《查特莱夫人的情人》三部文稿中性描写的差异与表征
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摘要
戴·赫·劳伦斯(1885-1930)是二十世纪最伟大的作家之一。他无论是在生前还是死后,都是享有盛名的作家。他是位高产作家,留下大量作品:长篇小说、短篇故事、散文、文学批评、诗歌、剧本、游记、翻译以及绘画作品。他是一生从未停止过写作的人。惜不长寿,未能尽享天年。其主要成就是长篇小说和短篇故事(包括一些中篇小说),共写有12部长篇小说。对于只活了不足45年的作家来说,创作了如此众多的长篇小说和其他种类的文学作品可以说是获取了极高的成就和巨大的成功。更为了不起的是,他的多数小说都是以极高的技巧和独特的形式内容创作出来的,并已成为现代小说的经典。劳伦斯最为著名的小说自然是《查特莱夫人的情人》,而这也是最为引起人们争议的小说。这部既著名,同时也是名声极坏的小说,可以说是无人不知,无人不晓。无论是否读过这部小说,人们都知道这是一部有关性爱的小说,而且还很过分。
《查特莱夫人的情人》是劳伦斯的最后一部小说,也是他写得最好的小说之一。其地位和质量仅次于《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》。《查特莱夫人的情人》的两大主题是探讨男人和女人的关系,以及人和机器的关系,尤以前者更为重要,也是本论文的主题。这部小说以性爱闻名于世,但是从根本上来说,这是一部充满哲理思想的著作,含有丰富而又深刻的关于性爱、婚姻和社会的思想观念。这些观念既充满新意,又见解深刻。这些观念的独特性使它们不同于任何时代或地区所流行的思想潮流或这样那样的主义。这部小说劳伦斯写有完整的三部文稿,每一部都是完整出色的作品,与其他文稿相比又有着不同的鲜明个性和特点。本论文旨在研究《查特莱夫人的情人》的三部不同的文稿,重点强调不同的性表征在不同文本中的意义。本论文充分考虑了劳伦斯的相关文学理论,劳伦斯在有关性爱、婚姻和家庭等方面有着十分丰富的文学批评的观点和理论;但在第四章使用了酷儿理论对小说进行了重点分析,这也是本论文不同于前人的观点之处。除导论和结尾,本论文分为四章。导论部分介绍了劳伦斯在现代文学中的地位以及他在小说创作方面的成就,简述了《查特莱夫人的情人》所引起的争议,提出了本论文的要点。论文的重点是讨论不同的性展现在三部文稿中所具有的重要意义。有一点需要特别指出,即劳伦斯既是小说作家,又是文学批评家。他有关性、爱情和家庭的论述尤其丰富。因而本论文引用一些相关的观点来分析他的小说。因为这些文章所谈论的主题与小说所表现的主题往往是一致的。
第一章讨论第一部文稿《查特莱夫人第一稿》,1944年最初在美国出版。第一稿是现实主义作品,作品中的性描写和展现由于受现实主义手法的限制而显得隐晦不明。小说的主题是上层社会的查特莱夫人与克利福德爵士的猎场看守人奥利弗·帕金之间的爱情发展故事。克利福德在战争中身受重伤,回国后下身瘫痪,失去性功能,无法尽丈夫的义务,使得妻子康妮的婚姻生活十分不幸。帕金也因不幸的婚姻而离群索居,成为孤独的猎场看守人。吸引这两个孤独凄苦的人走到一起的自然是性爱。爱情在他们之间的发展是令人信服的极为自然的事。劳伦斯在第一稿中为读者描写的是男女之间欢快、健康的性关系。这样的性关系没有征服对方的企图,也没有邪恶的用意。有的只是相互慰藉,相互关爱。他们做爱的场所是帕金的小茅屋和树林之中,与大自然密切相连,免除外界社会的一切干扰。由于第一稿是现实主义作品,当康妮和帕金之间的爱情冷却下来之后,我们发现在他们之间很难会有美好的未来生活。康妮痛苦地意识到,如果和帕金结婚会有着料想不到的生活不适和困难。而作为一名共产主义运动的成员,帕金也怀疑康妮是敌对阵营里的成员。康妮和帕金由于感受到他们行为有悖社会道德而心理不安,而劳伦斯有关性爱重要性的观点也就未能尽情尽兴地全面展开。
第二章重点分析第二稿,《约翰·托马斯和简夫人》,1972年在英国出版。比起第一稿,第二稿的内容有了很大的扩充,是前者的两倍之多。在创作第二稿时,劳伦斯使用了自然主义的创作手法,新增了众多的人物和事件,使得故事内容更为丰满,主要人物的刻画栩栩如生,称得上是圆形人物。康妮和帕金之间的紧张关系得到了缓和,情感交流更为密切,他们甚至希望能够排除困难永远地生活在一起。这些都远胜过第一稿。由于自然主义的运用,这一对情人已不太在意社会意识和他人的看法。他们更为关注的是他们自己的事和做爱时的快乐享受。自然主义更关注自然细节,而不考虑事件本身的道德与否或善恶差别。性描写更为明确,语言也更为直白。劳伦斯的性爱主题得到了全面展现。第二稿和第一稿同样获得了成功,受到读者和评论家的欢迎。
第三章集中讨论第三稿,《查特莱夫人的情人》。这部流传最广、影响最大的稿本最初在意大利的佛罗伦萨私印出版。第三稿是劳伦斯认为最为理想的定稿版本,是作者性爱观的直接、明确的展现。劳伦斯将帕金改名为梅勒斯以告诉读者这两者的区别与不同。梅勒斯的社会地位大为提高,以便与康妮更为般配。性描写的清晰明确更胜过第二稿中的类似场景。随处可见的具有四个字母的庸俗下流词语,以及公开谈论性爱的话题是第三稿的显著特征。劳伦斯许多有关性爱的观点都在小说的第三稿中明确表现出来,这与他在文论中所表达的观点完全一致。向劳伦斯这样执着于通过小说表达正确的性爱观念在文学史上还难见古人,而后者也难以追模。劳伦斯所以能够提出正确的男女间的性爱观点,是因为他能够排除由社会意识形态所造成的,而又普遍流行的种种错误观点的影响。而所谓的阶级差异和社会地位的等级划分都是人为的,不自然的,是社会意识的产物。这一切都是劳伦斯一生所竭力反对的。这一章还分析了劳伦斯有关爱情、性和婚姻方面的文论。这些文论不仅内容丰富,也与第三稿紧密关联。《色情与淫秽》和“为《查特莱夫人的情人》一辩”就是为辩护《查特莱夫人的情人》而写,与小说表达了相同的主题。劳伦斯希望通过他的小说、性爱理论和血亲意识来拯救和激活英国和英国人民,或许他要失望了。但是他的《查特莱夫人的情人》和相关理论仍值得我们关注和研究。
第四章运用酷儿理论分析了小说《查特莱夫人的情人》中三例非正常的性爱关系。第一例是康斯坦斯·查特莱和奥利弗·梅勒斯之间的恋情,一个是贵族夫人,另一个则是护林人,身份为普通工人。第二例分析了在小说第十六章中康妮和梅勒斯之间的反常的鸡奸性行为,这通常只发生在男性同性恋之间。第三例是克利福德先生和他保姆博尔顿夫人之间的恋母情结。通过以上三例和小说中其他一些非正常性关系和性行为,我们可以断言《查特莱夫人的情人》是名符其实的挑战社会常态的酷儿文本,这也是本论文的重点所在。
结尾部分简要小结了三个不同文稿中性展现的差异及意义。同时还简述了这部小说的艺术价值和目的。最后还指出了小说的局限性和不足之处,尤其是作为一部典型的酷儿文本,它的艺术价值和社会影响应区分对待。只有这样才能真正理解劳伦斯这部小说对现代文学的贡献并减少其对社会的负面影响。
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) is one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century and also one of the most famous ones during his life time and after his death. He was a prolific writer and left behind him an amazing body of works: novels, stories, letters, essays, criticism, poems, plays, travel books, translations, and even paintings. He was a man of writing, though enjoyed only a short life. His main achievements are in his novels and short stories (including some novellas). Lawrence altogether wrote 12 novels. For a writer who lived only 44 years of life, such an amount of output of novels and other genres of literary works can be claimed to be huge success and great achievements. Even greater is that most of his novels were superbly created and have already become modern classics. Lawrence’s best known novel is definitely his last novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover, and this is also his most problematic and most debatable novel. Almost all the people know this famous and infamous novel, whether they have read it or not, they seem to know about this novel, it’s about sex, or very sexy.
Lady Chatterley’s Lover is Lawrence’s last novel. It is also one of his best novels, only considered second to The Rainbow and Women in Love. The two major themes of Lady Chatterley’s Lover are the relation of men and women, and the relation of men and machines, and the former is the more important one, it’s also the focus of this dissertation. Despite its reputation as a notable book of sexuality, it is essentially a philosophical novel, and contains his profound ideas of sex, marriage and society, all very fresh and insightful and different from the fashionable, and trending thoughts or isms of any time or place. He wrote the novel three times and each time is a complete and different version.
The dissertation aims to study the three versions of Lady Chatterley’s Lover. The focus is on the differentiation and representation of sexuality in the texts and their significant meanings. Apart from the Introduction and Conclusion, the dissertation is divided into four chapters. The introduction offers a general view of Lawrence’s status in modern literature, and his achievements in novels. The controversy of Lady Chatterley’s Lover is mentioned and the argument of this dissertation is also stated. The focus is on the different representations of sexuality in the three versions and their significance. One point should be particularly put forward is Lawrence himself was both a creative writer and a famous literary critic. He is especially rich in views of sex, love and marriage. His criticism is appropriately considered in the dissertation where necessary, because his relevant criticism and the novel often deal with the same theme and subject. But in Chapter Four I apply queer theories in analyzing the novel, for in my opinion in essence Lady Chatterley’s Lover is a queer text, this is totally different from other critics at home and abroad.
Chapter One deals with the first version, The First Lady Chatterley, first published in 1944 in the United States. The first version is a realistic novel, the representation of sexuality is mainly suggestive and vague in this version because of the limitation of realism. The theme is about the love between Lady Chatterley, the upper class member and Sir Clifford’s gamekeeper Oliver Parkin. The development of their love from different classes is possible and convincing is mainly for the apparent reason that Clifford is impotent after the war and causes Connie unhappy marriage life, and Parkin also suffers a broken marriage and is isolated from other mine workers and lives as a lonely gamekeeper. Both Connie and Parkin are lonely persons, what draws them together is naturally nothing else but sex, and their love is natural. Lawrence in this version gives them enjoyable, pleasurable and healthy sexual love. Their sexual love has nothing to do with conquering the opposite sex, without evil intentions and destructive forces, only for mutual comforting and warming up each other and without much interruption from the outside world, and lovely and harmoniously connected with nature. The scenes they make love are either in Parkin’s hut or in the woods, far from the interference of society. But the Connie-Parkin love is also limited by realism. Their heated love will certainly cool down and Connie and Parkin will not have a promising, bright future. Constance painfully realizes the inevitable discomforts she would bear on marrying Parkin; Parkin also distrusts Connie as a member from the enemy’s camp, for he himself is a communist league. Both Connie and Parkin suffer from the psychological feeling of immorality of social consciousness. So that Lawrence’s views and opinions about the importance of sexual love cannot be fully expressed.
Chapter Two is concerned with the second version, John Thomas and Lady Jane. This version was greatly lengthened, more than doubling the first version, and it was first published in 1972 in England. In writing the second version, Lawrence used the naturalistic method, thus more characters are introduced and more incidents are put in the story and the main characters are more fully developed as round characters. The tensions between Constance and Parkin are much eased and they are more closely connected than in the first version, the plot is also more richly constructed. There are more and detailed sexual descriptions in this version and the lovers even frankly discuss their love making and sexual enjoyments. Their emotions are more strongly related, they also expect to live together forever, though not without difficulties, at least more hopeful than in the previous version. Because of the naturalistic method of rewriting, the two lovers are less concerned with social consciousness and they care more of their own things and love enjoyment. Naturalism pays more attention to natural details without much consideration of the things moral or immoral, good or evil. The representation of sexuality is more open, the language used is more frank and Lawrence’s sexual theme is more fully expressed. The reception of the second version is as successful as the first version, and both of them are excellent novels.
Chapter Three focuses on the third version, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, first privately published in Florence, Italy in 1928. The third version is what Lawrence hopes it to be. It is the direct and explicit description of phallic love. Parkin’s name was changed into Mellors in the hope that readers should not think they are the same persons. Mellors’social status was heightened to be more suitable for Connie’s lover and future husband. The sexual explicitness is even greater than in the second and the free admission of four-letter words and the frank discussion of sexual intercourse are the apparent features. Many of Lawrence’s sexual ideas are also directly expressed just as in his essays. This has rarely been done before him in literary history. This is also Lawrence’s positive attitude towards true love between man and woman despite the false social consciousness. The so-called class differences and social distinctions are all man-made and artificial, not natural, and they are the products of social consciousness. These are what Lawrence was strongly against all his life. Lawrence’s essays of love, sex, and marriage are also dealt with, for they are rich resourses and closely related with the third version of the novel. Pornography and Obscenity and“A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover”are just for defending his Lady Chatterley’s Lover and express the same theme as the novel does. Lawrence hopes to save and regenerate England and English people through his novels and theories of phallic love and blood-consciousness. He will probably be disappointed. But his Lady Chatterley’s Lover and related theories are still worth our paying attention to and studying.
Chapter Four uses queer theories to analyze three main cases in the novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover. All of them are abnormal love affairs and relations. The first is the love affairs between Constance Chatterley and Oliver Mellors, one is aristocrat lady, the other is a gamekeeper, an ordinary worker. The second is the abnormal sexual behaviour between Connie and Mellors in Chapter 16 of the novel, that is sodomite which often happens among male homosexuals. The third is the Oedipus complex between Sir Clifford, the aristocrat and master and her servant nurse Mrs. Bolton. These and other minor abnormal sexual affairs and relations prove that the novel is definitely a queer text that challenges the social normality.
The conclusion is the brief summary of the different representations of sexuality and their significance in the three versions. The artistic value and the purpose of the novel are also surveyed. The novel’s limitation is also pointed out and particularly since it is a queer text its significance should be discussed separately for its artistic value and its social influence. Only this can we fully understand Lawrence’s contribution to modern literature and its limitation will cause the least side effects to our society.
《查特莱夫人的情人》是劳伦斯的最后一部小说,也是他写得最好的小说之一。其地位和质量仅次于《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》。《查特莱夫人的情人》的两大主题是探讨男人和女人的关系,以及人和机器的关系,尤以前者更为重要,也是本论文的主题。这部小说以性爱闻名于世,但是从根本上来说,这是一部充满哲理思想的著作,含有丰富而又深刻的关于性爱、婚姻和社会的思想观念。这些观念既充满新意,又见解深刻。这些观念的独特性使它们不同于任何时代或地区所流行的思想潮流或这样那样的主义。这部小说劳伦斯写有完整的三部文稿,每一部都是完整出色的作品,与其他文稿相比又有着不同的鲜明个性和特点。本论文旨在研究《查特莱夫人的情人》的三部不同的文稿,重点强调不同的性表征在不同文本中的意义。本论文充分考虑了劳伦斯的相关文学理论,劳伦斯在有关性爱、婚姻和家庭等方面有着十分丰富的文学批评的观点和理论;但在第四章使用了酷儿理论对小说进行了重点分析,这也是本论文不同于前人的观点之处。除导论和结尾,本论文分为四章。导论部分介绍了劳伦斯在现代文学中的地位以及他在小说创作方面的成就,简述了《查特莱夫人的情人》所引起的争议,提出了本论文的要点。论文的重点是讨论不同的性展现在三部文稿中所具有的重要意义。有一点需要特别指出,即劳伦斯既是小说作家,又是文学批评家。他有关性、爱情和家庭的论述尤其丰富。因而本论文引用一些相关的观点来分析他的小说。因为这些文章所谈论的主题与小说所表现的主题往往是一致的。
第一章讨论第一部文稿《查特莱夫人第一稿》,1944年最初在美国出版。第一稿是现实主义作品,作品中的性描写和展现由于受现实主义手法的限制而显得隐晦不明。小说的主题是上层社会的查特莱夫人与克利福德爵士的猎场看守人奥利弗·帕金之间的爱情发展故事。克利福德在战争中身受重伤,回国后下身瘫痪,失去性功能,无法尽丈夫的义务,使得妻子康妮的婚姻生活十分不幸。帕金也因不幸的婚姻而离群索居,成为孤独的猎场看守人。吸引这两个孤独凄苦的人走到一起的自然是性爱。爱情在他们之间的发展是令人信服的极为自然的事。劳伦斯在第一稿中为读者描写的是男女之间欢快、健康的性关系。这样的性关系没有征服对方的企图,也没有邪恶的用意。有的只是相互慰藉,相互关爱。他们做爱的场所是帕金的小茅屋和树林之中,与大自然密切相连,免除外界社会的一切干扰。由于第一稿是现实主义作品,当康妮和帕金之间的爱情冷却下来之后,我们发现在他们之间很难会有美好的未来生活。康妮痛苦地意识到,如果和帕金结婚会有着料想不到的生活不适和困难。而作为一名共产主义运动的成员,帕金也怀疑康妮是敌对阵营里的成员。康妮和帕金由于感受到他们行为有悖社会道德而心理不安,而劳伦斯有关性爱重要性的观点也就未能尽情尽兴地全面展开。
第二章重点分析第二稿,《约翰·托马斯和简夫人》,1972年在英国出版。比起第一稿,第二稿的内容有了很大的扩充,是前者的两倍之多。在创作第二稿时,劳伦斯使用了自然主义的创作手法,新增了众多的人物和事件,使得故事内容更为丰满,主要人物的刻画栩栩如生,称得上是圆形人物。康妮和帕金之间的紧张关系得到了缓和,情感交流更为密切,他们甚至希望能够排除困难永远地生活在一起。这些都远胜过第一稿。由于自然主义的运用,这一对情人已不太在意社会意识和他人的看法。他们更为关注的是他们自己的事和做爱时的快乐享受。自然主义更关注自然细节,而不考虑事件本身的道德与否或善恶差别。性描写更为明确,语言也更为直白。劳伦斯的性爱主题得到了全面展现。第二稿和第一稿同样获得了成功,受到读者和评论家的欢迎。
第三章集中讨论第三稿,《查特莱夫人的情人》。这部流传最广、影响最大的稿本最初在意大利的佛罗伦萨私印出版。第三稿是劳伦斯认为最为理想的定稿版本,是作者性爱观的直接、明确的展现。劳伦斯将帕金改名为梅勒斯以告诉读者这两者的区别与不同。梅勒斯的社会地位大为提高,以便与康妮更为般配。性描写的清晰明确更胜过第二稿中的类似场景。随处可见的具有四个字母的庸俗下流词语,以及公开谈论性爱的话题是第三稿的显著特征。劳伦斯许多有关性爱的观点都在小说的第三稿中明确表现出来,这与他在文论中所表达的观点完全一致。向劳伦斯这样执着于通过小说表达正确的性爱观念在文学史上还难见古人,而后者也难以追模。劳伦斯所以能够提出正确的男女间的性爱观点,是因为他能够排除由社会意识形态所造成的,而又普遍流行的种种错误观点的影响。而所谓的阶级差异和社会地位的等级划分都是人为的,不自然的,是社会意识的产物。这一切都是劳伦斯一生所竭力反对的。这一章还分析了劳伦斯有关爱情、性和婚姻方面的文论。这些文论不仅内容丰富,也与第三稿紧密关联。《色情与淫秽》和“为《查特莱夫人的情人》一辩”就是为辩护《查特莱夫人的情人》而写,与小说表达了相同的主题。劳伦斯希望通过他的小说、性爱理论和血亲意识来拯救和激活英国和英国人民,或许他要失望了。但是他的《查特莱夫人的情人》和相关理论仍值得我们关注和研究。
第四章运用酷儿理论分析了小说《查特莱夫人的情人》中三例非正常的性爱关系。第一例是康斯坦斯·查特莱和奥利弗·梅勒斯之间的恋情,一个是贵族夫人,另一个则是护林人,身份为普通工人。第二例分析了在小说第十六章中康妮和梅勒斯之间的反常的鸡奸性行为,这通常只发生在男性同性恋之间。第三例是克利福德先生和他保姆博尔顿夫人之间的恋母情结。通过以上三例和小说中其他一些非正常性关系和性行为,我们可以断言《查特莱夫人的情人》是名符其实的挑战社会常态的酷儿文本,这也是本论文的重点所在。
结尾部分简要小结了三个不同文稿中性展现的差异及意义。同时还简述了这部小说的艺术价值和目的。最后还指出了小说的局限性和不足之处,尤其是作为一部典型的酷儿文本,它的艺术价值和社会影响应区分对待。只有这样才能真正理解劳伦斯这部小说对现代文学的贡献并减少其对社会的负面影响。
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) is one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century and also one of the most famous ones during his life time and after his death. He was a prolific writer and left behind him an amazing body of works: novels, stories, letters, essays, criticism, poems, plays, travel books, translations, and even paintings. He was a man of writing, though enjoyed only a short life. His main achievements are in his novels and short stories (including some novellas). Lawrence altogether wrote 12 novels. For a writer who lived only 44 years of life, such an amount of output of novels and other genres of literary works can be claimed to be huge success and great achievements. Even greater is that most of his novels were superbly created and have already become modern classics. Lawrence’s best known novel is definitely his last novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover, and this is also his most problematic and most debatable novel. Almost all the people know this famous and infamous novel, whether they have read it or not, they seem to know about this novel, it’s about sex, or very sexy.
Lady Chatterley’s Lover is Lawrence’s last novel. It is also one of his best novels, only considered second to The Rainbow and Women in Love. The two major themes of Lady Chatterley’s Lover are the relation of men and women, and the relation of men and machines, and the former is the more important one, it’s also the focus of this dissertation. Despite its reputation as a notable book of sexuality, it is essentially a philosophical novel, and contains his profound ideas of sex, marriage and society, all very fresh and insightful and different from the fashionable, and trending thoughts or isms of any time or place. He wrote the novel three times and each time is a complete and different version.
The dissertation aims to study the three versions of Lady Chatterley’s Lover. The focus is on the differentiation and representation of sexuality in the texts and their significant meanings. Apart from the Introduction and Conclusion, the dissertation is divided into four chapters. The introduction offers a general view of Lawrence’s status in modern literature, and his achievements in novels. The controversy of Lady Chatterley’s Lover is mentioned and the argument of this dissertation is also stated. The focus is on the different representations of sexuality in the three versions and their significance. One point should be particularly put forward is Lawrence himself was both a creative writer and a famous literary critic. He is especially rich in views of sex, love and marriage. His criticism is appropriately considered in the dissertation where necessary, because his relevant criticism and the novel often deal with the same theme and subject. But in Chapter Four I apply queer theories in analyzing the novel, for in my opinion in essence Lady Chatterley’s Lover is a queer text, this is totally different from other critics at home and abroad.
Chapter One deals with the first version, The First Lady Chatterley, first published in 1944 in the United States. The first version is a realistic novel, the representation of sexuality is mainly suggestive and vague in this version because of the limitation of realism. The theme is about the love between Lady Chatterley, the upper class member and Sir Clifford’s gamekeeper Oliver Parkin. The development of their love from different classes is possible and convincing is mainly for the apparent reason that Clifford is impotent after the war and causes Connie unhappy marriage life, and Parkin also suffers a broken marriage and is isolated from other mine workers and lives as a lonely gamekeeper. Both Connie and Parkin are lonely persons, what draws them together is naturally nothing else but sex, and their love is natural. Lawrence in this version gives them enjoyable, pleasurable and healthy sexual love. Their sexual love has nothing to do with conquering the opposite sex, without evil intentions and destructive forces, only for mutual comforting and warming up each other and without much interruption from the outside world, and lovely and harmoniously connected with nature. The scenes they make love are either in Parkin’s hut or in the woods, far from the interference of society. But the Connie-Parkin love is also limited by realism. Their heated love will certainly cool down and Connie and Parkin will not have a promising, bright future. Constance painfully realizes the inevitable discomforts she would bear on marrying Parkin; Parkin also distrusts Connie as a member from the enemy’s camp, for he himself is a communist league. Both Connie and Parkin suffer from the psychological feeling of immorality of social consciousness. So that Lawrence’s views and opinions about the importance of sexual love cannot be fully expressed.
Chapter Two is concerned with the second version, John Thomas and Lady Jane. This version was greatly lengthened, more than doubling the first version, and it was first published in 1972 in England. In writing the second version, Lawrence used the naturalistic method, thus more characters are introduced and more incidents are put in the story and the main characters are more fully developed as round characters. The tensions between Constance and Parkin are much eased and they are more closely connected than in the first version, the plot is also more richly constructed. There are more and detailed sexual descriptions in this version and the lovers even frankly discuss their love making and sexual enjoyments. Their emotions are more strongly related, they also expect to live together forever, though not without difficulties, at least more hopeful than in the previous version. