汽车制动抖动分析的研究
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摘要
汽车振动、噪声与不平顺性(NVH)性能是汽车重要的性能指标之一,是用户直接可以感受与判定的,对用户的整体满意度影响很大。刹车不平顺性是指车辆制动过程中驾乘人员在方向盘、制动踏板和座椅上感觉到的过度振动,简称制动抖动。制动抖动问题是汽车NVH重要的组成部分,严重影响车辆的舒适性,同时抖动也加速了相关部件的老化和疲劳破坏,从而影响到汽车的安全性,因此研究制动抖动十分的必要。
本文所研究的内容主要分为两个部分,包括汽车制动系统抖动机理的研究与制动抖动传递路径的建模,主要从热、摩擦、载荷三方面研究了制动抖动的产生根源,首先使用热源法分析了制动过程中制动盘的温度场,得出了制动盘温度场的理论解法,同时结合热弹性理论得到制动盘热变形的理论解;并进一步分析了制动盘自身的参数对热变形的影响,在此基础上预测了制动盘的厚度变化(DTV);其次建立了制动抖动传递路径上的数学模型,包括悬架、转向、车轮系统的建模,最后分析了系统参数对传递特性的影响。
本文研究了制动盘的结构参数对热变形的影响,并进行了对比分析,理论上计算了制动盘的厚度变化(DTV),通过制动抖动传递路径的分析,得出悬架刚度与阻尼对车身垂向振动影响最大,橡胶衬套阻尼对车身侧向振动影响最大,转向轴阻尼对方向盘转角幅值的影响最大。
Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) is one of most important performances for automobiles, which can be felt and evaluated directly by customers. It has a great effect on their total satisfaction for customers. Braking harshness, called brake judder, means excessive vibrations of steering wheel, brake pedal and seats, which drivers and passengers can feel during braking process. Brake judder is one of important parts for automobile NVH, which has a great effect on vehicle comfort and fatigue of related components. It will affect vehicle safety, so it is extremely necessary to study brake judder.
The article is mainly classified as two parts including research on mechanism of brake judder and modeling for vibration transfer paths. The root resources of brake judder are analyzed in terms of heat, friction and load. Firstly the temperature field of brake disc is analyzed using heat spot method in theoretical way. The theoretical solution for brake disc deformation is acquired based on temperature field combined with thermal elastic theory and the effects of brake disc parameters on thermal distortion is made to predict the brake DTV. Secondly the mathematical modal for brake vibration transfer paths is established containing suspension, steering and rotating wheel system. The parameters’effects on transfer characteristics are analyzed in the end.
The effects of brake disc’s structural parameters on thermal deformation have been studied and comparison has been made based on their effects. Brake disc’s DTV is calculated academically. The transfer path analysis for brake judder is also made. The results show that stiffness and damping of suspension, rubber bushing’s damping, and steering axle’s damping mostly affect vertical body vibration, lateral body vibration and steering wheel angle’s amplitude respectively.
本文所研究的内容主要分为两个部分,包括汽车制动系统抖动机理的研究与制动抖动传递路径的建模,主要从热、摩擦、载荷三方面研究了制动抖动的产生根源,首先使用热源法分析了制动过程中制动盘的温度场,得出了制动盘温度场的理论解法,同时结合热弹性理论得到制动盘热变形的理论解;并进一步分析了制动盘自身的参数对热变形的影响,在此基础上预测了制动盘的厚度变化(DTV);其次建立了制动抖动传递路径上的数学模型,包括悬架、转向、车轮系统的建模,最后分析了系统参数对传递特性的影响。
本文研究了制动盘的结构参数对热变形的影响,并进行了对比分析,理论上计算了制动盘的厚度变化(DTV),通过制动抖动传递路径的分析,得出悬架刚度与阻尼对车身垂向振动影响最大,橡胶衬套阻尼对车身侧向振动影响最大,转向轴阻尼对方向盘转角幅值的影响最大。
Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) is one of most important performances for automobiles, which can be felt and evaluated directly by customers. It has a great effect on their total satisfaction for customers. Braking harshness, called brake judder, means excessive vibrations of steering wheel, brake pedal and seats, which drivers and passengers can feel during braking process. Brake judder is one of important parts for automobile NVH, which has a great effect on vehicle comfort and fatigue of related components. It will affect vehicle safety, so it is extremely necessary to study brake judder.
The article is mainly classified as two parts including research on mechanism of brake judder and modeling for vibration transfer paths. The root resources of brake judder are analyzed in terms of heat, friction and load. Firstly the temperature field of brake disc is analyzed using heat spot method in theoretical way. The theoretical solution for brake disc deformation is acquired based on temperature field combined with thermal elastic theory and the effects of brake disc parameters on thermal distortion is made to predict the brake DTV. Secondly the mathematical modal for brake vibration transfer paths is established containing suspension, steering and rotating wheel system. The parameters’effects on transfer characteristics are analyzed in the end.
