复方金莲注射用粉针剂（冻干）的制备工艺和质量控制方法研究
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摘要
注射用提取物是中药注射用粉针剂的直接原料，因此分别以总黄酮和绿原酸含量为指标，采用正交试验设计和单因素考察相结合的方法对复方金莲注射用粉针剂的2味原料药材(金莲花和金银花)的提取、纯化工艺进行考察和优化。确定金莲花注射用提取物的主要制备工艺为：金莲花药材以水为提取溶剂，提取3次，每次1 h，提取液浓缩后，经醇沉除杂，冷藏，滤过后，滤液回收乙醇，上大孔吸附树脂，收集乙醇洗脱液，干燥后得提取物。所得总固体中总黄酮的含量可达86.9％。金银花注射用提取物的主要制备工艺为：金银花药材以80％乙醇为提取溶剂，提取2次，每次1 h，提取液回收乙醇后，用0.2 mol／L HCl调pH值2～3，上大孔吸附树脂，收集乙醇洗脱液，干燥后得提取物。所得总固体中绿原酸的含量可达27.5％。
采用冷冻干燥技术制备了复方金莲注射用粉针剂。以外观、成型性和复溶性为指标，优化冻干制剂处方，确定甘露醇(200 mg／支)为支撑剂，工艺条件为：-40℃预冻5 h，减压干燥(≦20 Pa)，-20℃时保温12 h，最后于20℃保持3 h。所得产品外形饱满，成型性、复溶性良好，含水量较低。
采用多种柱色谱分离技术，从短瓣金莲花中分离得到4个黄酮类化合物，经化学和光谱分析方法分别鉴定为：荭草苷-2″-O-β-L-半乳糖、荭草苷-2″-O-β-阿拉伯糖、荭草苷和牡荆苷，其中荭草苷-2″-O-β-阿拉伯糖为首次从金莲花属植物中分离得到。
采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定40个不同品种、采收期和来源的金莲花药材中的4个黄酮类成分(荭草苷2″-O-β-L-半乳糖，荭草苷-2″-O-β-阿拉伯糖，荭草苷和牡荆苷)的含量，其色谱条件为：Thermo Hypersil BDS C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm，5μm)分析柱，检测波长为340 nm，流速为0.6 mL min~(-1)，以乙腈-水-冰醋酸(14：86：0.05)为流动相等度洗脱。结果不同金莲花药材中4个黄酮类成分含量差异较大，该方法可用于金莲花药材的质量评价和控制。
用C_(18)色谱柱，以乙腈-0.5％冰醋酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱，280 nm检测，建立了体现金莲花药材化学成分的HPLC指纹图谱。采用“指纹图谱相似度计算软件”分析，10批次金莲花药材的相似度在0.90以上。对其它30个不同品种及来源的金莲花药材进行了HPLC指纹图谱分析，获得反映药材化学成分信息的数据，进行相似度评价。
采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS／MS)技术，对短瓣金莲花中的化学成分进行定性定量分析。色谱柱为AcQuity UPLC~(TM) BEH C_(18)柱，流动相为乙腈—0.1％冰醋酸水溶液，梯度洗脱，在全扫描模式下，获得总离子流色谱图(TIC)，通过对正负离子模式下的准分子离子峰([M+H]~+和[M—H]-)的质荷比(m／z)进行分析确定了33个成分的分子量，并通过对各成分的MS和MS／MS光谱图进行分析及与文献比较，推测了其中15个成分的化学结构，分析时间为20 min。同一色谱条件下，在多反应监测(MRM)模式下实现了对其中4个黄酮类化合物的同时定量分析。
采用UPLC-ESI-MS／MS技术，对忍冬科7个不同品种药材中的化学成分进行定性分析。通过对正负离子模式下全扫描图中所获得的质谱图进行分析，确定了33个成分的分子量，又通过分析MS／MS图及与对照品对照的方法，推测了其中22个成分的化学结构，包括6个有机酸类化合物、8个黄酮类化合物、8个环烯醚萜类化合物，分析时间为17 min。基于6个有机酸类化合物在不同品种间的含量差异，采用主成分分析法(PCA)实现了对忍冬科7个不同品种的分类判别。
建立了复方金莲注射用粉针剂绿原酸、荭草苷、牡荆苷和指标Ⅳ4个主要的活性成分的含量测定方法，并在同一色谱条件下建立了粉针剂的指纹图谱，通过对10批粉针剂的指纹图谱的分析，确定了粉针剂指纹图谱的10个指纹峰，建立了注射剂指纹图谱的共有模式。相似度分析表明，10批粉针剂的相似度均大于0.95；注射剂和提取物的指纹图谱具有很好的相关性。该分析方法的建立为控制注射剂的制备工艺及产品的稳定性提供了保证，能够有效控制产品质量，保证临床用药的安全。
建立了测定家兔血浆中荭草苷的HPLC-UV法，采用沉淀蛋白法进行血浆样品预处理。色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS柱(150×4.6 mm，5μm)；流动相为0.1％冰醋酸-甲醇-乙腈(80：5：15，v／v)。利用该法分别研究了家兔静脉注射单体荭草苷、金莲花注射用提取物及复方金莲注射用粉针剂后的药物动力学行为。统计学检验结果表明，在所研究的剂量范围内，荭草苷在家兔体内呈非线性药物动力学特征。与给药单体荭草苷相比，给药金莲花注射用提取物和复方金莲注射用粉针剂的AUC均增加，这表明荭草苷的药动学行为受到金莲花中其他成分的影响。该研究为复方金莲注射用粉针剂的临床应用给药方案的设计提供参考。
Purified extracts for injection are direct raw materials of an injection of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Therefore, orthogonal experiment design and single factor tests were used in optimizing the extraction and purification technology for two of the medicinal materials (Flos Trollii and Flos Lonicerae) of Compound Jinlian Injection by taking the content of the total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid as the indices, respectively. The process for preparation of purified extracts from Flos Trollii for injection was as follows: dried flower of Flos Trollii was refluxed with water for 1h, and the extraction was repeated three times. The combined extracts were filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and then deposited with ethanol aqueous solution. The filtration passed