively and deeply. In the process of data gathering, sensor nodes are deployed in some area, sense their environment, produce information and transmit them collaboratively to the sink (also called base station) by multi-hop transmit manner. Since sensor nodes are energy constrained and computing resource constrained, how to transmit data securely, accurately and quickly, while saving energy as much as possible became the main objective of research on the data gathering model and protocols. Recently, a new communication technology, i.e. network coding, has been proposed and starts to be used in WSNs. Comparing with the data gathering protocols based on traditional store-and-forward routings, those protocols based on network coding obtain a variety of performance gains, including the improvement of throughput, the enhancement of robustness and the reduction of energy consumption and time delay, etc. However, after the rise of the Internet of Things, as one of the key technologies, WSNs obtain several new features, which put forward several new requirements on data gathering protocols. Specifically, first of all, WSNs used in the Internet of Things are usually large-scale networks, so they have to save more energy consumption and reduce more time delay. Secondly, needs on data gathering are richer. Sometimes, the sink needs to gather data of all the nodes periodically, and sometimes it only needs to gather the data of a certain node. Thirdly, types of data to be gathered are diversified. Sometimes it needs all the raw data, and sometimes it only needs an aggregated result of all the raw data. Finally, sensor nodes no longer belong to the same administration authority. Therefore, they are selfish and independent. Thus, in the process of data gathering, it not only requires providing security, but also requires maintaining the interest of sensor nodes in cooperation. In summary, this paper established a data gathering model used in WSNs with the above new features. In addition, it studied the data gathering protocols used in this model based on network coding, and made them suitable for being used in the environment with selfish and independent nodes. The main work and innovation of this paper are as follows:
(1) It established a comprehensive model of data gathering in WSNs (CM-DG-WSN) which owns the above new features. First of all, generally, it works under the time-driven data gathering mode, i.e., all the sensor nodes transmit their data periodically to the sink. Once a node detects that a data exceeds its threshold, it will work under the event-driven mode. In this situation, only this node will transmit its data to the sink. Secondly, this model considers two types of data to be gathered, which are raw data and aggregated data. Thirdly, this model considered the selfishness and independence of sensor nodes. As a result, it not only requires providing security in the process of data gathering, but also requires maintaining the interest of nodes in cooperation.
(2) It proposed a time-driven data gathering protocol, called flat-based network coding data gathering (FNCDG) protocol, which takes the intra-session network coding and opportunistic routing as its main technologies. This paper compared FNCDG with a traditional store-and-forward routing both by theoretical methods and by simulations. Their results are consistent with each other, which both demonstrate the fact that FNCDG could offer significant benefits in terms of both energy consumption and time delay in time-driven data gathering.
(3) It studied how to further save energy in the process of aggregated-data gathering, where the sink only wants an aggregated result of all the data rather than the raw data themselves sensed from an area. The aggregation is hard to be performed on encoded data when using a flat-based network coding protocol. Thus, flat-based ones may waste much energy on transmitting a great deal of encoded data for decoding at the sink on the contrary. As a result, this paper proposed a cluster-based network coding data gathering (CNCDG) protocol. It reduces the encoded data to be transmitted than the flat-based network coding protocol (FNCDG) by permitting cluster heads to perform some aggregation in the transmission process, so as to saves more energy.
(4) It studied the data-privacy-preserving problem in an event-driven data gathering scenario, i.e., preventing private source data from being acquired by non-intended internal nodes which use the encoded data that flowed by them to perform derivation. Unlike those existing research results, this paper considered not only attacks from any single internal node, but also those from multiple nodes that are in cahoots with each other. This paper proposed a data-privacy-preserving network coding (DPPNC) protocol by making use of the vulnerability of network coding to pollution and data obfuscation. This protocol requires low overhead on computation and communication. Then, to further improve the security of this protocol, this paper proposed two extended protocols, called HDPPNC-1and HDPPNC-2respectively.
(5) It proposed a formalized model, called secure network coding-based data gathering (SNCDG) model. This model can not only preserve private source data, but also prevent external pollution attacks. In addition, this paper designed a data-privacy preserving and pollution preventing (DPP&PP) protocol, used in this model by using data obfuscation. This protocol not only can prevent both internal attacks and external attacks, but also requires low overhead on computation and communication.
