日本公务员培训制度以及对我国公务员培训制度的启示
摘要
公务员培训的目的是旨在通过对公务员进行各种形式的培训,不断开发公务员的潜力,改善公务员的知识结构,提高公务员的政治﹑业务素质和工作能力。在当今国内外形势快速发展的今天,作为公务员制度重要组成部分的公务员培训制度显得越发的重要。
本文通过对日本公务员培训制度在法律依据﹑培训机构﹑培训方式种类﹑培训内容及形式﹑培训时间要求等方面进行分析,总结出我国现行公务员培训制度中存在的问题和日本公务员培训制度中值得借鉴的地方,以寻求我国公务员培训走向法制化﹑科学化和制度化的道路。
From 1993 when China began to implement the Temporary Statute of National Public Servant to 2006 China enact the Law of Public Servant of the People's Republic of China, more than 10 years, public servant system has become more scientific, systematic and democratic. As a important part of the whole system, national public servant training system contributed more for the public servants during the 10 years. According to incomplete statistics, during this 10 years, more than 17 million pubic servants have taken training in different kinds and about 2.3 million people take part in the training. From which we can see the public servant training program really made a great progress. Nowadays, the social sciences and technology has been developing very rapidly and the humanity entered the informational society. Standing in the front, official's training work faced with the new challenge. Japan, which is very near China, has established a consummate public servant training system during 1980s. there are a lot of experience that we can learn.
1﹑from the legislative perspective, Japan regulars their officers according to“the Law of National Public Servant”and“the Law of Regional Public Servant”. The Law of National public servant is enacted in October 1947 that is the basic law reference. The Law of Regional Public Servant is enacted in 1950. In China the Law of Public Servant of the People's Republic of China was not enacted until 2006 which is 50 years later than Japan.
2﹑ from the training institution perspective, Japan has established a vertical and horizontal network. In vertical, as the leading institution, National Personnel Authority adjusts the training plan of every central ministry and organizes the general training. Under the instruction of the personnel authority, every ministry has training institute to execute its own plan. Regional training is organized by the secretariats in every area of personnel authority. Every autonomy also set up autonomy colleges and training centers. In horizontal, the training program in Japan is along with the whole career of public servants. There are different training contents in different stage of the career and it’s connected.
3﹑from the way and kind of training perspective, in Japan, the public servant training is divided into different grades and kinds. During the process, firstly, they separate officers by position to make the target more clear for different class. They also adopt specific way of training toward special officers. For example, for female public servants, to promote the working passion and the efficiency of them, the organize training program containing female congress senator course, communication capability, internship and so on.
4﹑from the content and form perspective, there are not only courses in classroom but also inspection of the scene, not only the administrative training which is closely related to regular work but also program to send officers to private companies, not only domestic multilayer training but also training program abroad. Anyway, the system is very abundance.
5﹑ from the time perspective, the training period in Japan is usually not long. From 4 days to 8 days, no more than 2 weeks.
There are a lot of problems in China’s training program of public servants. To solve these problems, we can learn from Japan’s training system and connect it with our country’s situation.
1﹑complete related law and regulation
Although China has enforced the Law of Public Servant of the People's Republic of China, the matching clauses of law related has not been established that affects the completion of public servant system to some extent. So, China has to set down a whole set law, regulation and the enforce details, to regulate the employment, assessment, promotion system and connect these rules with training program to ensure the legislation of public servant training.
2﹑strengthen the recognition to public servant training
We should realize that education and training is the deciding factor of the quality of public servants and make it clear that it’s important. From the high-class to low-class division, to persist the training system and improve the recognition and passion of officers themselves about training
3﹑strengthen the construction of training institute and teachers
Besides a professional training group, we should also invite experts and scholars with abundant experience to give lectures about related topic and invite them to be part-time professor to stabilize and enrich teacher’s quality.
4﹑establish effective training network
Until now, we have fundamentally established a public servant training network which is mainly composed of national administration institute and regional national administration. The national personnel authority should adjust it to make different training institute cooperate and share information, teaching experience and facility. Through effective association, reducing cost, improving training quality, enlarging the quantity of officers who take training and finally establishing a efficiency and strong training network.
5﹑invest more in training program
We should invest more money to support teaching facility and power. Considering the money, we can put the program into government fiscal plan and every year the government supplies specific fund, or, to collect money through various channels.
6﹑improve the content and the form of training
We should change the training from theory to practice and research the significantly strategic problem in the social development. We should aim at improving trainees’ability of thinking, establishing and executing policy, integrated managing and servicing for public
7﹑ improve the method of training
We should change the method from traditional lecture by professor to“problem research”, teach trainees in practice like discussion, case, scene-seeing, post-experience and so on. It would be better to let officers go into the grass roots to face with the problems exiting in our society and strengthen the ability of contacting with mass.
