橡胶封装FBG沥青路面竖向应变传感器的开发与研究
摘要
随着我国公路交通的快速发展,公路路面面临着前所未有的考验,特别是占路面类型多数的沥青路面甚至在通车几年就出现了车辙、开裂、泛油、坑槽等早期损坏现象,给国民经济带来了巨大的损失。因此,如何预防沥青路面出现病害成为亟待解决的问题。其中一个切实可行的方法就是进行沥青路面监测,通过监测数据分析原因并进行质量评定,为路面养护和改进设计提供可靠的依据。
鉴于光纤光栅在结构健康监测中应用的优越性,本文拟采用光纤光栅传感器对路面进行应变监测。但是传统的光纤光栅传感器存在模量大、尺寸大等缺点,直接拿来用于沥青路面的测试,不能反映沥青路面的真实应变。基于这种情况,本文研发了一种橡胶封装FBG竖向应变传感器用于测量沥青路面的竖向应变。
首先,详细阐述橡胶封装FBG竖向应变传感器的设计思想;用力学的方法对传感器长度分析计算;采用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟传感器布设到沥青路面的情况,根据协调性原理,优化了橡胶和锚片的直径,并选择合适的灌浆材料。
其次,详细介绍了橡胶封装FBG应变传感器的设计原理和制作工艺,并在此基础上探讨了两个光栅串的橡胶封装FBG分布式应变传感器的制作方法。
再次,为了检验橡胶封装FBG应变传感器的线性度、重复性、灵敏度等传感性能,对其进行了标定试验;通过电镜扫描对传感器的微观结构进行深入研究。
最后,将研发的橡胶封装FBG应变传感器埋设到混凝土柱中,研究其是否能实现结构的准确测量;埋设到沥青混凝土试件中,检验其实际应用性能。
结果表明,橡胶封装FBG应变传感器的自身的传感性能良好,但是用于实际沥青混凝土路面的埋设工艺还有待进一步研究。
With the rapid development of highway traffic, pavement structures, dominated by asphalt pavement, are confronting trying challenges, especially, such early damage phenomena of asphalt pavement as rutting, cracking, flushing, pit slot and so on usually appear shortly after it was open to traffic. In view of this, the strain monitoring of asphalt pavement, as one of feasible measures to diagnose the pavement disease , has been well applied for the quality evaluation based on the analysis of the monitoring data, which can provide reliable guidance for the maintenance and improved design of pavement.
As a result of its special superiority in Health Monitoring, FBG sensors are adopted to monitor the strain of asphalt pavement. However, traditional FBG sensors can’t reflect real strain of asphalt pavement due to its large -modulus and large-size. Based on the above, a new type of FBG sensor packaged by rubber, used for the vertical strain monitoring of asphalt pavement, was researched.
Firstly,the design idea of FBG vertical strain sensors encapsulated by rubber, according to the previous achievement, was described in detail; the appropriate length was preliminarily determined based on the force analysis of sensors; the deformation compatibility of sensors placed in the asphalt pavement were simulated by ABAQUS and, the diameters of rubber bar and anchors were optimized according to the simulated results and consonance principle, meanwhile, the optimum grouting material was also determined.
Secondly, the design principle and production process of FBG strain sensors encapsulated by rubber, was discussed emphatically. And then , a brief introduction was made on the manufacturing method of the two element FBG strain sensors string.
Thirdly, the calibration experiment of FBG strain sensors was carried out to measure such sensing properties as linearity, repeatability and sensitivity; the microscopic structure of FBG sensor was also lucubrated by SEM test.
Finally, the proposed sensors were embedded in ordinary concrete specimens and asphalt concrete specimens to respectively test their operability and application performance.
The testing results show that the proposed sensor features good sensing property, while its application in asphalt pavement, however, needs further study.