(1)建立了一个符合上述新特点的无线传感器网络综合型数据收集模型,称为CM-DG-WSN(Comprehensive Model of Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks)模型。首先,一般情况下,该模型采用时间驱动型数据收集的模式,所有节点周期性地将数据传输到汇聚节点。当节点监测到某字段超过阈值时,则采用事件驱动型数据收集模式。这时,仅仅该节点传输其数据到汇聚节点。其次,它考虑了待收集数据的类型分别是原始数据和聚合数据这两种情况。再次,它还考虑了节点的自私性和独立性。因此,不仅应在数据收集的过程中提供安全性,而且还应在该过程中维持中间节点参与合作的兴趣。
(2)提出了一个时间驱动型数据收集协议,称为FNCDG (Flat-based Network Coding Data Gathering)协议。该协议将流间网络编码与机会路由作为主要技术。而且,本论文从理论和仿真的角度,将FNCDG协议与传统存储转发的路由协议进行了比较。它们的结果是一致的,都说明了FNCDG协议在节约能耗和缩短时延上具有明显的优势。
(3)研究了如何在聚合数据收集的过程中,进一步节约能耗的问题。在这种情况下,汇聚节点只需要所有数据的一个聚合结果,而非节点的原始数据。由于基于平面路由的网络编码协议很难在传输过程中完成数据聚合,因此,为了译码,它们可能需要浪费大量能量来传输编码包。于是,本论文提出基于分簇路由的网络编码协议,称为CNCDG (Cluster-based Network Coding Data Gathering)协议,它通过让簇头在传输数据的过程中完成一部分聚合数据的操作,来减少待传输的编码包数目,从而进一步节约能耗。
(4)在基于网络编码的事件驱动型数据收集中,研究了如何保护源节点隐私数据的问题,从而防止中间节点利用流经它们的编码包推导出源节点的隐私数据。与其他研究不同的是,本论文不仅考虑了如何防止任何单个节点的攻击,也考虑了如何防止多个节点的合谋攻击。利用“网络编码对污染的脆弱性”和数据混淆技术,本论文提出了一个数据隐私保护的网络编码协议,称为DPPNC (Data-Privacy-Preserving Network Coding)协议。该协议具有较低的计算和通信开销。为了进一步提高协议的安全性,本论文还提出了两个扩展协议,分别称为HDPPNC-1协议和HDPPNC-2协议。
(5)提出了一个既能保护源节点隐私数据,又能防止外部污染攻击的安全网络编码数据收集模型,作为CM-DG-WSN模型在安全性上的子模型,称为SNCDG (Secure Network Coding-based Data Gathering)模型。而且,本论文通过数据混淆技术,设计了一个用于该模型的协议,称为DPP&PP (Data-Privacy Preserving and Pollution Preventing)协议。该协议不仅能同时防止网内和网外攻击。而且,它具有较低的计算和通信开销。
In recent years, research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has attracted more and more considerable attention. Besides, data gathering, as one of the main applications of WSNs, has also been studied more and more extensively and deeply. In the process of data gathering, sensor nodes are deployed in some area, sense their environment, produce information and transmit them collaboratively to the sink (also called base station) by multi-hop transmit manner. Since sensor nodes are energy constrained and computing resource constrained, how to transmit data securely, accurately and quickly, while saving energy as much as possible became the main objective of research on the data gathering model and protocols. Recently, a new communication technology, i.e. network coding, has been proposed and starts to be used in WSNs. Comparing with the data gathering protocols based on traditional store-and-forward routings, those protocols based on network coding obtain a variety of performance gains, including the improvement of throughput, the enhancement of robustness and the reduction of energy consumption and time delay, etc. However, after the rise of the Internet of Things, as one of the key technologies, WSNs obtain several new features, which put forward several new requirements on data gathering protocols. Specifically, first of all, WSNs used in the Internet of Things are usually large-scale networks, so they have to save more energy consumption and reduce more time delay. Secondly, needs on data gathering are richer. Sometimes, the sink needs to gather data of all the nodes periodically, and sometimes it only needs to gather the data of a certain node. Thirdly, types of data to be gathered are diversified. Sometimes it needs all the raw data, and sometimes it only needs an aggregated result of all the raw data. Finally, sensor nodes no longer belong to the same administration authority. Therefore, they are selfish and independent. Thus, in the process of data gathering, it not only requires providing security, but also requires maintaining the interest of sensor nodes in cooperation. In summary, this paper established a data gathering model used in WSNs with the above new features. In addition, it studied the data gathering protocols used in this model based on network coding, and made them suitable for being used in the environment with selfish and independent nodes. The main work and innovation of this paper are as follows:
(1) It established a comprehensive model of data gathering in WSNs (CM-DG-WSN) which owns the above new features. First of all, generally, it works under the time-driven data gathering mode, i.e., all the sensor nodes transmit their data periodically to the sink. Once a node detects that a data exceeds its threshold, it will work under the event-driven mode. In this situation, only this node will transmit its data to the sink. Secondly, this model considers two types of data to be gathered, which are raw data and aggregated data. Thirdly, this model considered the selfishness and independence of sensor nodes. As a result, it not only requires providing security in the process of data gathering, but also requires maintaining the interest of nodes in cooperation.
(2) It proposed a time-driven data gathering protocol, called flat-based network coding data gathering (FNCDG) protocol, which takes the intra-session network coding and opportunistic routing as its main technologies. This paper compared FNCDG with a traditional store-and-forward routing both by theoretical methods and by simulations. Their results are consistent with each other, which both demonstrate the fact that FNCDG could offer significant benefits in terms of both energy consumption and time delay in time-driven data gathering.
(3) It studied how to further save energy in the process of aggregated-data gathering, where the sink only wants an aggregated result of all the data rather than the raw data themselves sensed from an area. The aggregation is hard to be performed on encoded data when using a flat-based network coding protocol. Thus, flat-based ones may waste much energy on transmitting a great deal of encoded data for decoding at the sink on the contrary. As a result, this paper proposed a cluster-based network coding data gathering (CNCDG) protocol. It reduces the encoded data to be transmitted than the flat-based network coding protocol (FNCDG) by permitting cluster heads to perform some aggregation in the transmission process, so as to saves more energy.
(4) It studied the data-privacy-preserving problem in an event-driven data gathering scenario, i.e., preventing private source data from being acquired by non-intended internal nodes which use the encoded data that flowed by them to perform derivation. Unlike those existing research results, this paper considered not only attacks from any single internal node, but also those from multiple nodes that are in cahoots with each other. This paper proposed a data-privacy-preserving network coding (DPPNC) protocol by making use of the vulnerability of network coding to pollution and data obfuscation. This protocol requires low overhead on computation and communication. Then, to further improve the security of this protocol, this paper proposed two extended protocols, called HDPPNC-1and HDPPNC-2respectively.
(5) It proposed a formalized model, called secure network coding-based data gathering (SNCDG) model. This model can not only preserve private source data, but also prevent external pollution attacks. In addition, this paper designed a data-privacy preserving and pollution preventing (DPP&PP) protocol, used in this model by using data obfuscation. This protocol not only can prevent both internal attacks and external attacks, but also requires low overhead on computation and communication.
引文
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