8﹑establish efficiency restriction and examination system
We should complete efficiency restriction and examination system to make the training connected with the change, promotion of trainees’post. We can write the training result into the officers’individual file to make it an important criterion to judge promotion. So the public servant training can have an actual effect and improve the quality of the whole group.
本文通过对日本公务员培训制度在法律依据﹑培训机构﹑培训方式种类﹑培训内容及形式﹑培训时间要求等方面进行分析,总结出我国现行公务员培训制度中存在的问题和日本公务员培训制度中值得借鉴的地方,以寻求我国公务员培训走向法制化﹑科学化和制度化的道路。
From 1993 when China began to implement the Temporary Statute of National Public Servant to 2006 China enact the Law of Public Servant of the People's Republic of China, more than 10 years, public servant system has become more scientific, systematic and democratic. As a important part of the whole system, national public servant training system contributed more for the public servants during the 10 years. According to incomplete statistics, during this 10 years, more than 17 million pubic servants have taken training in different kinds and about 2.3 million people take part in the training. From which we can see the public servant training program really made a great progress. Nowadays, the social sciences and technology has been developing very rapidly and the humanity entered the informational society. Standing in the front, official's training work faced with the new challenge. Japan, which is very near China, has established a consummate public servant training system during 1980s. there are a lot of experience that we can learn.
1﹑from the legislative perspective, Japan regulars their officers according to“the Law of National Public Servant”and“the Law of Regional Public Servant”. The Law of National public servant is enacted in October 1947 that is the basic law reference. The Law of Regional Public Servant is enacted in 1950. In China the Law of Public Servant of the People's Republic of China was not enacted until 2006 which is 50 years later than Japan.
2﹑ from the training institution perspective, Japan has established a vertical and horizontal network. In vertical, as the leading institution, National Personnel Authority adjusts the training plan of every central ministry and organizes the general training. Under the instruction of the personnel authority, every ministry has training institute to execute its own plan. Regional training is organized by the secretariats in every area of personnel authority. Every autonomy also set up autonomy colleges and training centers. In horizontal, the training program in Japan is along with the whole career of public servants. There are different training contents in different stage of the career and it’s connected.
3﹑from the way and kind of training perspective, in Japan, the public servant training is divided into different grades and kinds. During the process, firstly, they separate officers by position to make the target more clear for different class. They also adopt specific way of training toward special officers. For example, for female public servants, to promote the working passion and the efficiency of them, the organize training program containing female congress senator course, communication capability, internship and so on.
4﹑from the content and form perspective, there are not only courses in classroom but also inspection of the scene, not only the administrative training which is closely related to regular work but also program to send officers to private companies, not only domestic multilayer training but also training program abroad. Anyway, the system is very abundance.
5﹑ from the time perspective, the training period in Japan is usually not long. From 4 days to 8 days, no more than 2 weeks.
There are a lot of problems in China’s training program of public servants. To solve these problems, we can learn from Japan’s training system and connect it with our country’s situation.
1﹑complete related law and regulation
Although China has enforced the Law of Public Servant of the People's Republic of China, the matching clauses of law related has not been established that affects the completion of public servant system to some extent. So, China has to set down a whole set law, regulation and the enforce details, to regulate the employment, assessment, promotion system and connect these rules with training program to ensure the legislation of public servant training.
2﹑strengthen the recognition to public servant training
We should realize that education and training is the deciding factor of the quality of public servants and make it clear that it’s important. From the high-class to low-class division, to persist the training system and improve the recognition and passion of officers themselves about training
3﹑strengthen the construction of training institute and teachers
Besides a professional training group, we should also invite experts and scholars with abundant experience to give lectures about related topic and invite them to be part-time professor to stabilize and enrich teacher’s quality.
4﹑establish effective training network
Until now, we have fundamentally established a public servant training network which is mainly composed of national administration institute and regional national administration. The national personnel authority should adjust it to make different training institute cooperate and share information, teaching experience and facility. Through effective association, reducing cost, improving training quality, enlarging the quantity of officers who take training and finally establishing a efficiency and strong training network.
5﹑invest more in training program
We should invest more money to support teaching facility and power. Considering the money, we can put the program into government fiscal plan and every year the government supplies specific fund, or, to collect money through various channels.