through a macroporous resin column after the ethanol was removed. The fraction of ethanol eluate from the column was collected to yield purified extract from Flos Trollii for injection. The content of the total flavonoids in total solid was 86.9%. The process for purified extracts from Flos Lonicerae for injection was as follows: Dried flower of Flos Lonieerae was refluxed with 80% ethanol for 1 h, and the extraction was repeated twice. The combined extracts were filtered and the ethanol was removed under reduced pressure. The extracts were adjusted to pH 2～3 with 0.2 mol/L HCl and then passed through a macroporous resin column. The fraction of ethanol eluate was collected to yield purified extract from Flos Lonicerae for injection. The content of chlorogenic acid in total solid was 27.5%.
The prescription and technological process were optimized by the criterion of appearance, moisture and resolubility. Good products were produced with Mannitol (150 mg/ampule) as filler and the optimum freeze-drying process: pre-freezed for 5 h at -40℃, dried for 12 h under vacuum at -20℃and dried for another 3 h at 20℃under vacuum.
Four flavonoids were isolated from Trollius ledibouri Reichb by using several techniques based on column chromatography. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectra, the compounds were fully characterized as orientin, vitexin, 2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin and 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin. Among them, 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin was isolated from the genus Trollius for the first time.
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous quantitative determination of four flavonoids (2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin, 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin, orientin and vitexin) in Flos Trollii. The analysis was performed on a Thermo Hypersil BDS C_(18) column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm) using isocratic elution with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid (14:86:0.05) at 340 nm. The flow rate was 0.6 mL min~(-1). The method was applied to the determination of four flavonoids in different species and different harvesting periods of Flos Trollii from multi sources. A significant variance in the contents of the flavonoids was found among the tested forty samples. The fully validated HPLC method for quantitative analyzing four flavonoids is applicable to the quality evaluation of Flos Trollii.
The chemical variables as a whole were obtained by using HPLC fingerprint (HPLC-FPS) analysis. HPLC-FPS was developed on a C_(18) column using gradient elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.5% acetic acid with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Analyzed by Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System, good similarities with cosine coefficient above 0.90 were obtained in fingerprints of 10 batches Flos Trollii. The HPLC-FPS similarities of 30 samples of different species and different harvesting periods of Flos Trollii from multi sources were evaluated by Similarity Evaluation System.
A rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the constituents of the flower of T. ledibouri Reichb. The analysis was performed on an AcQuity UPLCTM BEH C_(18) column using gradient elution with a mobile phase of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile over 20 min. A tandem quadrupole spectrometer operating in either full scan mode or in MS/MS mode for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the constituents, respectively. The molecular weights of the 33 constituents were concluded on the basis of their positive and negative ion electrospray mass spectra, which showed precursor ions ([M+H]~+ and [M--H]~-. The possible structures of 15 constituents were deduced on-line by careful studies on their MS and MS/MS spectra and four of them, 2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin, 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin, orientin and vitexin, were quantified.
A UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the qualitative identification of constituents in the fower buds of seven Lonicera species. The optimal separation and detection were achieved within 17 min. Among the 33 compounds detected, 22 constituents including 6 organic acids, 8 flavonoids and 8 iridoid glycosides were characterized based on their fragmentation patterns in collision-induced dissociation experiments and/or by comparison with standard compounds. In addition, to statistically establish the correlation and discrimination of the Lonicera species, principle component analysis (PCA) was applied in this study. Lonicera samples were divided into well-defined groups directly related to their species based on PCA in terms of the log transformed relative contents of the major organic acids as the variables. All results indicated that the method presented here is able to classify the sample species and to reveal characteristic details of the chemical constituents of different Lonicera species.
The major active constituents (chlorogenic acid, orientin, vitexin and indexⅣ) in Compound Jinlian Injection were analyzed quantitatively by HPLC method. Under the same chromatographic conditions, the HPLC-FPS of Compound Jinlian Injection was analyzed and evaluated. Ten common peaks were achieved after analyzing 10 batches of injection samples and HPLC-FPS common pattern of the injection was developed. Analyzed by Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee, a similarity threshold of 0.95 was set up for Compound Jinlian Injection. Furthermore, good correaltions were found by comparing the fingerprints of Compound Jinlian Injection and purified extracts for injection. The developed method offered guarantee for the stability of the preparation technology and final products of Compound Jinlian Injection and it was beneficial to improving its quality and the clinical safety could be ensured.
An HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of orientin in rabbit plasma using ultraviolet (UV) detection. Protein precipitation was used as the sample preparation technique. A Diamonsil C_(18) column (150mm×4.6mm, 5μm) was equilibrated with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid/methanol/acetonitrile (80/5/15, v/v). This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits after the intravenous administrations of orientin, purified extract (TRO PE) from Flos Trollii and Compound Jinlian Injection. Orientin showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics in rabbits in the studied dose range. Significant increase in AUC was found from TROPE and Compound Jinlian Injection dosing compared with orientin dosing at the same dosage levels in the comparative pharmacokinetic study. This result indicated that the pharmacokinetic characterisitic of orientin was affected by other constituents in TROPE. The pharmacokinetic results are useful for further study of the clinical applications of Compound Jinlian Injection.