鉴于光纤光栅在结构健康监测中应用的优越性,本文拟采用光纤光栅传感器对路面进行应变监测。但是传统的光纤光栅传感器存在模量大、尺寸大等缺点,直接拿来用于沥青路面的测试,不能反映沥青路面的真实应变。基于这种情况,本文研发了一种橡胶封装FBG竖向应变传感器用于测量沥青路面的竖向应变。
首先,详细阐述橡胶封装FBG竖向应变传感器的设计思想;用力学的方法对传感器长度分析计算;采用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟传感器布设到沥青路面的情况,根据协调性原理,优化了橡胶和锚片的直径,并选择合适的灌浆材料。
其次,详细介绍了橡胶封装FBG应变传感器的设计原理和制作工艺,并在此基础上探讨了两个光栅串的橡胶封装FBG分布式应变传感器的制作方法。
再次,为了检验橡胶封装FBG应变传感器的线性度、重复性、灵敏度等传感性能,对其进行了标定试验;通过电镜扫描对传感器的微观结构进行深入研究。
最后,将研发的橡胶封装FBG应变传感器埋设到混凝土柱中,研究其是否能实现结构的准确测量;埋设到沥青混凝土试件中,检验其实际应用性能。
结果表明,橡胶封装FBG应变传感器的自身的传感性能良好,但是用于实际沥青混凝土路面的埋设工艺还有待进一步研究。
With the rapid development of highway traffic, pavement structures, dominated by asphalt pavement, are confronting trying challenges, especially, such early damage phenomena of asphalt pavement as rutting, cracking, flushing, pit slot and so on usually appear shortly after it was open to traffic. In view of this, the strain monitoring of asphalt pavement, as one of feasible measures to diagnose the pavement disease , has been well applied for the quality evaluation based on the analysis of the monitoring data, which can provide reliable guidance for the maintenance and improved design of pavement.
As a result of its special superiority in Health Monitoring, FBG sensors are adopted to monitor the strain of asphalt pavement. However, traditional FBG sensors can’t reflect real strain of asphalt pavement due to its large -modulus and large-size. Based on the above, a new type of FBG sensor packaged by rubber, used for the vertical strain monitoring of asphalt pavement, was researched.
Firstly,the design idea of FBG vertical strain sensors encapsulated by rubber, according to the previous achievement, was described in detail; the appropriate length was preliminarily determined based on the force analysis of sensors; the deformation compatibility of sensors placed in the asphalt pavement were simulated by ABAQUS and, the diameters of rubber bar and anchors were optimized according to the simulated results and consonance principle, meanwhile, the optimum grouting material was also determined.
Secondly, the design principle and production process of FBG strain sensors encapsulated by rubber, was discussed emphatically. And then , a brief introduction was made on the manufacturing method of the two element FBG strain sensors string.
Thirdly, the calibration experiment of FBG strain sensors was carried out to measure such sensing properties as linearity, repeatability and sensitivity; the microscopic structure of FBG sensor was also lucubrated by SEM test.
Finally, the proposed sensors were embedded in ordinary concrete specimens and asphalt concrete specimens to respectively test their operability and application performance.
The testing results show that the proposed sensor features good sensing property, while its application in asphalt pavement, however, needs further study.
引文
1孙之芜.沥青路面早期破坏原因分析及预防措施.合肥工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007:1
2中国公路学会调研组.我国高速公路沥青路面早期破坏的现状及对策.中国公路建设市场, 2003,(3):3339
3交通部公路司.公路工程质量通病防治指南.人民交通出版社, 2002
4沈金安.高速公路沥青路面早期损坏分析与防治对策.人民交通出版社, 2004:310-406
5孙立军,张宏超.沥青路面初期损坏特点和机理分析.同济大学学报, 2002,4:416-421
6夏文军.超载车作用下的沥青路面疲劳损伤机理与合理结构研究.重庆交通学院硕士学位论文. 2005:21-28
7熊海贝,李志强.结构安全监测的研究现状.结构工程师. 2006,22(5):86-90
8王建平.光纤光栅传感器在土木工程结构安全监测中的应用.贵州工业大学学报. 2004,33(1):77-84
