一体式膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水中试研究
|
摘要
本课题开展了膜生物反应器(MBR)处理抗生素工业废水的中试研究,通过考察不同水力停留时间、有机负荷、溶解氧、pH值等因素对处理效果的影响,研究了MBR对COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的去除效果与机制,以及MBR内污泥动力学及污泥特性,并分析了膜污染状况和进行膜清洗研究。确定了最佳工艺控制参数。
现场的中试研究表明:MBR对抗生素废水具有良好稳定的处理效果,当进水COD、NH_4~+-N浓度分别为1200-4000mg/L、60-150mg/L时,综合考虑去除效果及经济可行性,本实验的最佳HRT为48h,DO为2-4mg/L,pH值为7.0-8.5 ,容积负荷为2.0kgCOD/m~3·d ,污泥负荷为小于0.20kgCOD/kgMLSS·d。在此条件下,COD的去除率在93%以上,平均去除率为95.09%;BOD5的去除率在96.96%以上,平均去除率为98.37%;对NH4+-N的去除率在88%以上,平均去除率90.87%;对磷的去除效率一直在94%以上,平均去除率为98.22%;对SS的去除率可达到100%,出水满足一级排放标准。
MBR设备内污泥状态良好,最佳MLSS范围为8000-11000mg/L。MLVSS/MLSS维持在0.78以上,反应器进入稳定运行阶段后,SV_(30)一直保持在90%左右,但SVI值在61-77.4之间,体现出良好的污泥凝聚、沉淀性。
实验污泥停留时间(SRT)为259d,剩余污泥量极少,只有2800L。结合物料平衡中的非稳态公式以及反应器内的污泥增量平衡为依据的微生物增殖公式进行计算得到污泥产率系数Y为0.2424MLVSS/kgCOD,衰减系数Kd为0.0245d~(-1),表观产率系数Yobs为0.0330kg MLVSS /kgCOD。
实验中发现,膜纤维内部污泥厌氧呼吸使得膜表面积累一层黑色物质,强烈曝气造成污泥细碎堵塞膜孔等,是造成膜污染的主要原因。经清洗后,膜通量得到很好的恢复。
经济分析表明,采用MBR工艺对抗生素工艺废水进行处理,吨水处理成本约为3.83元,较原SBR工艺下降24.2%,每年可以节省运行费用16万元。如果扩建,由于MBR的容积负荷大,污泥浓度高,而且是连续运行,处理相同水量所需的池容比SBR工艺小得多,而基建费用和占地面积也会
A pilot scale experiment with aerobic submerged MBR was conducted on antibiotics industrial wastewater treatment, the optimal operational parameters was obtain by researching on influence of different HRT, organic loading, DO, pH on removal efficiency. The COD, NH_4~+-N removal rate and mechanisms, the characteristics of the activated sludge in MBR and the mechanisms of membrane fouling were lucubrated in this thesis.
The experimental results showed that the organic pollutants removal efficiency with MBR was very well. When the COD, NH4+-N of the influent was about 1200-4000mg/L, 60-150 mg/L respectively, the optimal HRT was 48h and DO, pH, the optimal organic volumetric loading rate, organic sludge loading rate was 2-4mg/L,7.0-8.5,1.7kgCOD/m~3·d, less than 0.20kgCOD/kgMLSS·d respectively. On the condition, biologic removal rate of COD was above 93%, average removal rate was 95.09%, and membrane intensified removal of COD. Even if impact load had changed largely, the effluent quality was stable through membrane filtration. Removal rate of BOD5, NH_4~+-N, TP with MBR was above 96.96%, 88%, 94% respectively, average removal rate was 98.37%, 90.87%, 98.22% respectively. And the removal rate of SS nearly 100%.Enfluent quality of MBR was sufficient to the national effluent standards for wastewater (Ι).
Sludge in MBR equipment is in good working condition, the optimal MLSS was about 10000-14000mg/L. MLVSS/MLSS was above o.78 during the course of experiment. MBR into stable operational phase, SV30 was always about 90%, but SVI was between 61 and 77.4, it indicated coacervation and precipitability capacity of sludge was very well in MBR. Enfluent quality of MBR was sufficient to the national effluent standards for wastwater (Ι).
The sludge stay time (SRT) of the experiment was 259d, the excess sludge was little: 2800L. The better Y: 0.2424kgVSS/kgCOD, Kd: 0.0245d~(-1), Yobs: 0.0330kgVSS/kgCOD were obtained combined unsteady formula in the balance of substrate & biomass with microorganism reproduce formula depending on sludge increment balance.
