阅读理解中大脑半球在主题表征中的作用
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摘要
对脑在语言理解加工中作用的研究不仅有助于人们更深入理解语言与大脑的复杂关系，同时还能更好地促进语言教学、失语症病人的诊断、治疗和康复、以及机器阅读的研发等，具有极为重要的理论与实践价值。
长期以来，人们都认为，左半脑是语言加工的优势脑，但近20年的大量研究发现，右半脑在语言加工中也有它自身独特的作用，对语言的全面与正确理解有赖于左右两个半脑的共同作用。然而，现有关于两半脑语言功能的研究大多针对的是英语等拼音文字，而且多限于字词层面。
因此，本研究拟在分析前人理论与实验的基础上，在句子与语段层面，考察阅读理解中大脑两半球在主题表征中的作用，弥补国内外这一领域的不足。本研究采用半视野速示技术和启动方法，具体包括两个实验(3个分实验)：
实验一探讨读者在语段理解完毕、所建构的主题表征在大脑两半球的存贮情况，采用包含有均势歧义词的句子、从主题启动和相关启动两个角度进行研究。自变量1是呈现视野，自变量2是探测词与语段内容的一致性，因变量是被试对探测词的再认时间。结果发现，无论是左视野／右半脑、还是右视野／左半脑对一致性词语的反应时间都比不一致反应时间长，说明左右半脑都激活了主题信息，即当主题表征完全建构后，它会在左右半脑同时存在。
然而，实验一结果反映的是在事后对主题表征的存贮情况，无法体现建构的即时过程。因此，在实验二中，我们缩短句末歧义词与探测词之间的SOA，更加即时地探讨主题表征的建构情况。结果发现，左半脑在极短的时间内已建构了主题表征，而右半脑并未即时地建构主题表征。同时，实验二还发现，在短SOA下，左半脑对词义的激活受语境和义频的影响，集中激活与语境一致的词义或者是义频较高的词义；而右半脑受两者影响较弱，对所有的意义都有激活。
综合上述结果，可以看到，关于阅读材料主题的表征是一个逐渐建构的过程，在即时状态下，只有左半脑建构了这种表征，在延时状态下主题表征才得以在右半脑建构。两半脑词义激活的机制有差异，左半脑加工倾向于重排序通达模型，而右半脑则是多重通达模型。
The study of reading comprehension in brain can not only help people get more knowledge about the complex relation of language and brain, but also promote the language teaching, diagnoses and treatment of dysphasia. It is very important both on theory and in practice.
The left hemisphere has traditionally been considered as superior hemisphere in language processing, but in the past 20 years, more and more researches found that the right hemisphere plays an important role in comprehension of languages. Interaction of two hemispheres is necessary to language processing. However, most of the researches in this area were used English as material or just pay attention to research of word.
On the basis of previous researches, we conducted two experiments, three sub-experiments, to explore the hemispheric processing in the construction of representation during Chinese reading comprehension. We use paragraphs and sentences as material of experiments. Through the study, priming paradigm was used in combination with a lateralized visual field (VF) procedure.
In experiment 1, we explored how the representation of topic was stored in two hemispheres after it has been constructed in brain completely. Paragraphs containing homograph were used. There are two independent variables: ( i ) visual field of the target presentation was to left or right, i.e. LVF/RH and RVF/LH; (ii ) the relationship of target and context of paragraph and sentence was appropriate or inappropriate. The dependent variable is response tune (RT) of recognition. It was found that RT to target of context appropriate was longer than that of context inappropriate in both LVF/RH and RVF/LH, which implied that the information of whole paragraph and sentence was activated in both hemispheres, i.e. representation of discourse topic will be stored in both hemispheres after constructed completely.
In Experiment 2, we shortened the SOA between sentence and target to 90ms to examine whether the topic representation had been constructed in two hemispheres. The result showed it has been constructed and stored in the left hemisphere, but this did not happen in the right hemisphere. The result also suggests that meaning activation of words was strongly influenced by sentence context and meaning frequency in the left hemisphere. It tends to activate the meaning of context appropriate or high meaning frequency. However, the right hemisphere is not sensitive to context and meaning frequency. It seems to activate all meaning involved at the same level.
Based on our studies and previous researches, we suggest that the construction of representation of discourse topic .is gradual. It was first constructed in the left hemisphere and then was stored in both hemispheres. The mechanism of meaning activation in two hemispheres is different. It seems that that meaning activation in the left hemisphere is reordered access model, while it is multiple access model in the right hemisphere.