9周广东.光纤光栅传感器应变传递理论研究.大连理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007:4
10 Y. J. Rao. Recent Progress in Applications of in-fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 1999,31:297-324
11 Hyun-Kyu Kang, Dong-Hoon Kong, Hyung-loon Band and etl. Cure Monitoring of Composite Laminates Using Fiber Optic Sensors. Smart Material and Structures. 2002, (11) : 279-287
12 Karen Wood, Timothy Brown, Robert Rogowski and Brian Jensen. Fiber Optic Sensors for Health Monitoring of Morphing Airframes: Bragg grating strain and temperature sensor. Smart Material and Structures. 2000, (9):163-169
13 D C Lee, J J Lee, I B Kwon and D C Seo. Monitoring of Fatigue Damage of Composite Structures by Using Embedded Intensity-based Optical Fiber Sensors. Smart Materials and Structures. 2001,(10):285~292
14赵山泉.光纤光栅传感技术在大结构监测中的应用进展.传感器技术. 2004,23(6):5-7
15 J. D. Prohaska, E. Snitze, B. Chen and M. H. Maher. Fiber Optic Bragg GratingStrain Sensor in Large Scale Concrete Structures. SPIE. 1993, 1798: 286-294
16 P. Ferdinand, et al. Applications of Bragg Gating Sensors in Europe. Proc. of the Optical Fiber Sensors Conf. Williamsburg, VA, USA, 1997: 14-19
17 Rivera E, Thomson D J. Accurate Strain Measurements with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Wavelength References. Smart structure and materials: smart sensors technology and measurement systems, Proceeding of SPIE, San Diego, 2004, 5384-33
18 Lau K T, Yuan L B, Zhou L M, Jingshen Wu, Chung-ho YVoo. Strain Monitoring in FRP Laminates and Concrete Beams Using FBG Sensors. Composites structures. 2001, 91: 9-20
19 Daniele Inaudi. Application of Optical Fiber Sensors in Civil Structural Monitoring. Smart structures and materials:sensory phenomena and measurement instrumentation for smart structure and materials. Proceeding of SPIE, Newport Beach, 2001,4328-1
20叶国铮,李秩民,刘浩熙.柔性路面应力应变的研究.湖南大学学报. 1979,(3):120-136
21张起森.弹性层状体系理论的实验验证及应用.土木工程学报. 1985,(4):63-76
22查旭东,张起森.沥青路面结构室内直槽试验验证的研究.土木工程学报. 2000,(5):92-96
23李怀璋,余群.车辆-路面计算机仿真系统中的沥青路面应力应变分析.农业机械学报. 2001,(4):1-4
24王松根,房建果,王林等.大碎石沥青混合料柔性基层在路面补强中的应用研究.中国公路学报. 2004,(3):10-15
25张军,邹银生,张起森.刚性路面结构动力反应的试验研究.土木工程学报. 2005,(38):117-122
26查旭东,张起森.沥青路面结构室内直槽试验验证的研究.土木工程学报. 2000,(5):92-96
27 K.O. Hill, Y. Fuji, D.C. Jonson and B.S. Kawasaki. Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber Wave Guides: Application Toreflection Filter fFabrication. App. Phys. lett. 1978, 32:647-649
28 Morey W W, Meltz G, Glenn W H. Fiber Optic Bragg Grating Sensory. Proc SPIE, 1989, 1169: 98-107
29 K.O.Hill, B-Malo, F.Bilodeau, D.C.Julmson, J.Athert. Bragg Grating Fabricated in Monomode Photosensitive Optical Fiber by UV Exposure through Aphase Mask. Applphys Lett. 1993,62(10):1035-1037
30 P.J. Lemaire, R.M. Atkius.V.Miarhi, W.A. Reed. High pressure H2 loading as a Technique for Achieving Ultrahigh UV Photosensitivity and Thermal Sensitivity in GeO2 doped Optical Fibres. Electron Lett. 1993,29(13):1191-1193
31 Meltz G, Morey M M, Gkenn W H. Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a Transverses Holographic Method. Opt. Lett., 1989,14(5):823-825
32张巍,吕志涛.光纤传感器技术用于桥梁监测.公路交通科技. 2003,20(3):91-95
33王丹生,吴宁,朱宏平.光纤光栅传感器在桥梁工程中的应用与研究现状.公路交通科技. 2004,21(2):57-61
34陈少幸等.沥青混凝土路面光栅应变传感器的试验研究.传感技术学报. 2006,19(2)
35周智,欧进萍.土木工程智能健康监测与诊断系统.传感器技术. 2001,20 (11):1-4