In the experiment, a layer of black material which from sludge anaerobic
现场的中试研究表明:MBR对抗生素废水具有良好稳定的处理效果,当进水COD、NH_4~+-N浓度分别为1200-4000mg/L、60-150mg/L时,综合考虑去除效果及经济可行性,本实验的最佳HRT为48h,DO为2-4mg/L,pH值为7.0-8.5 ,容积负荷为2.0kgCOD/m~3·d ,污泥负荷为小于0.20kgCOD/kgMLSS·d。在此条件下,COD的去除率在93%以上,平均去除率为95.09%;BOD5的去除率在96.96%以上,平均去除率为98.37%;对NH4+-N的去除率在88%以上,平均去除率90.87%;对磷的去除效率一直在94%以上,平均去除率为98.22%;对SS的去除率可达到100%,出水满足一级排放标准。
MBR设备内污泥状态良好,最佳MLSS范围为8000-11000mg/L。MLVSS/MLSS维持在0.78以上,反应器进入稳定运行阶段后,SV_(30)一直保持在90%左右,但SVI值在61-77.4之间,体现出良好的污泥凝聚、沉淀性。
实验污泥停留时间(SRT)为259d,剩余污泥量极少,只有2800L。结合物料平衡中的非稳态公式以及反应器内的污泥增量平衡为依据的微生物增殖公式进行计算得到污泥产率系数Y为0.2424MLVSS/kgCOD,衰减系数Kd为0.0245d~(-1),表观产率系数Yobs为0.0330kg MLVSS /kgCOD。
实验中发现,膜纤维内部污泥厌氧呼吸使得膜表面积累一层黑色物质,强烈曝气造成污泥细碎堵塞膜孔等,是造成膜污染的主要原因。经清洗后,膜通量得到很好的恢复。
经济分析表明,采用MBR工艺对抗生素工艺废水进行处理,吨水处理成本约为3.83元,较原SBR工艺下降24.2%,每年可以节省运行费用16万元。如果扩建,由于MBR的容积负荷大,污泥浓度高,而且是连续运行,处理相同水量所需的池容比SBR工艺小得多,而基建费用和占地面积也会
A pilot scale experiment with aerobic submerged MBR was conducted on antibiotics industrial wastewater treatment, the optimal operational parameters was obtain by researching on influence of different HRT, organic loading, DO, pH on removal efficiency. The COD, NH_4~+-N removal rate and mechanisms, the characteristics of the activated sludge in MBR and the mechanisms of membrane fouling were lucubrated in this thesis.
The experimental results showed that the organic pollutants removal efficiency with MBR was very well. When the COD, NH4+-N of the influent was about 1200-4000mg/L, 60-150 mg/L respectively, the optimal HRT was 48h and DO, pH, the optimal organic volumetric loading rate, organic sludge loading rate was 2-4mg/L,7.0-8.5,1.7kgCOD/m~3·d, less than 0.20kgCOD/kgMLSS·d respectively. On the condition, biologic removal rate of COD was above 93%, average removal rate was 95.09%, and membrane intensified removal of COD. Even if impact load had changed largely, the effluent quality was stable through membrane filtration. Removal rate of BOD5, NH_4~+-N, TP with MBR was above 96.96%, 88%, 94% respectively, average removal rate was 98.37%, 90.87%, 98.22% respectively. And the removal rate of SS nearly 100%.Enfluent quality of MBR was sufficient to the national effluent standards for wastewater (Ι).
Sludge in MBR equipment is in good working condition, the optimal MLSS was about 10000-14000mg/L. MLVSS/MLSS was above o.78 during the course of experiment. MBR into stable operational phase, SV30 was always about 90%, but SVI was between 61 and 77.4, it indicated coacervation and precipitability capacity of sludge was very well in MBR. Enfluent quality of MBR was sufficient to the national effluent standards for wastwater (Ι).
The sludge stay time (SRT) of the experiment was 259d, the excess sludge was little: 2800L. The better Y: 0.2424kgVSS/kgCOD, Kd: 0.0245d~(-1), Yobs: 0.0330kgVSS/kgCOD were obtained combined unsteady formula in the balance of substrate & biomass with microorganism reproduce formula depending on sludge increment balance.
In the experiment, a layer of black material which from sludge anaerobic
引文
1 俞文和, 杨纪根. 抗生素工艺学. 辽宁科学技术出版社, 1988: 13~14
2 张杰, 相会强, 徐桂芹. 抗生素生产废水治理技术进展. 哈尔滨建筑大学学报. 2002, 4, 35(2): 15~17
3 吴郭虎, 李鹏, 王曙光等. 混凝法处理制药废水的研究. 水处理技术. 2000, 26(1): 53~55
4 王玉珂.抗生素制药废水的炉渣处理. 环境保护. 1993(8): 15~16
5 潘志强. 土霉素及麦迪霉素废水的化学气浮处理. 工业水处理. 1991, 11(1): 24~26
6 徐扣珍, 陆文雄, 宋平等. 焚烧法处理氯霉素生产废水. 环境科学. 1998, 19(4): 69~71
7 王淑琴, 李十中. 反渗透法处理土霉素结晶母液的研究. 城市环境与城市生态. 1999, 12(1): 25~27
8 吴敦虎, 李鹏, 王曙光等. 混凝法处理制药废水的研究. 水处理技术. 2000, 26(1): 53~55
9 饶义平, 唐文浩. 复合絮凝处理抗生素废水对其抑菌效力的影响. 上海环境科学. 1996, 15(8): 37~40
10 北京水环境技术与设备研究中心, 北京市环境保护科学研究院, 国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心. 三废处理工程技术手册(废水卷). 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2000: 205~208
11 乌锡康, 金青萍. 有机水污染治理技术. 上海: 华东化工学院出版社, 1989: 322~325
12 杨景亮, 罗人明, 黄群贤. UASB+AF 处理维生素 C 废水的研究. 环境科学. 1994, 15(6): 54~58
13 马寿权, 韦巧玲. 抗生素制药废水治理研究.重庆环境科学. 1995, 17(6): 23~25
14 陈玉, 刘峰, 王建晨等. 上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)处理制药废水的研究. 环境科学. 1994, 15(1): 50~53