The effects of brake disc’s structural parameters on thermal deformation have been studied and comparison has been made based on their effects. Brake disc’s DTV is calculated academically. The transfer path analysis for brake judder is also made. The results show that stiffness and damping of suspension, rubber bushing’s damping, and steering axle’s damping mostly affect vertical body vibration, lateral body vibration and steering wheel angle’s amplitude respectively.
引文
[1] Jacobsson H, Aspects of Disc Brake Judder, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 217 Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2003.
[2]尹东晓,宁国宝,刘敏,制动抖动问题研究试验报告,同济大学汽车学院,2004。
[3]宁国宝,张立军,制动引起的方向盘抖动现象试验研究,中国工程机械学报,2004.3。
[4] A.Felske, A study on Drum Brake Noise by Holographic Analysis, SAE paper 851456.
[5] Richard A, Swift, A Parametric Modeling Approach for the Preliminary Design of Automotive Disc Brakes, SAE 2003-01-3330.
[6] I.L.M.Ahmed, P.S.Leung and P.K.Datta, Coated Rotor and Slotted Pad in a Good Interactions, SAE 2002-01-2599.
[7] Yi Dai, Teik C, Lim, Suppression of brake squeal noise applying finite element brake and pad model enhanced by spectral-based assurance criteria, Apply Acoust 2006.10.
[8] Michele Demers, Chassis Modifications for Brake Roughness Improvement, SAE 2005-01-2469.
[9]朱新潮,管迪华,鼓式制动器噪声的结构闭环耦合理论模型,清华大学学报,1994。
[10]宿新东,管迪华,利用子结构动态特性的优化设计抑制制动器尖叫,汽车工程,2003.5。
[11] Jan Holterman, Theo J.A, de Vries, Active damping within an advanced microlithography system using piezoelectric Smart Discs, Mechatronics, Volume 14, Issue 1, February 2004.
[12] Utz von Wagner, Daniel Hochlenert, Active control of brake squeal via“smart pads”, SAE 2004-01-2773.
[13] Bowman.RJ, Flanagan.PF, Baumgartner.ES, Brake-By-Wire Program, 30 Sep 2003.
[14]高晓杰,余卓平,张立军,基于ADAMS的制动抖动现象仿真分析,系统仿真学报,2006.6。
[15]张立军,宁国宝,尹东晓,余卓平,制动力矩波动引起方向盘抖动的传递途径试验研究振动与冲击,2006年25卷2期。
[16]高晓杰,余卓平,张立军,制动抖动引起的转向盘振动传递途径分析,汽车工程,2006年03期。
[17]管仁梅,车辆大客车鼓式制动器的多柔体ADAMS建模,[吉林大学硕士学位论文],吉林,2004。
[18]翁建生,Wei-yi LOH,胡海岩,消除刹车不平顺性车辆底盘-转向系统的半主动控制,第八届全国振动理论及应用学术会议论文集,上海,2003年11月。
[19] Stringham W, Jank P , Pfeifer J ,et al, Brake Roughness - Disc Brake Torque Variation, RotorDistortion and Vehicle Response, SAE Paper 930803.
[20] White M, Brake Roughness: Correlation between Experimental Approach and CAD ADAMS Rigid Body Modeling, North American ADAMS User’s Conference , 2000.
[21] Jacobsson H, Disc Brake Judder Considering Instantaneous Disc thickness and Spatial Friction Variation, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 1217 Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2003.
[22] Jacobsson H, Analysis of Brake Judder by Use of Amplitude Functions, SAE Paper 1999-01-1779.
[23] AugsburgK,etal.UntersuchungenzumRubbelverhaltenvonPkw-Schwimmsattelbremse,ATZAutomobiltechnische Zeitschrift,1999,(101).
[24] David C, Brake System Vibration Analysis [C], Virtual Prototyping Brake Systems Using ADAMS, ADAMS 1998 User Conference, 1998.
[25] Aviles R, Hennequet G, et al. Low Frequency Vibrations in Disc Brakes at High Car Speed, PartⅡ:Mathematical Model and Simulation International Journal of Vehicle Design, 1995, 16(6).
[26] Kao T K, et al. Brake Disc Hot Spotting and Thermal Judder: An Experimental and Finite Element Study, International Journal of Vehicle Design, 2000, 23 (3 - 4).