36 Man-Yong Choi, Kyoung-Koo Kang, Hae-Yon Park et al. The Real-time Health Monitoring System of a Large Structure Based on Non-destructive Testing. Smart Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Structure and Biological System II , Proceedings SPIE, San Diego, 2003, 5047-46
37李宏男,阎石,林皋.智能结构控制发展综述.地震工程与工程振动. 1999,19(2):29-36
38王跃,张伟刚,杨翔鹏等.光纤布拉格光栅的半金属管封装及挠度实验研究,传感器技术学报. 2002,(3):203-207
39 Whelan M P, Albrecht D, Capsoni A. Remote Structural Monitoring of The Cathedral of Como Using an Optical Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor System. Smart structures and materials mart sensor technology and measurement system. Proceeding of SPIE, San Diego, 2002, 4694-17
40 Kin-tak, Chi-chin Chan, Li-min Zhou et al. Strain Monitoring in Composite-strengthened Concreate Structures Using an Optical Fiber Sensors. Composites:part B:engineering. 2001,32:33-45
41赵洪霞,鲍吉龙,陈莹.光纤光栅聚合物封装及传感特性研究.光电子技术与信息. 2005,18 (5):39-42
42周智.系列光纤传感制品研制与开发及其工程应用.哈尔滨工业大学博士后研究工作报告. 2006
43石亦平,周玉蓉. ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解.机械工业出版社, 2006
44王金昌,陈页开. ABAQUS在土木工程中的应用.浙江大学出版社, 2006
45 E.J.约德,M.W.韦特捷.路面设计原理.陈炳麟等.人民交通出版社, 1983
46姚祖康.公路设计手册.第二版.人民交通出版社, 1999
47徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程.第三版.高等教育出版社, 2005
48王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社, 1997
49于清溪.橡胶原材料手册.第二版.化学工业出版社, 2007
50张志春,王川,周智,欧进萍. FRP筋拉挤成型工艺过程的光纤光栅监测与结果分析.东南大学学报. 2007, 35(7):23-26
51李金生.基于FBG技术的沥青路面应变传感器开发与性能研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007:44
52交通部公路科学研究所.公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验研究规程.人民交通出版社, 2001:245-246
2中国公路学会调研组.我国高速公路沥青路面早期破坏的现状及对策.中国公路建设市场, 2003,(3):3339
3交通部公路司.公路工程质量通病防治指南.人民交通出版社, 2002
4沈金安.高速公路沥青路面早期损坏分析与防治对策.人民交通出版社, 2004:310-406
5孙立军,张宏超.沥青路面初期损坏特点和机理分析.同济大学学报, 2002,4:416-421
6夏文军.超载车作用下的沥青路面疲劳损伤机理与合理结构研究.重庆交通学院硕士学位论文. 2005:21-28
7熊海贝,李志强.结构安全监测的研究现状.结构工程师. 2006,22(5):86-90
8王建平.光纤光栅传感器在土木工程结构安全监测中的应用.贵州工业大学学报. 2004,33(1):77-84
9周广东.光纤光栅传感器应变传递理论研究.大连理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007:4
10 Y. J. Rao. Recent Progress in Applications of in-fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 1999,31:297-324
11 Hyun-Kyu Kang, Dong-Hoon Kong, Hyung-loon Band and etl. Cure Monitoring of Composite Laminates Using Fiber Optic Sensors. Smart Material and Structures. 2002, (11) : 279-287
12 Karen Wood, Timothy Brown, Robert Rogowski and Brian Jensen. Fiber Optic Sensors for Health Monitoring of Morphing Airframes: Bragg grating strain and temperature sensor. Smart Material and Structures. 2000, (9):163-169
13 D C Lee, J J Lee, I B Kwon and D C Seo. Monitoring of Fatigue Damage of Composite Structures by Using Embedded Intensity-based Optical Fiber Sensors. Smart Materials and Structures. 2001,(10):285~292
14赵山泉.光纤光栅传感技术在大结构监测中的应用进展.传感器技术. 2004,23(6):5-7
15 J. D. Prohaska, E. Snitze, B. Chen and M. H. Maher. Fiber Optic Bragg GratingStrain Sensor in Large Scale Concrete Structures. SPIE. 1993, 1798: 286-294
16 P. Ferdinand, et al. Applications of Bragg Gating Sensors in Europe. Proc. of the Optical Fiber Sensors Conf. Williamsburg, VA, USA, 1997: 14-19
17 Rivera E, Thomson D J. Accurate Strain Measurements with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Wavelength References. Smart structure and materials: smart sensors technology and measurement systems, Proceeding of SPIE, San Diego, 2004, 5384-33