15 徐根良, 官宝红. 扑热息痛废水治理技术初步研究. 水处理技术. 1999, 25(3): 178~181
16 王凯军, 秦人伟. 发酵工业废水处理. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2000:468~472
17 周平, 钱易, 苏诚艺等. 庆大霉素和金霉素废水的处理试验研究. 环境科学. 1995, 16(1): 45~48
18 吴昌龙, 周平, 张全兴. 综合法治理高浓度医药中间体生产废水的研究.工业水处理. 1998, 18(2): 19~22
19 李凤仙, 李善评, 张成禄. 药厂扑息热痛废水治理的研究. 环境科学与技术. 1996(1): 31~34
20 佘宗莲, 田由芸. 厌氧-好氧序列间歇式反应器处理生物制药废水的研究.环境科学研究. 1998, 11(1): 49~53
21 陆永生, 华彬, 施利毅. 含制药残液废水的处理工艺研究. 上海环境科学. 1999, 18(5): 223~226
22 杨军, 陆正禹, 胡纪萃等. 抗生素工业废水生物处理技术的现状与展望. 环境科学. 1997, 18(3): 83~85
23 顾国维, 何义亮. 膜生物反应器-在污水处理中的研究和应用. 化学工业出版社. 2002, 5: 1~2
24 C. Chiemchaisri, K. Yamamoto. Performance of Membrane Separation Bioreactor at Various Temperatures for Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Membrane Science. 1994, 87: 119~129
25 B .Gunder, K. Krauth.Replacement of Secondary Clarification by Membrane Separation-Results with Tubular, Plate and Hollow Fiber Modules. Water Science and Technology. 1999, 40(4): 311~320
26 C. Chiemchaisri, K. Yamamoto, S. Vigneswawan. Household membrane bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology. 1993, 27: 171~178
27 P. Cote, H. Buisson, C. Pound. Immersed Membrane Activated Sludge for the Reuse of Municipal Wastewater Desalination. 1997, 113: 189~196
28 Y. M. Nah, K. H. Ahn, I. T. Yeom. Nitrogen Removal in Household Wastewater Treatment Using an Intermittently Aerated Membrane Bioreactor. Environ Technol. 2000, 21: 107~114
29 Xianghua Wen, Hangjiu Ding, Xia Huang, et al. Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor. Process Biochemistry. 2004, 39: 1427~1431
30 Won-Young Ahn, Moon-Sun Kang, Seong-Keun Yim, et al. AdvancedLandfill Leachate Treatment Using an Integrated Membrane Process. Desalination.2002, 149: 109~l14
31 G. Iorio, V. Calabrò. Biological applications of membrane systems in the agro-food industry. Membrane Technology: Applications to Industrial Wastewater Treatment. 1995: 89~100
32 K. D. Zoh, K. S. Michael. Application of a Membrane Bioreactor for Treating Explosives Process Wastewater. Water Research. 2002, 36: 1018~1024
33 Je. A. Robertsa, Paul M. Sutton, Prakash N. Mishra. Application of the Membrane Biological Reactor System for Combined Sanitary and Industrial Wastewater Treatment. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2000 46: 37~42
34 W. Scholz, W. Fuchs. Treatment of Oil Contaminated Wastewater in a Membrane Bioreactor. Water Research. 2000, 34(14): 3621~3629
35 Christoph Bl?cher, Ulrike Bunse. Continuous Regeneration of Degreasing Solutions from Electroplating Operations Using a Membrane Bioreactor. Desalination. 2004, 162: 315~326
36 R. Tenno, H. Paulapuro. Removal of Dissolved Organic Compounds from Paper Machine Whitewater by Membrane Bioreactors: a Comparative Analysis. Control Engineering Practice. 1999, 7: 1085~1099
37 T. Stephenson.Types of membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment-An introduction. Proceedings of the 1st International Meeting on Membrane Bioreactors for Wasterwater Treatment,Cranfield University, Cranfild, UK, 1997:88~92
38 T. Stephenson, S. Judd, B. Jefferson, et al. Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. London: IWA Publishing, 2000:59~111
39 E. A. C. Emanuelsson, J. P. Arcangeli, A. G. Livingston. The Anoxic Extractive Membrane Bioreactor. Water Research 2003, 37:1231~1238
40 G. Livingston, J. P. Arcangeli, T. Boam, et al. Extractive Membrane Bioreactors for Detoxification of Chemical Industry Wastes: Process Development. Membrane Science. 1998, 151: 29~44
41 魏源送, 郑祥, 刘俊新. 国外膜生物反应器在污水处理中的研究进展. 工业水处理. 2003, 23(1): 24~26
42 Benitez, Jaime, Rodriguez, et al. Stabilization and dewatering of wastewaterusing hollow fiber membranes. Wat.Res 1995,29(10):2281~2286
43 白晓慧, 陈英旭. 一体式膜生物反应器处理医药化工水的试验. 环境污染与防治. 2000, 22(6): 19~21
44 黄其明. PW 膜-生物反应器法处理制药发酵废水工业用水与废水. 2001, 32(5): 49~51
45 鲁南, 普红平. 膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水. 化工环保. 2004, 24: 234~235
