软投入与区域经济增长质量
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摘要
自改革开放以来中国取得经济增长奇迹,同时出现的关于经济增长的研究成果可以说是浩如烟海。与此形成鲜明对照的是关于增长质量的研究只是散见于领导人的讲话及零星的论著中。本论文基于软投入及相关理论,构建了经济增长质量的分析框架,并进行了区域比较研究,对理论进行实证检验。认为经济增长质量就其内涵而言不仅涉及平等的教育机会,收入分配的均等化及政府治理能力的提升等方面,而且更为重要的是其效率特征,其特征在于增长的持续性、协调性及资源环境问题等方面的规定性。改革三十多年来,浙江与甘肃经济发展的差距非常明显,进行比较分析具有典型性。实证方面,使用增量投入产出方法测算浙江和甘肃两省的软投入贡献率,使用计量回归分析方法测量了两省资本投入和劳动投入的产出弹性,利用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数测算了两省历年全要素生产率。通过浙江和甘肃两省经济增长质量方面数据的对比,分析了区域间经济增长绩效、经济结构、增长福利、能源指标、环境状况等方面的不同表现,归纳出提高经济增长质量,转变经济发展方式的思路和对策。
综合政策投入角度的研究表明,浙江和甘肃经济增长都会受到政策投入的影响。浙江民营经济发达,非公有制经济所占比重较高,因此经济增长受到产权制度改革影响较显著；而甘肃非公有制经济发展较缓慢,比重较低,因此对经济增长的影响较小。从综合科技投入来看,科技投入和教育投入对经济增长都有很重要的影响,科技进步会促进创新,是经济增长的重要动力和源泉,而教育可以提高区域人力资本水平,人力资本具有“内生效应”和“外生效应”,可以促进经济实现规模收益递增的增长。实证结果表明,科技投入和由教育形成的人力资本水平的提高,对浙江和甘肃经济增长都有显著影响。从劳动者积极性角度看,劳动者积极性对经济增长产生影响,而劳动者积极性受到制度环境的影响,主要是产权制度安排和激励机制的影响,通过合理机制安排,可以有效提高劳动者积极性,从而提高生产效率。
研究结果表明,浙江和甘肃两省经济增长质量存在显著差异,浙江经济增长质量高于甘肃,无论是基于综合政策投入、综合科技投入还是劳动者积极性投入的对比研究均支持理论分析的结果。在今后一个较长时期,软投入要素对于集约使用资源,改善生态环境,对于保持经济平稳快速增长具有重要意义。为了促进区域经济增长质量的提高,需要加强区域综合政策投入水平,增强有效制度供给,创新区域政策投入；转变经济体制,推进市场化进程,完善产权制度改革,实现产权明晰、权责明确的所有制形式,极大提高经济效率,促进资源的合理有效配置；提高教育投入水平,加快人力资本的形成,采取多种措施完善教育体系,优化现有教育资源配置,推动和引导社会各种力量投资于教育事业,建立和完善终生教育体系;要加大科技投入,加强对科技投入的政策引导和扶持,加大对创新型科研开发的支持力度,提高区域创新能力建设,增强自主创新能力；提高劳动积极性投入,完善激励制度,建立一套公平、合理、有效的激励机制和收入分配制度；转变政府职能,尽量避免直接的行政命令干预市场；调整产业结构,促进产业转移；提高能源效率,促进经济总体能耗水平降低；保护生态环境,促进经济、社会和生态的协调发展。
Since the reform and opening up, the miracle of economic growth has occurred in China. And tremendous amount of research results on economic growth were presented at the same time. In sharp contrast, the researches on the quality of economic growth were only scattered in the speeches of leaders and a few works. In this dissertation, the analytical framework for the quality of economic growth was constructed based on soft input and related theories. The researches on regional comparison were carried out, and the empirical test of theories was made. It was believed that the meaning of the quality of economic growth involves not only the equal opportunities of acquiring education, the equalization of income and distribution, the increase in the ability of government administration and so on, but also the efficiency characteristics, which are more important, including the persistence and harmony of growth, and the regulation for the issues of resources and environment, etc. In more than thirty years since the reform and opening, remarkable differences presented between the economic development in Gansu and Zhejiang province, so the comparison between them is representative. For empirical test, the contribution rates of soft input of two provinces were calculated using incremental input-output method, the capital input elasticity and flexibility of labor input of the two provinces were measured by regression analysis, and the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of the two provinces over the years were calculated by using Cobb-Douglas production function. Through the comparison of the data about the quality of economic growth in two provinces, Zhejiang and Gansu, the different characteristics of economic growth performance, economic structure, welfare increase, energy indicators, environmental conditions and so on between regions were analyzed. The ideas and strategies to improve the quality of economic growth and change the mode of economic development were proposed.
