微小直径装药起爆与传爆特性研究
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摘要
微小型化、灵巧化是现代爆炸序列的发展方向，也是我国未来爆炸序列发展的重点之一。但在微小直径装药情况下，爆轰波会表现出很多非常规传播现象——非理想爆轰现象，使得其起爆与传爆规律出现了新问题，给小型爆炸序列的深入研究带来重重困难，因此研究微小装药直径的起爆与传爆特性就迫在眉睫。本文对微小装药直径的起爆与传爆特性进行了理论、实验和仿真研究。
（1）对非理想爆轰的国内外研究状况从理论、实验和仿真三方面进行了综述，并在此基础上提出本文的研究内容。
（2）研究了微小直径装药非理想爆轰，从侧向稀疏波对爆速、爆压、波阵面的影响进行了具体分析；对流管理论和弯曲波阵面理论进行了推导与分析，得出了它们的具体适用范围。
（3）研究了微小直径装药空气隙衰减爆压规律，得出JO-9C传爆药在同一装药密度下，45＃钢和PMMA约束下不同装药直径的爆轰波衰减压力与空气隙厚度的函数关系；得出小尺度装药爆轰输出冲击波经空气隙衰减呈指数型规律，衰减系数随着直径的增大而减小。由此可知，药柱经不同厚度空气隙衰减后，爆轰压力随之发生相应变化，因此可以通过调整空气间隙控制装药的爆轰性能。
（4）研究了微小直径装药驱动飞片运动规律，采用电磁法测试了不同条件的飞片速度：1）研究了飞片材料对微小直径装药飞片速度的影响规律，得出在相同装药直径、相同约束下，飞片速度随着飞片材料密度的增大而减小；2）研究了飞片厚度对微小直径装药飞片速度的影响规律，得出在相同装药直径、相同约束、相同飞片材料下，飞片速度随着飞片厚度的增大而减小，且最大飞片速度出现位置发生前移；3）研究了装药直径对微小直径装药飞片速度的影响规律，得出在相同飞片材料、相同飞片厚度、相同约束下，飞片速度随着装药直径的增大而增大，且最大飞片速度出现位置发生前移；4）在三者叠加的前提下，可以通过控制飞片材料、飞片厚度和装药直径，可靠起爆下一级火工品，也可以为微小传爆序列的可靠起爆与传爆提供实验支持和技术指导。
（5）建立了微小直径装药空气隙衰减爆轰波传播的计算模型，利用非线性动力学三维有限元程序LS-DYNA，使用ALE算法和流固耦合方法对JO-9C传爆药在微小装药直径空气隙衰减传爆过程进行了数值模拟，数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。
Micro miniaturization and smart system direct a way in the explosive trains and it is one of the most important development in the future. Non-ideal detonation phenomena could be appeared in micro-diameter charge, and a new problem also appeared in initiation and detonation transfer. Layer upon layer difficulties appeared in studying explosive trains, the characteristic of initiation and detonation transfer must be studied in the face. In the paper, micro-diameter charge initiation and detonation transfer rule are studied from the perspective of theory, experiment and simulation.
(1) The current domestic and international research on theory, experiment and simulation has been summarized in the paper and then the research questions were put forward.
(2) Non-ideal detonation in micro-diameter charge was studied, based on the analysis of side rarefaction wave influencing detonation velocity, detonation pressure and wave front. The flow pipe theory and curved front theory are deduced and analyzed; conclusions of specific applicability are obtained.
(3)The rule of air gap attenuation detonation pressure was studied on micro-diameter charge constraint condition, thus the experiential relational expressions of JO-9C booster explosive in same density and different diameter charge were obtained in constraint condition of 45# steel or PMMA. The air-gap decaying model of micro-diameter charge detonation wave was obtained. The results indicate that the bigger charge diameter is, the smaller decaying coefficient is. With different air-gap thickness, detonation pressure can be also correspondingly changed. Detonation performance can be controlled by adjusting air-gap thickness.
(4) The rule of micro-diameter charge driving flyer was studied on testing flyer velocity by electromagnetic method. 1) The influence rule between flyer material and flyer velocity was studied. The results indicate at the same diameter charge and constraint, the bigger flyer material density is, the smaller flyer velocity is. 2) The influence rule between flyer thickness and flyer velocity was studied. The results indicate at the same diameter charge, constraint and flyer material, the bigger flyer material density is, the smaller flyer velocity is. The position of maximal flyer velocity was forward lead. 3) The influence rule between diameter charge and flyer velocity was studied. The results indicate at the same flyer material, flyer thickness and constraint, the bigger diameter charge is, the bigger flyer velocity is. The position of maximal flyer velocity was forward lead. 4) At the premise of superposition, the next propellant was credibility ignition by adjusting flyer material, flyer thickness and diameter charge. It also supply experiment support and technique guide to credibility ignition and detonation transfer of the micro explosive trains.