46 孙振龙, 陈绍伟, 吴志超等. 一体式平片膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水研究. 工业用水与废水. 2003, 34(1): 33~35
47 徐又一, 石灯水, 王剑鸣等. 环保领域中聚丙烯中空纤维膜-生物反应器的研究. 膜科学与技术. 2000, 20 (2): 26~29
48 丁峰, 彭永臻, 杜红等. 活性污泥中污泥上浮的产生与控制. 环境工程. 2000, 12, 18(6): 25~27
49 丁峰, 徐学清, 彭永臻等. 污泥活性抑制和污泥上浮的检测及控制. 工业用水与废水. 2001, 12, 32(1): 10~12
50 刘超翔, 黄霞, 文湘华等. 一体式膜生物反应器处理毛染废水的中试研究.给水排水. 2002, 28(2): 56~59
51 郑祥, 樊耀波. 膜生物反应器运行条件的优化及膜污染控制. 给水排水. 2001, 27(4): 41~44
52 顾平, 罗虹, 杨造燕. 中空膜生物床处理生活污水的中试研究. 中国给水排水. 2000, 16(3): 5~8
53 Met. Gander. Aerobic MBRs for domestic wastewater treatment: a review with cost considerations. Separation and purification Technology, 2000, (18): 119~130
54 C. Wisnie. Kineticsd of organic carbon removal by a mixed culture in a membrane bioreactor. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 999(3): 61~69
55 Van Gils Gand Pirbazai M. Development of a combined ultra filtration and carbon adsorption system for industrial wastewater reuse and priority pollutant removal. Environmental Progress, 1986, 5(3): 167~170
56 李军, 傅金祥, 汪力. IMBR 法处理洗浴污水的试验研究. 沈阳建筑工程学院学报. 2003, 19(1): 53~58
57 张自杰. 排水工程下册(第四版). 中国建筑工业出版社, 2000: 94~105
58 邹联沛, 刘旭东, 王宝贞等. MBR 中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子.环境科学. 2001, 22(4): 51~55
59 郑兴灿, 李亚新. 污水除磷脱氮技术. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1998: 45~47
60 刘国丽. 膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水的试验研究. 哈尔滨建筑大学硕士学位论文. 2000: 32~35
61 Y .Magara, M. Itoh. The effect of operation factors on solid/liquid separation by ultra-membrane filtration in a biological denitrification system for collected human excreta treatment plans. Wat Sci Tech, 1991, 23: 1583~1590
62 刑传宏. 一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水实验研究. 环境科学. 1997, 18(3): 1~4
63 Jin Kie Shim, Ik-Keun Yoo, Young Moo Lee. Design and operation considerations for wastewater treatment usinga flat submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry. 2002, 38: 279~285
64 Seong-Hoon Yoon, Hyung-Soo Kim, Sangho Lee. Incorporation of ultrasonic cell disintegration into a membrane bioreactor for zero sludge production. Process biochemistry. 2004, 39: 1923~1929
65 田口广著. 孙玉修, 蔡汉弟译. 活性污泥膨胀与控制对策. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1982:55~60
66 张自杰, 周帆. 活性污泥生物学与反应动力学. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. 1992: 89~96
67 Josepham, R .Menahem. Organic Groups and Molecular Weight Distribution in Tertiary Effluents and Renovated Waters. Water Research. 1982, 116: 399~403
68 R.Menahem, M.Josepha. Classification of Organics in Secondary Effluents. Environmental Science & Technique. 1971, 5(7): 606~609
69 Hang-Sik Shin, Seok-Tae Kang. Characteristics and Fates of Soluble Microbial Products in Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor at Various Sludge Retention Times. Water Research. 2003, 37: 121~127
70 刘锐, 黄霞, 刘若鹏. 膜生物反应器和传统活性污泥工艺的比较. 环境科学. 2001, 22(3): 20~24
71 吴志超, 王士芬, 高廷耀. 膜生物反应器和活性污泥法处理巴西基酸生产废水的对比试验. 中国给水排水. 2000, 16(3): 57~60
72 Seong-Hoon Yoon, Hyung-Soo Kim, Ik-Tae Yeom. The Optimum OperationalCondition of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): Cost Estimation of Aeration and Sludge Treatment. Water Research. 2004, 38(1): 37~46
73 E. Egemen,J. Corpening and N. Nirmalakhandan, Evaluation of an Ozonation System for Reduced Waste Sludge Generation. Water Science and Technology,2001, 44: 445~452
74 佟娟. MBR 处理聚酯废水的中试研究. 哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2004: 40~46
75 W. J. Davies. Intensified activated sludge process with submerged membrane micro-filtration. Wat. Sc. Tech, 1998, 38(4-5): 421~428
76 E. B. Muller. Aerobic domestic wastewater treatment in a pilot plant with complete sludge retention by cross flow filtration. Wat.Res. 1995, 29(4): 1179~1189
77 李力, 杨造燕, 顾平等. 膜生物反应器在城市生活污水处理回用中的应用. 2001 年膜技术应用国际会议论文集. 杭州: 2001, 9: 240~245
78 刘锐, 黄霞, 陈吕军等. 一体式膜-生物反应器处理洗浴污水. 中国给水排水. 2001, 17(1): 5~8
79 湖北省水生生物研究所第四研究室无脊椎动物区系组. 废水生物处理微型动物图志, 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社
80 高以煊, 叶凌碧. 膜分离技术基础. 北京: 科学出版社, 1989:101~104