6﹑improve the content and the form of training
We should change the training from theory to practice and research the significantly strategic problem in the social development. We should aim at improving trainees’ability of thinking, establishing and executing policy, integrated managing and servicing for public
7﹑ improve the method of training
We should change the method from traditional lecture by professor to“problem research”, teach trainees in practice like discussion, case, scene-seeing, post-experience and so on. It would be better to let officers go into the grass roots to face with the problems exiting in our society and strengthen the ability of contacting with mass.
8﹑establish efficiency restriction and examination system
We should complete efficiency restriction and examination system to make the training connected with the change, promotion of trainees’post. We can write the training result into the officers’individual file to make it an important criterion to judge promotion. So the public servant training can have an actual effect and improve the quality of the whole group.
引文
[1]《中华人民共和国公务员法释义》,《法律出版社》2005 年 6 月。
[2]卫刘华:《新时期我国公务员培训问题的若干思考》,载于《陕西省行政学院经济管理干部学院学报》2006 年 5 月。
[3]张昌玉:《日本公务员培训制度的改革及对我国的启示》,载于《现代日本经济》2003 年 5 月。
[4]夏义 :《值得借鉴的日本公务员培训制度》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 4 月。
[5]出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[6]表 1 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[7]表 2 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[8]表 3 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[9]表 4 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[10]王海龙 :《日本公务员的能力建设》,载于《公务员培训》 2003年 9 月。
[11]孙艺兵 ﹑方伟 《能力为本 造就政府精英人才—日本公务员培训情况考察启示》,载于《唯实》 2005 年 4 月。
[12]夏义 :《值得借鉴的日本公务员培训制度》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 4 月。
[13]罗筠 :《西方国家公务员培训制度及其对我国的借鉴意义》,载于《中共贵州省委党校学报》2006 年 3 月。
[14]宋庆明﹑ 孙德儒:《从中日对比谈对税务系统国家公务员的培训》,载于 《税务》2003 年 2 月。
[15]王海龙 :《日本公务员的能力建设》,载于《公务员培训》 2003年 9 月。
1﹑杨瑞林 :《法国与日本的公务员培训制度》, 载于《中国公务员》1999 年 4 月。
2﹑左振哲 ﹑王郅强:《国外高级公务员培训制度及借鉴》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 1 月。
3﹑赵增强 ﹑ 王玉萍:《培训循环圈模式及其借鉴》,载于《中共青岛市委党校青岛行政学院学报》 2005 年 3 月。
4﹑张昌玉:《日本公务员培训制度的改革及对我国的启示》,载于《现代日本经济》2003 年 5 月。
5﹑陈榕 : 《试析国外公务员培训的新趋势》,载于《公务员制度与培训》 2003 年 6 月。
6﹑孙卓华﹑ 刑同卫:《外国公务员培训特点及启示》,载于《山东理工大学学报》2004 年 3 月。