The investigation on the integrated policy input indicated that the economic growth in both Gansu and Zhejiang were affected by the policy input. The private economy was developed in Zhejiang Province with a higher proportion of non-public economy, so the economic growth was affected by the reform of property rights significantly. While non-public economic developed slowly, and had a lower proportion in Gansu Province, therefore it had little effect on economic growth. With regard to the integrated science and technology input, both science and technology input and education investment had a significant effect on economic growth. Scientific and technological advances would promote innovation, which is the main driving force and source of economic growth; while education would raise the regional level of human capital, which was endogenesis and externalities and would promote the accomplishment of the economic growth of increasing returns to scale. The empirical results indicated that science and technology input and the increase of the level of human capital via education had significant effect on economic growth in both Zhejiang and Gansu Province. As for employee enthusiasm, the employee enthusiasm had an effect on economic growth, which was affected by institutional environment, especially property right and incentive system. By reasonable arrangement of the systems, the employee enthusiasm, and consequently the productivity would be raised effectively.
The study showed that great difference existed between the quality of economic growth of the two provinces, Zhejiang and Gansu. The quality of economic growth of Zhejiang was superior to that of Gansu. The results of theoretical analysis were supported by the comparative study on whether the comprehensive policy input, integrated science and technology investment or the input of employee enthusiasm. In a long period from now, the soft input factors are important for the intensive use of resources, the improvement of ecological environment and the maintenance of the steady and rapid economic growth. In order to promote the improvement of the quality of regional economic growth, it is needed to take the following measures:①to raise the level of regional integrated policy input, increase the effective institutional supply and change the regional policy input;②to change the economic systems, promote the process of market and perfect the reform of property right system, to achieve the ownership forms with clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, and to improve the economic efficiency greatly and promote the rational and effective allocation of resources;③to raise the level of educational investment and speed up the formation of human capital, to improve the education system by taking various measures and optimize the existed educational resources, to promote and guide the investment of various society forces in education, and to establish and perfect the life-long education system;④to enhance the input of employee enthusiasm and improve the incentive system, and to establish a fair, reasonable and effective incentive system and income and distribution system;⑤to change the functions of government, and to avoid the direct intervention of the executive order in the market to the greatest extent;⑥to adjust the industrial structure promote the transfer of industry;⑦to raise the energy efficiency and promote the reduction of the overall level of energy consumption of economy;⑧to protect the ecological environment and promote the coordinated development of the economy, society and ecology.
综合政策投入角度的研究表明,浙江和甘肃经济增长都会受到政策投入的影响。浙江民营经济发达,非公有制经济所占比重较高,因此经济增长受到产权制度改革影响较显著；而甘肃非公有制经济发展较缓慢,比重较低,因此对经济增长的影响较小。从综合科技投入来看,科技投入和教育投入对经济增长都有很重要的影响,科技进步会促进创新,是经济增长的重要动力和源泉,而教育可以提高区域人力资本水平,人力资本具有“内生效应”和“外生效应”,可以促进经济实现规模收益递增的增长。实证结果表明,科技投入和由教育形成的人力资本水平的提高,对浙江和甘肃经济增长都有显著影响。从劳动者积极性角度看,劳动者积极性对经济增长产生影响,而劳动者积极性受到制度环境的影响,主要是产权制度安排和激励机制的影响,通过合理机制安排,可以有效提高劳动者积极性,从而提高生产效率。
研究结果表明,浙江和甘肃两省经济增长质量存在显著差异,浙江经济增长质量高于甘肃,无论是基于综合政策投入、综合科技投入还是劳动者积极性投入的对比研究均支持理论分析的结果。在今后一个较长时期,软投入要素对于集约使用资源,改善生态环境,对于保持经济平稳快速增长具有重要意义。为了促进区域经济增长质量的提高,需要加强区域综合政策投入水平,增强有效制度供给,创新区域政策投入；转变经济体制,推进市场化进程,完善产权制度改革,实现产权明晰、权责明确的所有制形式,极大提高经济效率,促进资源的合理有效配置；提高教育投入水平,加快人力资本的形成,采取多种措施完善教育体系,优化现有教育资源配置,推动和引导社会各种力量投资于教育事业,建立和完善终生教育体系;要加大科技投入,加强对科技投入的政策引导和扶持,加大对创新型科研开发的支持力度,提高区域创新能力建设,增强自主创新能力；提高劳动积极性投入,完善激励制度,建立一套公平、合理、有效的激励机制和收入分配制度；转变政府职能,尽量避免直接的行政命令干预市场；调整产业结构,促进产业转移；提高能源效率,促进经济总体能耗水平降低；保护生态环境,促进经济、社会和生态的协调发展。