81 徐慧芳, 樊耀波. 膜-生物反应器中溶解微生物产物的研究进展. 环境污染治理技术与设备. 2002, 3(1): 17~21
82 邹联沛, 王宝贞, 张捍民. 膜生物反应器中膜的堵塞与清洗的机理研究.给水排水. 2000, 29(9): 73~75
83 T. Mukai. Ultrafiltration Behavior of Extracellular and Metablic Products in Activated Sludge System with UF Seperation Process. Water Research. 2000, 34(3): 902~908
84 赵奎霞, 张传义, 李中和. 清洁生产思想在 MBR 膜污染控制中的应用. 能源环境保护. 2003, 17(2): 41~43
85 H. Husain, P. C?té. The Zenon Experience with Membrane Bioreactors for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. MBR2 Conference, 2 June, Cranfield University, UK, 1999:556~561
86 ElHani Bouhabila, Roger Ben A?m, Hervé Buisson. Fouling Characterisation in Membrane Bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology. 2001,(22~23): 123~132
87 C. Wisniewski, A. Grasmick. Floc Size Distribution in a Membrane Bioreactor and Consequences for Membrane Fouling. Colloids and Surfaces. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 1998, 138: 403~411
88 H. Nagaoka. Influence of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Science and Technology. 1996, 34(9): 165~172
89 E. tardieu. Hydrodynamic Control of Bioparticle Deposition in a MBR Applied to Wastewater Treatment. Membrane Science. 1998, 147: 1~12
90 K. H. choo, C. H. Lee. Effect of Anaerobic Digestion Broth Comosition on Membrand Permeability. Water Science and Technology. 1996, 34(9): 173~179
91 郑祥, 樊耀波. 膜生物反应器运行条件的优化及膜污染的控制. 给水排水. 2001, 27(4): 41~44
92 Tatsuki Ueda, Kenji Hata. Domestic Wastewater Treatment By A Submerged Membrane Bioreactor With Gravitational Filtration. Water Research. 1999, 33 (12): 2888~2892
93 Hugh Thomas, John Murrer. Fouling Characteristics of Membrane Filtration in Membrane Bioreactors. Membrane Technology. 122: 10~13
94 桂萍, 黄霞, 陈颍等. 膜-生物反应器运行条件对膜过滤特性的影响. 环境科学. 1999, 20(3): 38~41
95 E. Tardieu, A. Grasmick, V. Geaugey, et al. Hydro-dynamic control of bioparticle deposition in a MBR applied to wastewater treatment . Membrane Science, 1998, 147: 1~12
96 E. Tardieu, A. Grasmick, V. Geaugey, et al. Influence of hydrodynamics on fouling velocity in a recirculated MBR for wastewater treatment. Membrane Science, 1999,156: 131~140
97 L. Defrance, M. Y. Jaffrin. Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration. Membrane Science, 1999, 157: 73~84
98 R. H. Belfort, A. Dabis, L. Zydney. Review the behavior of suspensions and macromolecular solutions in cross flow micro filtration. Membrane Science, 1994, 96: 1~58
99 K. H. Choo, A. Miya. Approaches to membrane fouling control in anaerobicmembrane bioreactors. Wat Sci Tech. 2000, 41(10-11): 363~371
100 J. S. Chang, L. J. Tsai, Vigneswaran, et al. Experi-mental investigation of the effect of particle size distribution of suspended particles on micro filtration . Wat Sci Tech. 1996, 34(9): 133~140
101 黄霞, 莫罹. MBR 在净水工艺中的膜污染特征及清洗. 中国给水排水. 2003, 5(19): 8~12
102 刘锐, 黄霞, 汪诚文等. 一体式膜-生物反应器长期运行中的膜污染控制.环境科学. 2000, 21(2): 58~61
103 Civisvanathan, Byung-Soo Yang. Application of Air Backflushing Technique in Membrane Bioreactor. Water Science and Technology. 1997, 36(12): 259~266
104 January Bien, Lidia wolny. Changes of Some Swage Sludge Parameters Prepared with an Ultrasonic Field. Water Science and Technology. 1997, 36(1): 101~106
105 S. Yasutoshi. Filtration Characteristics of Hollow Fiber Micro filtration Membranes Used in Membrane Bioreactor for Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Wat. Res. 1996, 30(100): 2385-2392
106 E. Tardieu, V. Grasmick. Fouling Mechanisms in Membrane Bioreactors Applied to Wastewater Treatment. Budapest. Present paper for 7th World Filtration Congress. 1996: 20~23
2 张杰, 相会强, 徐桂芹. 抗生素生产废水治理技术进展. 哈尔滨建筑大学学报. 2002, 4, 35(2): 15~17
3 吴郭虎, 李鹏, 王曙光等. 混凝法处理制药废水的研究. 水处理技术. 2000, 26(1): 53~55
4 王玉珂.抗生素制药废水的炉渣处理. 环境保护. 1993(8): 15~16
5 潘志强. 土霉素及麦迪霉素废水的化学气浮处理. 工业水处理. 1991, 11(1): 24~26
6 徐扣珍, 陆文雄, 宋平等. 焚烧法处理氯霉素生产废水. 环境科学. 1998, 19(4): 69~71
7 王淑琴, 李十中. 反渗透法处理土霉素结晶母液的研究. 城市环境与城市生态. 1999, 12(1): 25~27
8 吴敦虎, 李鹏, 王曙光等. 混凝法处理制药废水的研究. 水处理技术. 2000, 26(1): 53~55