18 Lau K T, Yuan L B, Zhou L M, Jingshen Wu, Chung-ho YVoo. Strain Monitoring in FRP Laminates and Concrete Beams Using FBG Sensors. Composites structures. 2001, 91: 9-20
19 Daniele Inaudi. Application of Optical Fiber Sensors in Civil Structural Monitoring. Smart structures and materials:sensory phenomena and measurement instrumentation for smart structure and materials. Proceeding of SPIE, Newport Beach, 2001,4328-1
20叶国铮,李秩民,刘浩熙.柔性路面应力应变的研究.湖南大学学报. 1979,(3):120-136
21张起森.弹性层状体系理论的实验验证及应用.土木工程学报. 1985,(4):63-76
22查旭东,张起森.沥青路面结构室内直槽试验验证的研究.土木工程学报. 2000,(5):92-96
23李怀璋,余群.车辆-路面计算机仿真系统中的沥青路面应力应变分析.农业机械学报. 2001,(4):1-4
24王松根,房建果,王林等.大碎石沥青混合料柔性基层在路面补强中的应用研究.中国公路学报. 2004,(3):10-15
25张军,邹银生,张起森.刚性路面结构动力反应的试验研究.土木工程学报. 2005,(38):117-122
26查旭东,张起森.沥青路面结构室内直槽试验验证的研究.土木工程学报. 2000,(5):92-96
27 K.O. Hill, Y. Fuji, D.C. Jonson and B.S. Kawasaki. Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber Wave Guides: Application Toreflection Filter fFabrication. App. Phys. lett. 1978, 32:647-649
28 Morey W W, Meltz G, Glenn W H. Fiber Optic Bragg Grating Sensory. Proc SPIE, 1989, 1169: 98-107
29 K.O.Hill, B-Malo, F.Bilodeau, D.C.Julmson, J.Athert. Bragg Grating Fabricated in Monomode Photosensitive Optical Fiber by UV Exposure through Aphase Mask. Applphys Lett. 1993,62(10):1035-1037
30 P.J. Lemaire, R.M. Atkius.V.Miarhi, W.A. Reed. High pressure H2 loading as a Technique for Achieving Ultrahigh UV Photosensitivity and Thermal Sensitivity in GeO2 doped Optical Fibres. Electron Lett. 1993,29(13):1191-1193
31 Meltz G, Morey M M, Gkenn W H. Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a Transverses Holographic Method. Opt. Lett., 1989,14(5):823-825
32张巍,吕志涛.光纤传感器技术用于桥梁监测.公路交通科技. 2003,20(3):91-95
33王丹生,吴宁,朱宏平.光纤光栅传感器在桥梁工程中的应用与研究现状.公路交通科技. 2004,21(2):57-61
34陈少幸等.沥青混凝土路面光栅应变传感器的试验研究.传感技术学报. 2006,19(2)
35周智,欧进萍.土木工程智能健康监测与诊断系统.传感器技术. 2001,20 (11):1-4
36 Man-Yong Choi, Kyoung-Koo Kang, Hae-Yon Park et al. The Real-time Health Monitoring System of a Large Structure Based on Non-destructive Testing. Smart Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring of Structure and Biological System II , Proceedings SPIE, San Diego, 2003, 5047-46
37李宏男,阎石,林皋.智能结构控制发展综述.地震工程与工程振动. 1999,19(2):29-36
38王跃,张伟刚,杨翔鹏等.光纤布拉格光栅的半金属管封装及挠度实验研究,传感器技术学报. 2002,(3):203-207
39 Whelan M P, Albrecht D, Capsoni A. Remote Structural Monitoring of The Cathedral of Como Using an Optical Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor System. Smart structures and materials mart sensor technology and measurement system. Proceeding of SPIE, San Diego, 2002, 4694-17
40 Kin-tak, Chi-chin Chan, Li-min Zhou et al. Strain Monitoring in Composite-strengthened Concreate Structures Using an Optical Fiber Sensors. Composites:part B:engineering. 2001,32:33-45
41赵洪霞,鲍吉龙,陈莹.光纤光栅聚合物封装及传感特性研究.光电子技术与信息. 2005,18 (5):39-42
42周智.系列光纤传感制品研制与开发及其工程应用.哈尔滨工业大学博士后研究工作报告. 2006
43石亦平,周玉蓉. ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解.机械工业出版社, 2006
44王金昌,陈页开. ABAQUS在土木工程中的应用.浙江大学出版社, 2006
45 E.J.约德,M.W.韦特捷.路面设计原理.陈炳麟等.人民交通出版社, 1983
46姚祖康.公路设计手册.第二版.人民交通出版社, 1999
47徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程.第三版.高等教育出版社, 2005
48王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社, 1997
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