采用冷冻干燥技术制备了复方金莲注射用粉针剂。以外观、成型性和复溶性为指标，优化冻干制剂处方，确定甘露醇(200 mg／支)为支撑剂，工艺条件为：-40℃预冻5 h，减压干燥(≦20 Pa)，-20℃时保温12 h，最后于20℃保持3 h。所得产品外形饱满，成型性、复溶性良好，含水量较低。
采用多种柱色谱分离技术，从短瓣金莲花中分离得到4个黄酮类化合物，经化学和光谱分析方法分别鉴定为：荭草苷-2″-O-β-L-半乳糖、荭草苷-2″-O-β-阿拉伯糖、荭草苷和牡荆苷，其中荭草苷-2″-O-β-阿拉伯糖为首次从金莲花属植物中分离得到。
采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定40个不同品种、采收期和来源的金莲花药材中的4个黄酮类成分(荭草苷2″-O-β-L-半乳糖，荭草苷-2″-O-β-阿拉伯糖，荭草苷和牡荆苷)的含量，其色谱条件为：Thermo Hypersil BDS C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm，5μm)分析柱，检测波长为340 nm，流速为0.6 mL min~(-1)，以乙腈-水-冰醋酸(14：86：0.05)为流动相等度洗脱。结果不同金莲花药材中4个黄酮类成分含量差异较大，该方法可用于金莲花药材的质量评价和控制。
用C_(18)色谱柱，以乙腈-0.5％冰醋酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱，280 nm检测，建立了体现金莲花药材化学成分的HPLC指纹图谱。采用“指纹图谱相似度计算软件”分析，10批次金莲花药材的相似度在0.90以上。对其它30个不同品种及来源的金莲花药材进行了HPLC指纹图谱分析，获得反映药材化学成分信息的数据，进行相似度评价。
采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS／MS)技术，对短瓣金莲花中的化学成分进行定性定量分析。色谱柱为AcQuity UPLC~(TM) BEH C_(18)柱，流动相为乙腈—0.1％冰醋酸水溶液，梯度洗脱，在全扫描模式下，获得总离子流色谱图(TIC)，通过对正负离子模式下的准分子离子峰([M+H]~+和[M—H]-)的质荷比(m／z)进行分析确定了33个成分的分子量，并通过对各成分的MS和MS／MS光谱图进行分析及与文献比较，推测了其中15个成分的化学结构，分析时间为20 min。同一色谱条件下，在多反应监测(MRM)模式下实现了对其中4个黄酮类化合物的同时定量分析。
采用UPLC-ESI-MS／MS技术，对忍冬科7个不同品种药材中的化学成分进行定性分析。通过对正负离子模式下全扫描图中所获得的质谱图进行分析，确定了33个成分的分子量，又通过分析MS／MS图及与对照品对照的方法，推测了其中22个成分的化学结构，包括6个有机酸类化合物、8个黄酮类化合物、8个环烯醚萜类化合物，分析时间为17 min。基于6个有机酸类化合物在不同品种间的含量差异，采用主成分分析法(PCA)实现了对忍冬科7个不同品种的分类判别。
建立了复方金莲注射用粉针剂绿原酸、荭草苷、牡荆苷和指标Ⅳ4个主要的活性成分的含量测定方法，并在同一色谱条件下建立了粉针剂的指纹图谱，通过对10批粉针剂的指纹图谱的分析，确定了粉针剂指纹图谱的10个指纹峰，建立了注射剂指纹图谱的共有模式。相似度分析表明，10批粉针剂的相似度均大于0.95；注射剂和提取物的指纹图谱具有很好的相关性。该分析方法的建立为控制注射剂的制备工艺及产品的稳定性提供了保证，能够有效控制产品质量，保证临床用药的安全。
建立了测定家兔血浆中荭草苷的HPLC-UV法，采用沉淀蛋白法进行血浆样品预处理。色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS柱(150×4.6 mm，5μm)；流动相为0.1％冰醋酸-甲醇-乙腈(80：5：15，v／v)。利用该法分别研究了家兔静脉注射单体荭草苷、金莲花注射用提取物及复方金莲注射用粉针剂后的药物动力学行为。统计学检验结果表明，在所研究的剂量范围内，荭草苷在家兔体内呈非线性药物动力学特征。与给药单体荭草苷相比，给药金莲花注射用提取物和复方金莲注射用粉针剂的AUC均增加，这表明荭草苷的药动学行为受到金莲花中其他成分的影响。该研究为复方金莲注射用粉针剂的临床应用给药方案的设计提供参考。
Purified extracts for injection are direct raw materials of an injection of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Therefore, orthogonal experiment design and single factor tests were used in optimizing the extraction and purification technology for two of the medicinal materials (Flos Trollii and Flos Lonicerae) of Compound Jinlian Injection by taking the content of the total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid as the indices, respectively. The process for preparation of purified extracts from Flos Trollii for injection was as follows: dried flower of Flos Trollii was refluxed with water for 1h, and the extraction was repeated three times. The combined extracts were filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and then deposited with ethanol aqueous solution. The filtration passed through a macroporous resin column after the ethanol was removed. The fraction of ethanol eluate from the column was collected to yield purified extract from Flos Trollii for injection. The content of the total flavonoids in total solid was 86.9%. The process for purified extracts from Flos Lonicerae for injection was as follows: Dried flower of Flos Lonieerae was refluxed with 80% ethanol for 1 h, and the extraction was repeated twice. The combined extracts were filtered and the ethanol was removed under reduced pressure. The extracts were adjusted to pH 2～3 with 0.2 mol/L HCl and then passed through a macroporous resin column. The fraction of ethanol eluate was collected to yield purified extract from Flos Lonicerae for injection. The content of chlorogenic acid in total solid was 27.5%.
The prescription and technological process were optimized by the criterion of appearance, moisture and resolubility. Good products were produced with Mannitol (150 mg/ampule) as filler and the optimum freeze-drying process: pre-freezed for 5 h at -40℃, dried for 12 h under vacuum at -20℃and dried for another 3 h at 20℃under vacuum.