9 饶义平, 唐文浩. 复合絮凝处理抗生素废水对其抑菌效力的影响. 上海环境科学. 1996, 15(8): 37~40
10 北京水环境技术与设备研究中心, 北京市环境保护科学研究院, 国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心. 三废处理工程技术手册(废水卷). 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2000: 205~208
11 乌锡康, 金青萍. 有机水污染治理技术. 上海: 华东化工学院出版社, 1989: 322~325
12 杨景亮, 罗人明, 黄群贤. UASB+AF 处理维生素 C 废水的研究. 环境科学. 1994, 15(6): 54~58
13 马寿权, 韦巧玲. 抗生素制药废水治理研究.重庆环境科学. 1995, 17(6): 23~25
14 陈玉, 刘峰, 王建晨等. 上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)处理制药废水的研究. 环境科学. 1994, 15(1): 50~53
15 徐根良, 官宝红. 扑热息痛废水治理技术初步研究. 水处理技术. 1999, 25(3): 178~181
16 王凯军, 秦人伟. 发酵工业废水处理. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2000:468~472
17 周平, 钱易, 苏诚艺等. 庆大霉素和金霉素废水的处理试验研究. 环境科学. 1995, 16(1): 45~48
18 吴昌龙, 周平, 张全兴. 综合法治理高浓度医药中间体生产废水的研究.工业水处理. 1998, 18(2): 19~22
19 李凤仙, 李善评, 张成禄. 药厂扑息热痛废水治理的研究. 环境科学与技术. 1996(1): 31~34
20 佘宗莲, 田由芸. 厌氧-好氧序列间歇式反应器处理生物制药废水的研究.环境科学研究. 1998, 11(1): 49~53
21 陆永生, 华彬, 施利毅. 含制药残液废水的处理工艺研究. 上海环境科学. 1999, 18(5): 223~226
22 杨军, 陆正禹, 胡纪萃等. 抗生素工业废水生物处理技术的现状与展望. 环境科学. 1997, 18(3): 83~85
23 顾国维, 何义亮. 膜生物反应器-在污水处理中的研究和应用. 化学工业出版社. 2002, 5: 1~2
24 C. Chiemchaisri, K. Yamamoto. Performance of Membrane Separation Bioreactor at Various Temperatures for Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Membrane Science. 1994, 87: 119~129
25 B .Gunder, K. Krauth.Replacement of Secondary Clarification by Membrane Separation-Results with Tubular, Plate and Hollow Fiber Modules. Water Science and Technology. 1999, 40(4): 311~320
26 C. Chiemchaisri, K. Yamamoto, S. Vigneswawan. Household membrane bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology. 1993, 27: 171~178
27 P. Cote, H. Buisson, C. Pound. Immersed Membrane Activated Sludge for the Reuse of Municipal Wastewater Desalination. 1997, 113: 189~196
28 Y. M. Nah, K. H. Ahn, I. T. Yeom. Nitrogen Removal in Household Wastewater Treatment Using an Intermittently Aerated Membrane Bioreactor. Environ Technol. 2000, 21: 107~114
29 Xianghua Wen, Hangjiu Ding, Xia Huang, et al. Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor. Process Biochemistry. 2004, 39: 1427~1431
30 Won-Young Ahn, Moon-Sun Kang, Seong-Keun Yim, et al. AdvancedLandfill Leachate Treatment Using an Integrated Membrane Process. Desalination.2002, 149: 109~l14
31 G. Iorio, V. Calabrò. Biological applications of membrane systems in the agro-food industry. Membrane Technology: Applications to Industrial Wastewater Treatment. 1995: 89~100
32 K. D. Zoh, K. S. Michael. Application of a Membrane Bioreactor for Treating Explosives Process Wastewater. Water Research. 2002, 36: 1018~1024
33 Je. A. Robertsa, Paul M. Sutton, Prakash N. Mishra. Application of the Membrane Biological Reactor System for Combined Sanitary and Industrial Wastewater Treatment. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2000 46: 37~42
34 W. Scholz, W. Fuchs. Treatment of Oil Contaminated Wastewater in a Membrane Bioreactor. Water Research. 2000, 34(14): 3621~3629
35 Christoph Bl?cher, Ulrike Bunse. Continuous Regeneration of Degreasing Solutions from Electroplating Operations Using a Membrane Bioreactor. Desalination. 2004, 162: 315~326
36 R. Tenno, H. Paulapuro. Removal of Dissolved Organic Compounds from Paper Machine Whitewater by Membrane Bioreactors: a Comparative Analysis. Control Engineering Practice. 1999, 7: 1085~1099
37 T. Stephenson.Types of membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment-An introduction. Proceedings of the 1st International Meeting on Membrane Bioreactors for Wasterwater Treatment,Cranfield University, Cranfild, UK, 1997:88~92
38 T. Stephenson, S. Judd, B. Jefferson, et al. Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. London: IWA Publishing, 2000:59~111
39 E. A. C. Emanuelsson, J. P. Arcangeli, A. G. Livingston. The Anoxic Extractive Membrane Bioreactor. Water Research 2003, 37:1231~1238
40 G. Livingston, J. P. Arcangeli, T. Boam, et al. Extractive Membrane Bioreactors for Detoxification of Chemical Industry Wastes: Process Development. Membrane Science. 1998, 151: 29~44