长期以来，人们都认为，左半脑是语言加工的优势脑，但近20年的大量研究发现，右半脑在语言加工中也有它自身独特的作用，对语言的全面与正确理解有赖于左右两个半脑的共同作用。然而，现有关于两半脑语言功能的研究大多针对的是英语等拼音文字，而且多限于字词层面。
因此，本研究拟在分析前人理论与实验的基础上，在句子与语段层面，考察阅读理解中大脑两半球在主题表征中的作用，弥补国内外这一领域的不足。本研究采用半视野速示技术和启动方法，具体包括两个实验(3个分实验)：
实验一探讨读者在语段理解完毕、所建构的主题表征在大脑两半球的存贮情况，采用包含有均势歧义词的句子、从主题启动和相关启动两个角度进行研究。自变量1是呈现视野，自变量2是探测词与语段内容的一致性，因变量是被试对探测词的再认时间。结果发现，无论是左视野／右半脑、还是右视野／左半脑对一致性词语的反应时间都比不一致反应时间长，说明左右半脑都激活了主题信息，即当主题表征完全建构后，它会在左右半脑同时存在。
然而，实验一结果反映的是在事后对主题表征的存贮情况，无法体现建构的即时过程。因此，在实验二中，我们缩短句末歧义词与探测词之间的SOA，更加即时地探讨主题表征的建构情况。结果发现，左半脑在极短的时间内已建构了主题表征，而右半脑并未即时地建构主题表征。同时，实验二还发现，在短SOA下，左半脑对词义的激活受语境和义频的影响，集中激活与语境一致的词义或者是义频较高的词义；而右半脑受两者影响较弱，对所有的意义都有激活。
综合上述结果，可以看到，关于阅读材料主题的表征是一个逐渐建构的过程，在即时状态下，只有左半脑建构了这种表征，在延时状态下主题表征才得以在右半脑建构。两半脑词义激活的机制有差异，左半脑加工倾向于重排序通达模型，而右半脑则是多重通达模型。
The study of reading comprehension in brain can not only help people get more knowledge about the complex relation of language and brain, but also promote the language teaching, diagnoses and treatment of dysphasia. It is very important both on theory and in practice.
The left hemisphere has traditionally been considered as superior hemisphere in language processing, but in the past 20 years, more and more researches found that the right hemisphere plays an important role in comprehension of languages. Interaction of two hemispheres is necessary to language processing. However, most of the researches in this area were used English as material or just pay attention to research of word.
On the basis of previous researches, we conducted two experiments, three sub-experiments, to explore the hemispheric processing in the construction of representation during Chinese reading comprehension. We use paragraphs and sentences as material of experiments. Through the study, priming paradigm was used in combination with a lateralized visual field (VF) procedure.
In experiment 1, we explored how the representation of topic was stored in two hemispheres after it has been constructed in brain completely. Paragraphs containing homograph were used. There are two independent variables: ( i ) visual field of the target presentation was to left or right, i.e. LVF/RH and RVF/LH; (ii ) the relationship of target and context of paragraph and sentence was appropriate or inappropriate. The dependent variable is response tune (RT) of recognition. It was found that RT to target of context appropriate was longer than that of context inappropriate in both LVF/RH and RVF/LH, which implied that the information of whole paragraph and sentence was activated in both hemispheres, i.e. representation of discourse topic will be stored in both hemispheres after constructed completely.
In Experiment 2, we shortened the SOA between sentence and target to 90ms to examine whether the topic representation had been constructed in two hemispheres. The result showed it has been constructed and stored in the left hemisphere, but this did not happen in the right hemisphere. The result also suggests that meaning activation of words was strongly influenced by sentence context and meaning frequency in the left hemisphere. It tends to activate the meaning of context appropriate or high meaning frequency. However, the right hemisphere is not sensitive to context and meaning frequency. It seems to activate all meaning involved at the same level.
Based on our studies and previous researches, we suggest that the construction of representation of discourse topic .is gradual. It was first constructed in the left hemisphere and then was stored in both hemispheres. The mechanism of meaning activation in two hemispheres is different. It seems that that meaning activation in the left hemisphere is reordered access model, while it is multiple access model in the right hemisphere.
引文
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