Four flavonoids were isolated from Trollius ledibouri Reichb by using several techniques based on column chromatography. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectra, the compounds were fully characterized as orientin, vitexin, 2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin and 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin. Among them, 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin was isolated from the genus Trollius for the first time.
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous quantitative determination of four flavonoids (2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin, 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin, orientin and vitexin) in Flos Trollii. The analysis was performed on a Thermo Hypersil BDS C_(18) column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm) using isocratic elution with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid (14:86:0.05) at 340 nm. The flow rate was 0.6 mL min~(-1). The method was applied to the determination of four flavonoids in different species and different harvesting periods of Flos Trollii from multi sources. A significant variance in the contents of the flavonoids was found among the tested forty samples. The fully validated HPLC method for quantitative analyzing four flavonoids is applicable to the quality evaluation of Flos Trollii.
The chemical variables as a whole were obtained by using HPLC fingerprint (HPLC-FPS) analysis. HPLC-FPS was developed on a C_(18) column using gradient elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.5% acetic acid with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Analyzed by Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System, good similarities with cosine coefficient above 0.90 were obtained in fingerprints of 10 batches Flos Trollii. The HPLC-FPS similarities of 30 samples of different species and different harvesting periods of Flos Trollii from multi sources were evaluated by Similarity Evaluation System.
A rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the constituents of the flower of T. ledibouri Reichb. The analysis was performed on an AcQuity UPLCTM BEH C_(18) column using gradient elution with a mobile phase of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile over 20 min. A tandem quadrupole spectrometer operating in either full scan mode or in MS/MS mode for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the constituents, respectively. The molecular weights of the 33 constituents were concluded on the basis of their positive and negative ion electrospray mass spectra, which showed precursor ions ([M+H]~+ and [M--H]~-. The possible structures of 15 constituents were deduced on-line by careful studies on their MS and MS/MS spectra and four of them, 2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin, 2″-O-β-arabinopyranosylorientin, orientin and vitexin, were quantified.
A UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the qualitative identification of constituents in the fower buds of seven Lonicera species. The optimal separation and detection were achieved within 17 min. Among the 33 compounds detected, 22 constituents including 6 organic acids, 8 flavonoids and 8 iridoid glycosides were characterized based on their fragmentation patterns in collision-induced dissociation experiments and/or by comparison with standard compounds. In addition, to statistically establish the correlation and discrimination of the Lonicera species, principle component analysis (PCA) was applied in this study. Lonicera samples were divided into well-defined groups directly related to their species based on PCA in terms of the log transformed relative contents of the major organic acids as the variables. All results indicated that the method presented here is able to classify the sample species and to reveal characteristic details of the chemical constituents of different Lonicera species.
The major active constituents (chlorogenic acid, orientin, vitexin and indexⅣ) in Compound Jinlian Injection were analyzed quantitatively by HPLC method. Under the same chromatographic conditions, the HPLC-FPS of Compound Jinlian Injection was analyzed and evaluated. Ten common peaks were achieved after analyzing 10 batches of injection samples and HPLC-FPS common pattern of the injection was developed. Analyzed by Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee, a similarity threshold of 0.95 was set up for Compound Jinlian Injection. Furthermore, good correaltions were found by comparing the fingerprints of Compound Jinlian Injection and purified extracts for injection. The developed method offered guarantee for the stability of the preparation technology and final products of Compound Jinlian Injection and it was beneficial to improving its quality and the clinical safety could be ensured.
An HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of orientin in rabbit plasma using ultraviolet (UV) detection. Protein precipitation was used as the sample preparation technique. A Diamonsil C_(18) column (150mm×4.6mm, 5μm) was equilibrated with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid/methanol/acetonitrile (80/5/15, v/v). This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits after the intravenous administrations of orientin, purified extract (TRO PE) from Flos Trollii and Compound Jinlian Injection. Orientin showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics in rabbits in the studied dose range. Significant increase in AUC was found from TROPE and Compound Jinlian Injection dosing compared with orientin dosing at the same dosage levels in the comparative pharmacokinetic study. This result indicated that the pharmacokinetic characterisitic of orientin was affected by other constituents in TROPE. The pharmacokinetic results are useful for further study of the clinical applications of Compound Jinlian Injection.
引文
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