Since the reform and opening up, the miracle of economic growth has occurred in China. And tremendous amount of research results on economic growth were presented at the same time. In sharp contrast, the researches on the quality of economic growth were only scattered in the speeches of leaders and a few works. In this dissertation, the analytical framework for the quality of economic growth was constructed based on soft input and related theories. The researches on regional comparison were carried out, and the empirical test of theories was made. It was believed that the meaning of the quality of economic growth involves not only the equal opportunities of acquiring education, the equalization of income and distribution, the increase in the ability of government administration and so on, but also the efficiency characteristics, which are more important, including the persistence and harmony of growth, and the regulation for the issues of resources and environment, etc. In more than thirty years since the reform and opening, remarkable differences presented between the economic development in Gansu and Zhejiang province, so the comparison between them is representative. For empirical test, the contribution rates of soft input of two provinces were calculated using incremental input-output method, the capital input elasticity and flexibility of labor input of the two provinces were measured by regression analysis, and the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of the two provinces over the years were calculated by using Cobb-Douglas production function. Through the comparison of the data about the quality of economic growth in two provinces, Zhejiang and Gansu, the different characteristics of economic growth performance, economic structure, welfare increase, energy indicators, environmental conditions and so on between regions were analyzed. The ideas and strategies to improve the quality of economic growth and change the mode of economic development were proposed.
The investigation on the integrated policy input indicated that the economic growth in both Gansu and Zhejiang were affected by the policy input. The private economy was developed in Zhejiang Province with a higher proportion of non-public economy, so the economic growth was affected by the reform of property rights significantly. While non-public economic developed slowly, and had a lower proportion in Gansu Province, therefore it had little effect on economic growth. With regard to the integrated science and technology input, both science and technology input and education investment had a significant effect on economic growth. Scientific and technological advances would promote innovation, which is the main driving force and source of economic growth; while education would raise the regional level of human capital, which was endogenesis and externalities and would promote the accomplishment of the economic growth of increasing returns to scale. The empirical results indicated that science and technology input and the increase of the level of human capital via education had significant effect on economic growth in both Zhejiang and Gansu Province. As for employee enthusiasm, the employee enthusiasm had an effect on economic growth, which was affected by institutional environment, especially property right and incentive system. By reasonable arrangement of the systems, the employee enthusiasm, and consequently the productivity would be raised effectively.
The study showed that great difference existed between the quality of economic growth of the two provinces, Zhejiang and Gansu. The quality of economic growth of Zhejiang was superior to that of Gansu. The results of theoretical analysis were supported by the comparative study on whether the comprehensive policy input, integrated science and technology investment or the input of employee enthusiasm. In a long period from now, the soft input factors are important for the intensive use of resources, the improvement of ecological environment and the maintenance of the steady and rapid economic growth. In order to promote the improvement of the quality of regional economic growth, it is needed to take the following measures:①to raise the level of regional integrated policy input, increase the effective institutional supply and change the regional policy input;②to change the economic systems, promote the process of market and perfect the reform of property right system, to achieve the ownership forms with clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, and to improve the economic efficiency greatly and promote the rational and effective allocation of resources;③to raise the level of educational investment and speed up the formation of human capital, to improve the education system by taking various measures and optimize the existed educational resources, to promote and guide the investment of various society forces in education, and to establish and perfect the life-long education system;④to enhance the input of employee enthusiasm and improve the incentive system, and to establish a fair, reasonable and effective incentive system and income and distribution system;⑤to change the functions of government, and to avoid the direct intervention of the executive order in the market to the greatest extent;⑥to adjust the industrial structure promote the transfer of industry;⑦to raise the energy efficiency and promote the reduction of the overall level of energy consumption of economy;⑧to protect the ecological environment and promote the coordinated development of the economy, society and ecology.
引文
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