7﹑仁培 :《欧盟国家公务员培训》,载于《中国公务员》2003 年 4月。
8﹑罗筠 : 《西方国家公务员培训制度及其对我国的借鉴意义》,载于《中共贵州省委党校学报》2006 年 3 月。
9﹑卫刘华:《新时期我国公务员培训问题的若干思考》,载于《陕西省行政学院经济管理干部学院学报》2006 年 5 月。
10﹑时美英 ﹑ 朱晓峰:《以创新精神深化公务员培训改革》,载于《江南社会学院学报》 2004 年 3 月。
11﹑陈群祥 :《关于搞好新时期公务员培训的思考》,载于《中国公务员》 2003 年 4 月。
12﹑严俊 ﹑ 徐根来:《公务员培训制度存在的问题及对策》,载于《行政与法》2003 年 1 月。
13﹑夏义 : 《值得借鉴的日本公务员培训制度》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 4 月。
14﹑贡世康 :《对完善我国公务员培训制度的几点认识》,载于《攀登》2004 年 5 月。
15﹑胡莉莉 :《公务员初任培训存在的问题与对策研究》,载于《政治文明与党的执政能力建设》2006 年 2 月。
16﹑赵曼 ﹑ 陈全明 :《公共部门人力资源管理》,清华大学出版社 2005 年。
17﹑韩国民 ﹑刘玉泉:《西方国家公务员培训制度对我国的借鉴意义》,载于《行政与法》2004 年 9 月。
18﹑郗春嫒 :《公务员培训模式的比较及其路径借鉴》,载于《大众科技》2006 年 4 月。
19﹑黄卫平 ﹑ 谭功荣:《公务员制度比较》,中央编译出版社 2002年。
20﹑周志忍 :《公务员培训的中外比较》,载于《北京行政学院学报》2005 年 3 月。
21﹑邓戈青:《公务员培训模式的改革与创新》,载于《行政论坛》2005年 2 月。
22﹑李小勇 :《公务员如何应对政府职能转变》,载于《行政与法》2004 年 2 月。
23﹑石义全 ﹑ 王进:《公务员培训适宜采用学分制》, 载于《中国公务员》2000 年 8 月。
24﹑马广辉: 《国家公务员培训要讲究实效》,载于《公务员制度》1999 年 1 月。
25﹑朱旺力 ﹑ 罗亮梅:《加强公务员培训制度化建设》,载于《行政与法》2004 年 2 月。
26﹑冯志明 :《论公务员的培训》,载于《经济与社会发展》2005 年5 月。
27﹑李汪洋 :《面向新世纪的国家公务员培训》,载《于辽宁行政学院学报》2000 年 5 月。
28﹑闫珂珂 :《我国公务员培训制度存在的问题及对策研究》,载于《法制与社会》2006 年 6 月。
29﹑谢标 : 《我国公务员培训现状》,载于《行政与法》2006 年 1月。
30﹑邓海鹃 :《论我国公务员培训的市场化》,载于《行政与法》2004年 3 月。
31﹑吴湘玲 ﹑ 谢标:《我国公务员培训现状﹑问题与对策》,载于 《行政与法》2006 年 1 月。
32﹑郭玲池 :《我国公务员培训的再认识》,载于《行政与法》2004年 10 月。
33﹑高峰 : 《我国公务员培训制度存在的问题及对策探析》,载于《警官教育论坛》2006 年 2 月。
34﹑徐美珠 :《我国公务员培训制度的困境及其出路》,载于 《陕西省行政学院经济管理干部学院学报 》2006 年 8 月。
35﹑冯国发:《推进公务员培训工作科学化规范化制度化》,载于《山西政协报》2006 年 6 月。
36﹑周峰 :《对世纪挑战的回应》,载于《中国公务员》2002 年 2 月。
37﹑谈燕 :《公务员培训贯穿整个职业生涯》,载于《解放日报》2006年 5 月 8 日。
38﹑龚彦超 :《我国公务员培训工作现状及发展方向》,载于《公务员培训》2002 年 11 月。
39﹑王茂 :《新制度背景下我国公务员培训的困境及对策分析》,载于《文教资料》2006 年 2 月。
40﹑杨景宇 ﹑ 李飞:《中华人民共和国公务员法释义》, 《法律出版社》2005 年 6 月。
41﹑宋庆明 ﹑ 孙德儒:《从中日对比谈对税务系统国家公务员的培训》,载于 《税务》2003 年 2 月。
42﹑王海龙 : 《日本公务员的能力建设》,载于《公务员培训》 2003年 9 月。
[2]卫刘华:《新时期我国公务员培训问题的若干思考》,载于《陕西省行政学院经济管理干部学院学报》2006 年 5 月。
[3]张昌玉:《日本公务员培训制度的改革及对我国的启示》,载于《现代日本经济》2003 年 5 月。
[4]夏义 :《值得借鉴的日本公务员培训制度》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 4 月。
[5]出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[6]表 1 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[7]表 2 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[8]表 3 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[9]表 4 出自《平成 16 年日本公务员白皮书》
[10]王海龙 :《日本公务员的能力建设》,载于《公务员培训》 2003年 9 月。
[11]孙艺兵 ﹑方伟 《能力为本 造就政府精英人才—日本公务员培训情况考察启示》,载于《唯实》 2005 年 4 月。