(5) Air-gap decaying detonation wave transfer calculated models of micro-diameter charge were founded by adopting nonlinear dynamic 3D-finite programming of LS-DYNA, ALE algorithm and constrained Lagrange in solid method in order to simulate the air-gap decaying detonation transfer process for JO-9C booster explosive in micro-scale charge. The numerical simulation results are in accordance with experiments.
（1）对非理想爆轰的国内外研究状况从理论、实验和仿真三方面进行了综述，并在此基础上提出本文的研究内容。
（2）研究了微小直径装药非理想爆轰，从侧向稀疏波对爆速、爆压、波阵面的影响进行了具体分析；对流管理论和弯曲波阵面理论进行了推导与分析，得出了它们的具体适用范围。
（3）研究了微小直径装药空气隙衰减爆压规律，得出JO-9C传爆药在同一装药密度下，45＃钢和PMMA约束下不同装药直径的爆轰波衰减压力与空气隙厚度的函数关系；得出小尺度装药爆轰输出冲击波经空气隙衰减呈指数型规律，衰减系数随着直径的增大而减小。由此可知，药柱经不同厚度空气隙衰减后，爆轰压力随之发生相应变化，因此可以通过调整空气间隙控制装药的爆轰性能。
（4）研究了微小直径装药驱动飞片运动规律，采用电磁法测试了不同条件的飞片速度：1）研究了飞片材料对微小直径装药飞片速度的影响规律，得出在相同装药直径、相同约束下，飞片速度随着飞片材料密度的增大而减小；2）研究了飞片厚度对微小直径装药飞片速度的影响规律，得出在相同装药直径、相同约束、相同飞片材料下，飞片速度随着飞片厚度的增大而减小，且最大飞片速度出现位置发生前移；3）研究了装药直径对微小直径装药飞片速度的影响规律，得出在相同飞片材料、相同飞片厚度、相同约束下，飞片速度随着装药直径的增大而增大，且最大飞片速度出现位置发生前移；4）在三者叠加的前提下，可以通过控制飞片材料、飞片厚度和装药直径，可靠起爆下一级火工品，也可以为微小传爆序列的可靠起爆与传爆提供实验支持和技术指导。
（5）建立了微小直径装药空气隙衰减爆轰波传播的计算模型，利用非线性动力学三维有限元程序LS-DYNA，使用ALE算法和流固耦合方法对JO-9C传爆药在微小装药直径空气隙衰减传爆过程进行了数值模拟，数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。
Micro miniaturization and smart system direct a way in the explosive trains and it is one of the most important development in the future. Non-ideal detonation phenomena could be appeared in micro-diameter charge, and a new problem also appeared in initiation and detonation transfer. Layer upon layer difficulties appeared in studying explosive trains, the characteristic of initiation and detonation transfer must be studied in the face. In the paper, micro-diameter charge initiation and detonation transfer rule are studied from the perspective of theory, experiment and simulation.
(1) The current domestic and international research on theory, experiment and simulation has been summarized in the paper and then the research questions were put forward.
(2) Non-ideal detonation in micro-diameter charge was studied, based on the analysis of side rarefaction wave influencing detonation velocity, detonation pressure and wave front. The flow pipe theory and curved front theory are deduced and analyzed; conclusions of specific applicability are obtained.
(3)The rule of air gap attenuation detonation pressure was studied on micro-diameter charge constraint condition, thus the experiential relational expressions of JO-9C booster explosive in same density and different diameter charge were obtained in constraint condition of 45# steel or PMMA. The air-gap decaying model of micro-diameter charge detonation wave was obtained. The results indicate that the bigger charge diameter is, the smaller decaying coefficient is. With different air-gap thickness, detonation pressure can be also correspondingly changed. Detonation performance can be controlled by adjusting air-gap thickness.
(4) The rule of micro-diameter charge driving flyer was studied on testing flyer velocity by electromagnetic method. 1) The influence rule between flyer material and flyer velocity was studied. The results indicate at the same diameter charge and constraint, the bigger flyer material density is, the smaller flyer velocity is. 2) The influence rule between flyer thickness and flyer velocity was studied. The results indicate at the same diameter charge, constraint and flyer material, the bigger flyer material density is, the smaller flyer velocity is. The position of maximal flyer velocity was forward lead. 3) The influence rule between diameter charge and flyer velocity was studied. The results indicate at the same flyer material, flyer thickness and constraint, the bigger diameter charge is, the bigger flyer velocity is. The position of maximal flyer velocity was forward lead. 4) At the premise of superposition, the next propellant was credibility ignition by adjusting flyer material, flyer thickness and diameter charge. It also supply experiment support and technique guide to credibility ignition and detonation transfer of the micro explosive trains.
(5) Air-gap decaying detonation wave transfer calculated models of micro-diameter charge were founded by adopting nonlinear dynamic 3D-finite programming of LS-DYNA, ALE algorithm and constrained Lagrange in solid method in order to simulate the air-gap decaying detonation transfer process for JO-9C booster explosive in micro-scale charge. The numerical simulation results are in accordance with experiments.
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