[27]基于ADAMS的制动抖动现象仿真分析,高晓杰,余卓平,张立军,尹东晓,宁国宝,同济大学,2006。
[28] David C, Brake System Vibration Analysis: Virtual Prototyping Brake Systems Using ADAMS, ADAMS 1998 User Conference.
[29] Takegawa T,et al. Brake Judder and Shimmy Simulation Technology Development, ADAMS 2002 User Conference.
[30]翁建生,胡海岩,张庙康,磁流变阻尼器的实验建模,振动工程学报,2000 (4):616-621。
[31]翁建生,基于磁流变阻尼器的车辆悬架系统半主动控制[D],南京航空航天大学博士学位论文,2001。
[32] Xiaoping Liu, Siyuan Jiang, A DOE Based Approach to Multi-Response Optimization, SAE 2003-01-0880.
[33] Hyo Sig Kim, Chang Boo Kim, Robust Design for a Brake Judder of Heavy Duty Trucks using Design for Six Sigma, SAE 2003-01-0882.
[34] Alexander de Vries, Wangner M, The Brake Judder Phenomenon, SAE Paper 920554.
[35] Eggleston D, Cold Judder, Eurac Technical Bulletin 00029711, 2002.
[36] Wirth A, Whitaker R, Developments in Cast Iron Technology, In Proceedings of Advances in Automotive Braking Technology: Design Analysis and Material Developments, Leeds, U K,1996.
[37] Anderson A E, Disc Brake Roughness, Link Brake Technology Report一FEV2, 2002.
[38]李莉,尹东晓,张立军,盘式制动器制动抖动现象机理研究,汽车工程,2006(4)。
[39]王文龙,吴军华,张国定,铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能[J] ,金属学报,1998(11):1178-1118。
[40]陈跃,刑建东,张永振等,增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响[J],摩擦学学报,2001(4):251-255。
[41]孙善勇,制动抖动仿真平台开发与研究,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文],南京,2007。
[42]侯镇冰,何绍杰,李恕先,固体热传导,上海:上海科学技术出版社,1984。
[43]翁中杰,程惠尔等,传热学[M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,1987。
[44]赵文清,高速列车“中华之星”动力车制动盘温度场及热应力的计算机仿真研究[R],北京:中国铁道科学研究院,2003。
[45]丁群,提速客车制动盘温度场及应力场的有限元分析[D],北京:北方交通大学,2001.4-5。
[46]王洪纲,热弹性力学概论[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1989。
[47] A Yevtushenko,盘形制动温度及受热变形的计算[J],国外铁道车辆,1996(6):29-34。
[48]胡鹏浩,非均匀温度场中机械零部件热变形的理论及其应用研究,[博士学位论文],合肥,合肥工业大学,2002。
[49]王涛,朱文坚,摩擦制动器[M],广州:华南理工大学出版社,1996。
[2]尹东晓,宁国宝,刘敏,制动抖动问题研究试验报告,同济大学汽车学院,2004。
[3]宁国宝,张立军,制动引起的方向盘抖动现象试验研究,中国工程机械学报,2004.3。
[4] A.Felske, A study on Drum Brake Noise by Holographic Analysis, SAE paper 851456.
[5] Richard A, Swift, A Parametric Modeling Approach for the Preliminary Design of Automotive Disc Brakes, SAE 2003-01-3330.
[6] I.L.M.Ahmed, P.S.Leung and P.K.Datta, Coated Rotor and Slotted Pad in a Good Interactions, SAE 2002-01-2599.
[7] Yi Dai, Teik C, Lim, Suppression of brake squeal noise applying finite element brake and pad model enhanced by spectral-based assurance criteria, Apply Acoust 2006.10.
[8] Michele Demers, Chassis Modifications for Brake Roughness Improvement, SAE 2005-01-2469.
[9]朱新潮,管迪华,鼓式制动器噪声的结构闭环耦合理论模型,清华大学学报,1994。
[10]宿新东,管迪华,利用子结构动态特性的优化设计抑制制动器尖叫,汽车工程,2003.5。
[11] Jan Holterman, Theo J.A, de Vries, Active damping within an advanced microlithography system using piezoelectric Smart Discs, Mechatronics, Volume 14, Issue 1, February 2004.
[12] Utz von Wagner, Daniel Hochlenert, Active control of brake squeal via“smart pads”, SAE 2004-01-2773.
[13] Bowman.RJ, Flanagan.PF, Baumgartner.ES, Brake-By-Wire Program, 30 Sep 2003.