41 魏源送, 郑祥, 刘俊新. 国外膜生物反应器在污水处理中的研究进展. 工业水处理. 2003, 23(1): 24~26
42 Benitez, Jaime, Rodriguez, et al. Stabilization and dewatering of wastewaterusing hollow fiber membranes. Wat.Res 1995,29(10):2281~2286
43 白晓慧, 陈英旭. 一体式膜生物反应器处理医药化工水的试验. 环境污染与防治. 2000, 22(6): 19~21
44 黄其明. PW 膜-生物反应器法处理制药发酵废水工业用水与废水. 2001, 32(5): 49~51
45 鲁南, 普红平. 膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水. 化工环保. 2004, 24: 234~235
46 孙振龙, 陈绍伟, 吴志超等. 一体式平片膜生物反应器处理抗生素废水研究. 工业用水与废水. 2003, 34(1): 33~35
47 徐又一, 石灯水, 王剑鸣等. 环保领域中聚丙烯中空纤维膜-生物反应器的研究. 膜科学与技术. 2000, 20 (2): 26~29
48 丁峰, 彭永臻, 杜红等. 活性污泥中污泥上浮的产生与控制. 环境工程. 2000, 12, 18(6): 25~27
49 丁峰, 徐学清, 彭永臻等. 污泥活性抑制和污泥上浮的检测及控制. 工业用水与废水. 2001, 12, 32(1): 10~12
50 刘超翔, 黄霞, 文湘华等. 一体式膜生物反应器处理毛染废水的中试研究.给水排水. 2002, 28(2): 56~59
51 郑祥, 樊耀波. 膜生物反应器运行条件的优化及膜污染控制. 给水排水. 2001, 27(4): 41~44
52 顾平, 罗虹, 杨造燕. 中空膜生物床处理生活污水的中试研究. 中国给水排水. 2000, 16(3): 5~8
53 Met. Gander. Aerobic MBRs for domestic wastewater treatment: a review with cost considerations. Separation and purification Technology, 2000, (18): 119~130
54 C. Wisnie. Kineticsd of organic carbon removal by a mixed culture in a membrane bioreactor. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 999(3): 61~69
55 Van Gils Gand Pirbazai M. Development of a combined ultra filtration and carbon adsorption system for industrial wastewater reuse and priority pollutant removal. Environmental Progress, 1986, 5(3): 167~170
56 李军, 傅金祥, 汪力. IMBR 法处理洗浴污水的试验研究. 沈阳建筑工程学院学报. 2003, 19(1): 53~58
57 张自杰. 排水工程下册(第四版). 中国建筑工业出版社, 2000: 94~105
58 邹联沛, 刘旭东, 王宝贞等. MBR 中影响同步硝化反硝化的生态因子.环境科学. 2001, 22(4): 51~55
59 郑兴灿, 李亚新. 污水除磷脱氮技术. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1998: 45~47
60 刘国丽. 膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水的试验研究. 哈尔滨建筑大学硕士学位论文. 2000: 32~35
61 Y .Magara, M. Itoh. The effect of operation factors on solid/liquid separation by ultra-membrane filtration in a biological denitrification system for collected human excreta treatment plans. Wat Sci Tech, 1991, 23: 1583~1590
62 刑传宏. 一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水实验研究. 环境科学. 1997, 18(3): 1~4
63 Jin Kie Shim, Ik-Keun Yoo, Young Moo Lee. Design and operation considerations for wastewater treatment usinga flat submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry. 2002, 38: 279~285
64 Seong-Hoon Yoon, Hyung-Soo Kim, Sangho Lee. Incorporation of ultrasonic cell disintegration into a membrane bioreactor for zero sludge production. Process biochemistry. 2004, 39: 1923~1929
65 田口广著. 孙玉修, 蔡汉弟译. 活性污泥膨胀与控制对策. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 1982:55~60
66 张自杰, 周帆. 活性污泥生物学与反应动力学. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社. 1992: 89~96
67 Josepham, R .Menahem. Organic Groups and Molecular Weight Distribution in Tertiary Effluents and Renovated Waters. Water Research. 1982, 116: 399~403
68 R.Menahem, M.Josepha. Classification of Organics in Secondary Effluents. Environmental Science & Technique. 1971, 5(7): 606~609
69 Hang-Sik Shin, Seok-Tae Kang. Characteristics and Fates of Soluble Microbial Products in Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor at Various Sludge Retention Times. Water Research. 2003, 37: 121~127
70 刘锐, 黄霞, 刘若鹏. 膜生物反应器和传统活性污泥工艺的比较. 环境科学. 2001, 22(3): 20~24
71 吴志超, 王士芬, 高廷耀. 膜生物反应器和活性污泥法处理巴西基酸生产废水的对比试验. 中国给水排水. 2000, 16(3): 57~60
72 Seong-Hoon Yoon, Hyung-Soo Kim, Ik-Tae Yeom. The Optimum OperationalCondition of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): Cost Estimation of Aeration and Sludge Treatment. Water Research. 2004, 38(1): 37~46
73 E. Egemen,J. Corpening and N. Nirmalakhandan, Evaluation of an Ozonation System for Reduced Waste Sludge Generation. Water Science and Technology,2001, 44: 445~452
74 佟娟. MBR 处理聚酯废水的中试研究. 哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2004: 40~46
75 W. J. Davies. Intensified activated sludge process with submerged membrane micro-filtration. Wat. Sc. Tech, 1998, 38(4-5): 421~428