[12]夏义 :《值得借鉴的日本公务员培训制度》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 4 月。
[13]罗筠 :《西方国家公务员培训制度及其对我国的借鉴意义》,载于《中共贵州省委党校学报》2006 年 3 月。
[14]宋庆明﹑ 孙德儒:《从中日对比谈对税务系统国家公务员的培训》,载于 《税务》2003 年 2 月。
[15]王海龙 :《日本公务员的能力建设》,载于《公务员培训》 2003年 9 月。
1﹑杨瑞林 :《法国与日本的公务员培训制度》, 载于《中国公务员》1999 年 4 月。
2﹑左振哲 ﹑王郅强:《国外高级公务员培训制度及借鉴》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 1 月。
3﹑赵增强 ﹑ 王玉萍:《培训循环圈模式及其借鉴》,载于《中共青岛市委党校青岛行政学院学报》 2005 年 3 月。
4﹑张昌玉:《日本公务员培训制度的改革及对我国的启示》,载于《现代日本经济》2003 年 5 月。
5﹑陈榕 : 《试析国外公务员培训的新趋势》,载于《公务员制度与培训》 2003 年 6 月。
6﹑孙卓华﹑ 刑同卫:《外国公务员培训特点及启示》,载于《山东理工大学学报》2004 年 3 月。
7﹑仁培 :《欧盟国家公务员培训》,载于《中国公务员》2003 年 4月。
8﹑罗筠 : 《西方国家公务员培训制度及其对我国的借鉴意义》,载于《中共贵州省委党校学报》2006 年 3 月。
9﹑卫刘华:《新时期我国公务员培训问题的若干思考》,载于《陕西省行政学院经济管理干部学院学报》2006 年 5 月。
10﹑时美英 ﹑ 朱晓峰:《以创新精神深化公务员培训改革》,载于《江南社会学院学报》 2004 年 3 月。
11﹑陈群祥 :《关于搞好新时期公务员培训的思考》,载于《中国公务员》 2003 年 4 月。
12﹑严俊 ﹑ 徐根来:《公务员培训制度存在的问题及对策》,载于《行政与法》2003 年 1 月。
13﹑夏义 : 《值得借鉴的日本公务员培训制度》,载于《行政与法》2000 年 4 月。
14﹑贡世康 :《对完善我国公务员培训制度的几点认识》,载于《攀登》2004 年 5 月。
15﹑胡莉莉 :《公务员初任培训存在的问题与对策研究》,载于《政治文明与党的执政能力建设》2006 年 2 月。
16﹑赵曼 ﹑ 陈全明 :《公共部门人力资源管理》,清华大学出版社 2005 年。
17﹑韩国民 ﹑刘玉泉:《西方国家公务员培训制度对我国的借鉴意义》,载于《行政与法》2004 年 9 月。
18﹑郗春嫒 :《公务员培训模式的比较及其路径借鉴》,载于《大众科技》2006 年 4 月。
19﹑黄卫平 ﹑ 谭功荣:《公务员制度比较》,中央编译出版社 2002年。
20﹑周志忍 :《公务员培训的中外比较》,载于《北京行政学院学报》2005 年 3 月。
21﹑邓戈青:《公务员培训模式的改革与创新》,载于《行政论坛》2005年 2 月。
22﹑李小勇 :《公务员如何应对政府职能转变》,载于《行政与法》2004 年 2 月。
23﹑石义全 ﹑ 王进:《公务员培训适宜采用学分制》, 载于《中国公务员》2000 年 8 月。
24﹑马广辉: 《国家公务员培训要讲究实效》,载于《公务员制度》1999 年 1 月。
25﹑朱旺力 ﹑ 罗亮梅:《加强公务员培训制度化建设》,载于《行政与法》2004 年 2 月。
26﹑冯志明 :《论公务员的培训》,载于《经济与社会发展》2005 年5 月。
27﹑李汪洋 :《面向新世纪的国家公务员培训》,载《于辽宁行政学院学报》2000 年 5 月。
28﹑闫珂珂 :《我国公务员培训制度存在的问题及对策研究》,载于《法制与社会》2006 年 6 月。
29﹑谢标 : 《我国公务员培训现状》,载于《行政与法》2006 年 1月。
30﹑邓海鹃 :《论我国公务员培训的市场化》,载于《行政与法》2004年 3 月。
31﹑吴湘玲 ﹑ 谢标:《我国公务员培训现状﹑问题与对策》,载于 《行政与法》2006 年 1 月。
32﹑郭玲池 :《我国公务员培训的再认识》,载于《行政与法》2004年 10 月。
33﹑高峰 : 《我国公务员培训制度存在的问题及对策探析》,载于《警官教育论坛》2006 年 2 月。
34﹑徐美珠 :《我国公务员培训制度的困境及其出路》,载于 《陕西省行政学院经济管理干部学院学报 》2006 年 8 月。
35﹑冯国发:《推进公务员培训工作科学化规范化制度化》,载于《山西政协报》2006 年 6 月。
36﹑周峰 :《对世纪挑战的回应》,载于《中国公务员》2002 年 2 月。
37﹑谈燕 :《公务员培训贯穿整个职业生涯》,载于《解放日报》2006年 5 月 8 日。
38﹑龚彦超 :《我国公务员培训工作现状及发展方向》,载于《公务员培训》2002 年 11 月。
39﹑王茂 :《新制度背景下我国公务员培训的困境及对策分析》,载于《文教资料》2006 年 2 月。
40﹑杨景宇 ﹑ 李飞:《中华人民共和国公务员法释义》, 《法律出版社》2005 年 6 月。
41﹑宋庆明 ﹑ 孙德儒:《从中日对比谈对税务系统国家公务员的培训》,载于 《税务》2003 年 2 月。
42﹑王海龙 : 《日本公务员的能力建设》,载于《公务员培训》 2003年 9 月。