[14]高晓杰,余卓平,张立军,基于ADAMS的制动抖动现象仿真分析,系统仿真学报,2006.6。
[15]张立军,宁国宝,尹东晓,余卓平,制动力矩波动引起方向盘抖动的传递途径试验研究振动与冲击,2006年25卷2期。
[16]高晓杰,余卓平,张立军,制动抖动引起的转向盘振动传递途径分析,汽车工程,2006年03期。
[17]管仁梅,车辆大客车鼓式制动器的多柔体ADAMS建模,[吉林大学硕士学位论文],吉林,2004。
[18]翁建生,Wei-yi LOH,胡海岩,消除刹车不平顺性车辆底盘-转向系统的半主动控制,第八届全国振动理论及应用学术会议论文集,上海,2003年11月。
[19] Stringham W, Jank P , Pfeifer J ,et al, Brake Roughness - Disc Brake Torque Variation, RotorDistortion and Vehicle Response, SAE Paper 930803.
[20] White M, Brake Roughness: Correlation between Experimental Approach and CAD ADAMS Rigid Body Modeling, North American ADAMS User’s Conference , 2000.
[21] Jacobsson H, Disc Brake Judder Considering Instantaneous Disc thickness and Spatial Friction Variation, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol 1217 Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2003.
[22] Jacobsson H, Analysis of Brake Judder by Use of Amplitude Functions, SAE Paper 1999-01-1779.
[23] AugsburgK,etal.UntersuchungenzumRubbelverhaltenvonPkw-Schwimmsattelbremse,ATZAutomobiltechnische Zeitschrift,1999,(101).
[24] David C, Brake System Vibration Analysis [C], Virtual Prototyping Brake Systems Using ADAMS, ADAMS 1998 User Conference, 1998.
[25] Aviles R, Hennequet G, et al. Low Frequency Vibrations in Disc Brakes at High Car Speed, PartⅡ:Mathematical Model and Simulation International Journal of Vehicle Design, 1995, 16(6).
[26] Kao T K, et al. Brake Disc Hot Spotting and Thermal Judder: An Experimental and Finite Element Study, International Journal of Vehicle Design, 2000, 23 (3 - 4).
[27]基于ADAMS的制动抖动现象仿真分析,高晓杰,余卓平,张立军,尹东晓,宁国宝,同济大学,2006。
[28] David C, Brake System Vibration Analysis: Virtual Prototyping Brake Systems Using ADAMS, ADAMS 1998 User Conference.
[29] Takegawa T,et al. Brake Judder and Shimmy Simulation Technology Development, ADAMS 2002 User Conference.
[30]翁建生,胡海岩,张庙康,磁流变阻尼器的实验建模,振动工程学报,2000 (4):616-621。
[31]翁建生,基于磁流变阻尼器的车辆悬架系统半主动控制[D],南京航空航天大学博士学位论文,2001。
[32] Xiaoping Liu, Siyuan Jiang, A DOE Based Approach to Multi-Response Optimization, SAE 2003-01-0880.
[33] Hyo Sig Kim, Chang Boo Kim, Robust Design for a Brake Judder of Heavy Duty Trucks using Design for Six Sigma, SAE 2003-01-0882.
[34] Alexander de Vries, Wangner M, The Brake Judder Phenomenon, SAE Paper 920554.
[35] Eggleston D, Cold Judder, Eurac Technical Bulletin 00029711, 2002.
[36] Wirth A, Whitaker R, Developments in Cast Iron Technology, In Proceedings of Advances in Automotive Braking Technology: Design Analysis and Material Developments, Leeds, U K,1996.
[37] Anderson A E, Disc Brake Roughness, Link Brake Technology Report一FEV2, 2002.
[38]李莉,尹东晓,张立军,盘式制动器制动抖动现象机理研究,汽车工程,2006(4)。
[39]王文龙,吴军华,张国定,铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能[J] ,金属学报,1998(11):1178-1118。
[40]陈跃,刑建东,张永振等,增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响[J],摩擦学学报,2001(4):251-255。
[41]孙善勇,制动抖动仿真平台开发与研究,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文],南京,2007。
[42]侯镇冰,何绍杰,李恕先,固体热传导,上海:上海科学技术出版社,1984。
[43]翁中杰,程惠尔等,传热学[M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,1987。
[44]赵文清,高速列车“中华之星”动力车制动盘温度场及热应力的计算机仿真研究[R],北京:中国铁道科学研究院,2003。
[45]丁群,提速客车制动盘温度场及应力场的有限元分析[D],北京:北方交通大学,2001.4-5。
[46]王洪纲,热弹性力学概论[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1989。
[47] A Yevtushenko,盘形制动温度及受热变形的计算[J],国外铁道车辆,1996(6):29-34。
[48]胡鹏浩,非均匀温度场中机械零部件热变形的理论及其应用研究,[博士学位论文],合肥,合肥工业大学,2002。
[49]王涛,朱文坚,摩擦制动器[M],广州:华南理工大学出版社,1996。