76 E. B. Muller. Aerobic domestic wastewater treatment in a pilot plant with complete sludge retention by cross flow filtration. Wat.Res. 1995, 29(4): 1179~1189
77 李力, 杨造燕, 顾平等. 膜生物反应器在城市生活污水处理回用中的应用. 2001 年膜技术应用国际会议论文集. 杭州: 2001, 9: 240~245
78 刘锐, 黄霞, 陈吕军等. 一体式膜-生物反应器处理洗浴污水. 中国给水排水. 2001, 17(1): 5~8
79 湖北省水生生物研究所第四研究室无脊椎动物区系组. 废水生物处理微型动物图志, 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社
80 高以煊, 叶凌碧. 膜分离技术基础. 北京: 科学出版社, 1989:101~104
81 徐慧芳, 樊耀波. 膜-生物反应器中溶解微生物产物的研究进展. 环境污染治理技术与设备. 2002, 3(1): 17~21
82 邹联沛, 王宝贞, 张捍民. 膜生物反应器中膜的堵塞与清洗的机理研究.给水排水. 2000, 29(9): 73~75
83 T. Mukai. Ultrafiltration Behavior of Extracellular and Metablic Products in Activated Sludge System with UF Seperation Process. Water Research. 2000, 34(3): 902~908
84 赵奎霞, 张传义, 李中和. 清洁生产思想在 MBR 膜污染控制中的应用. 能源环境保护. 2003, 17(2): 41~43
85 H. Husain, P. C?té. The Zenon Experience with Membrane Bioreactors for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. MBR2 Conference, 2 June, Cranfield University, UK, 1999:556~561
86 ElHani Bouhabila, Roger Ben A?m, Hervé Buisson. Fouling Characterisation in Membrane Bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology. 2001,(22~23): 123~132
87 C. Wisniewski, A. Grasmick. Floc Size Distribution in a Membrane Bioreactor and Consequences for Membrane Fouling. Colloids and Surfaces. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 1998, 138: 403~411
88 H. Nagaoka. Influence of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Science and Technology. 1996, 34(9): 165~172
89 E. tardieu. Hydrodynamic Control of Bioparticle Deposition in a MBR Applied to Wastewater Treatment. Membrane Science. 1998, 147: 1~12
90 K. H. choo, C. H. Lee. Effect of Anaerobic Digestion Broth Comosition on Membrand Permeability. Water Science and Technology. 1996, 34(9): 173~179
91 郑祥, 樊耀波. 膜生物反应器运行条件的优化及膜污染的控制. 给水排水. 2001, 27(4): 41~44
92 Tatsuki Ueda, Kenji Hata. Domestic Wastewater Treatment By A Submerged Membrane Bioreactor With Gravitational Filtration. Water Research. 1999, 33 (12): 2888~2892
93 Hugh Thomas, John Murrer. Fouling Characteristics of Membrane Filtration in Membrane Bioreactors. Membrane Technology. 122: 10~13
94 桂萍, 黄霞, 陈颍等. 膜-生物反应器运行条件对膜过滤特性的影响. 环境科学. 1999, 20(3): 38~41
95 E. Tardieu, A. Grasmick, V. Geaugey, et al. Hydro-dynamic control of bioparticle deposition in a MBR applied to wastewater treatment . Membrane Science, 1998, 147: 1~12
96 E. Tardieu, A. Grasmick, V. Geaugey, et al. Influence of hydrodynamics on fouling velocity in a recirculated MBR for wastewater treatment. Membrane Science, 1999,156: 131~140
97 L. Defrance, M. Y. Jaffrin. Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration. Membrane Science, 1999, 157: 73~84
98 R. H. Belfort, A. Dabis, L. Zydney. Review the behavior of suspensions and macromolecular solutions in cross flow micro filtration. Membrane Science, 1994, 96: 1~58
99 K. H. Choo, A. Miya. Approaches to membrane fouling control in anaerobicmembrane bioreactors. Wat Sci Tech. 2000, 41(10-11): 363~371
100 J. S. Chang, L. J. Tsai, Vigneswaran, et al. Experi-mental investigation of the effect of particle size distribution of suspended particles on micro filtration . Wat Sci Tech. 1996, 34(9): 133~140
101 黄霞, 莫罹. MBR 在净水工艺中的膜污染特征及清洗. 中国给水排水. 2003, 5(19): 8~12
102 刘锐, 黄霞, 汪诚文等. 一体式膜-生物反应器长期运行中的膜污染控制.环境科学. 2000, 21(2): 58~61
103 Civisvanathan, Byung-Soo Yang. Application of Air Backflushing Technique in Membrane Bioreactor. Water Science and Technology. 1997, 36(12): 259~266
104 January Bien, Lidia wolny. Changes of Some Swage Sludge Parameters Prepared with an Ultrasonic Field. Water Science and Technology. 1997, 36(1): 101~106
105 S. Yasutoshi. Filtration Characteristics of Hollow Fiber Micro filtration Membranes Used in Membrane Bioreactor for Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Wat. Res. 1996, 30(100): 2385-2392
106 E. Tardieu, V. Grasmick. Fouling Mechanisms in Membrane Bioreactors Applied to Wastewater Treatment. Budapest. Present paper for 7th World Filtration Congress. 1996: 20~23