三江平原沼泽湿地岛状林植物区系特征及多样性分析
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摘要
岛状林是我国东北三江平原沼泽湿地植被中的主要群落,其植物多样性研究对于当地生物多样性保护以及湿地资源合理利用具有重要意义。基于Quick Bird影像数据选择三江平原沼泽湿地岛状林群落斑块作为研究样地,利用GPS野外实测群落斑块面积、周长和形状属性,同时采用样方法进行群落学调查。选取丰富度指数(R)、Simpson指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)4个指标测度多样性水平,并用形状指数(SI)定量斑块的形状。
研究结果表明:41个岛状林共记录到维管植物161种,隶属于45科,102属,占黑龙江省维管植物种数的8.9%。种子植物98属划分为11个分布区类型。其中温带成分64属,占样地总属数的65.3%。在调查区域内,植物区系具有种类丰富多样及成分复杂的特点,并在黑龙江省维管植物中占有一定比例。该植物区系含有较大比例的单种属和少种属,在科属分布上比较分散,多样性分化显著。植物区系以温带植物成分为主,世界分布属也占有较大优势,热带、亚热带植物区系也占有一定比例。
山杨林群落(Ass. Populus davidiana)、白桦林群落(Ass. Betula platyphylla)、杨桦林群落(Ass. P. davidiana +B. platyphylla)3种群落类型多样性指数R和H′在灌木层之间差异达到极显著(p < 0.01)、D差异达到显著(p < 0.05)。在不同群落的草本层之间各指数均未达到显著差异。岛状林群落在不同层次上植物的多样性指数R、D和H′大小顺序都表现出草本层﹥灌木层﹥乔木层,并且三个层次之间的差异均达到极显著水平(p﹤0.01)。岛状林斑块的R与斑块面积(r=0.406, p < 0.01)和周长(r=0.426, p < 0.01)极显著相关;与形状指数(r=0.367, p < 0.05)显著相关;D与斑块面积(r=0.331, p < 0.05)显著相关;H′与斑块面积(r=0.384, p < 0.05)和周长(r=0.312, p < 0.05)显著相关。随着斑块面积、周长和形状指数的增加物种R、D和H′均呈现上升趋势。
受一定人为干扰的岛状林群落仍具有较高的植物多样性,其中草本层植物多样性占有重要地位。林窗干扰是导致林下植物多样性较高的重要原因。边缘效应可能是引起群落斑块物种丰富度随着斑块面积、周长和形状指数的增大而增加的重要原因。岛状林群落对于维持该地区的植物多样性具有重要意义。与相邻的洪河自然保护区内的同类型群落相比较,色木槭(Acer mono)等8种木本植物可能已经从调查区域内消失。
The island forest community is a major vegetation landscape of the Sanjiang Plain in northeastern China. Study on plant diversity is significant to local biodiversity conservation and marsh resource using rationally. However, the species diversity is confronted with a stress leading to forfeiture. Our objective were to 1) describe the flora characteristics, 2) clarify the level of plant diversity in the island forest community and 3) open out the relation between diversity indices and patch characteristics(area, perimeter and shape index ).
Based on the Quick Bird satellite image data was used to identify a 6500hm2 area as study site. The quadrat method was used to investigate community patch characteristics such as area, perimeter and shape index. Four indices were selected to describe the plant diversity: richness index (R), Simpson index (D), Shannon-Wiener index (H′), and Pielou index (Jsw). Shape index (SI) was used to describe the shape of patches.
The results demonstrated that, in 41 island forest communities, there were 161 species of vascular plants belonging to 45 families(102 genus), which comprised 8.9% of total vascular plant species in Heilongjiang Province and the compositions of plant flora were very complicated and rich. The seed plants with 98 genera are divided into 11 distribution types. There were the compositions of the temperate genera with 64 genera in 65.3%. The genera of single-species and fewer species had a large proportion of the plant flora, and distribution of families and genera were more decentralized. The polarization of diversity was different significantly. The plant flora reflects the areal-type of genera of seed plants were dominated by the temperate genera, the cosmopolitan genera also accounted for a considerable distribution advantages, and the tropical and subtropical flora have a certain proportion.
The diversity indices R (p < 0.01), H′(p < 0.01) and D (p < 0.05) were significantly different among shrub layers of the Ass. Populus davidiana, Ass. Betula platyphylla and Ass. P. davidiana + B. platyphylla communities. But, they were not different among herb layer. Additionally, R, D and H′indices of different layers were as follows: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer, with significant differences among them (p < 0.01). While significant correlation were observed between plant species richness and patch area (r = 0.406, p < 0.01), perimeter (r = 0.426, p < 0.01) and shape index (r = 0.367, p < 0.05), between D and patch area(r=0.331, p < 0.05) and between H′and patch area (r = 0.384, p < 0.05), perimeter (r = 0.312, p < 0.05). R、D and H′presented ascending trend with increasing of patch area, perimeter and shape index. The diversity levels were still higher relatively after human disturbance. The greatest diversity among different patches was noted in herb layers. Our data also suggested that gap disturbances were an important cause of higher underlayer diversity. Plant species richness increased with patch area, perimeter and shape index, most likely resulting from edge effects. Our results demonstrated that the island forest plays an important role in preserving plant diversity in the region. In the island communities, some plants had disappeared by comparing with the same communities in the Honghe Nature Reserve, such as Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Tilia amurensis, Acanthopanax senticosus, Lonicera maximowiczii, Deutzia amurensis, Schisandra chinensis and Actinidia kolomikta.
研究结果表明:41个岛状林共记录到维管植物161种,隶属于45科,102属,占黑龙江省维管植物种数的8.9%。种子植物98属划分为11个分布区类型。其中温带成分64属,占样地总属数的65.3%。在调查区域内,植物区系具有种类丰富多样及成分复杂的特点,并在黑龙江省维管植物中占有一定比例。该植物区系含有较大比例的单种属和少种属,在科属分布上比较分散,多样性分化显著。植物区系以温带植物成分为主,世界分布属也占有较大优势,热带、亚热带植物区系也占有一定比例。
山杨林群落(Ass. Populus davidiana)、白桦林群落(Ass. Betula platyphylla)、杨桦林群落(Ass. P. davidiana +B. platyphylla)3种群落类型多样性指数R和H′在灌木层之间差异达到极显著(p < 0.01)、D差异达到显著(p < 0.05)。在不同群落的草本层之间各指数均未达到显著差异。岛状林群落在不同层次上植物的多样性指数R、D和H′大小顺序都表现出草本层﹥灌木层﹥乔木层,并且三个层次之间的差异均达到极显著水平(p﹤0.01)。岛状林斑块的R与斑块面积(r=0.406, p < 0.01)和周长(r=0.426, p < 0.01)极显著相关;与形状指数(r=0.367, p < 0.05)显著相关;D与斑块面积(r=0.331, p < 0.05)显著相关;H′与斑块面积(r=0.384, p < 0.05)和周长(r=0.312, p < 0.05)显著相关。随着斑块面积、周长和形状指数的增加物种R、D和H′均呈现上升趋势。
受一定人为干扰的岛状林群落仍具有较高的植物多样性,其中草本层植物多样性占有重要地位。林窗干扰是导致林下植物多样性较高的重要原因。边缘效应可能是引起群落斑块物种丰富度随着斑块面积、周长和形状指数的增大而增加的重要原因。岛状林群落对于维持该地区的植物多样性具有重要意义。与相邻的洪河自然保护区内的同类型群落相比较,色木槭(Acer mono)等8种木本植物可能已经从调查区域内消失。
The island forest community is a major vegetation landscape of the Sanjiang Plain in northeastern China. Study on plant diversity is significant to local biodiversity conservation and marsh resource using rationally. However, the species diversity is confronted with a stress leading to forfeiture. Our objective were to 1) describe the flora characteristics, 2) clarify the level of plant diversity in the island forest community and 3) open out the relation between diversity indices and patch characteristics(area, perimeter and shape index ).
Based on the Quick Bird satellite image data was used to identify a 6500hm2 area as study site. The quadrat method was used to investigate community patch characteristics such as area, perimeter and shape index. Four indices were selected to describe the plant diversity: richness index (R), Simpson index (D), Shannon-Wiener index (H′), and Pielou index (Jsw). Shape index (SI) was used to describe the shape of patches.
The results demonstrated that, in 41 island forest communities, there were 161 species of vascular plants belonging to 45 families(102 genus), which comprised 8.9% of total vascular plant species in Heilongjiang Province and the compositions of plant flora were very complicated and rich. The seed plants with 98 genera are divided into 11 distribution types. There were the compositions of the temperate genera with 64 genera in 65.3%. The genera of single-species and fewer species had a large proportion of the plant flora, and distribution of families and genera were more decentralized. The polarization of diversity was different significantly. The plant flora reflects the areal-type of genera of seed plants were dominated by the temperate genera, the cosmopolitan genera also accounted for a considerable distribution advantages, and the tropical and subtropical flora have a certain proportion.
The diversity indices R (p < 0.01), H′(p < 0.01) and D (p < 0.05) were significantly different among shrub layers of the Ass. Populus davidiana, Ass. Betula platyphylla and Ass. P. davidiana + B. platyphylla communities. But, they were not different among herb layer. Additionally, R, D and H′indices of different layers were as follows: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer, with significant differences among them (p < 0.01). While significant correlation were observed between plant species richness and patch area (r = 0.406, p < 0.01), perimeter (r = 0.426, p < 0.01) and shape index (r = 0.367, p < 0.05), between D and patch area(r=0.331, p < 0.05) and between H′and patch area (r = 0.384, p < 0.05), perimeter (r = 0.312, p < 0.05). R、D and H′presented ascending trend with increasing of patch area, perimeter and shape index. The diversity levels were still higher relatively after human disturbance. The greatest diversity among different patches was noted in herb layers. Our data also suggested that gap disturbances were an important cause of higher underlayer diversity. Plant species richness increased with patch area, perimeter and shape index, most likely resulting from edge effects. Our results demonstrated that the island forest plays an important role in preserving plant diversity in the region. In the island communities, some plants had disappeared by comparing with the same communities in the Honghe Nature Reserve, such as Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Tilia amurensis, Acanthopanax senticosus, Lonicera maximowiczii, Deutzia amurensis, Schisandra chinensis and Actinidia kolomikta.
引文
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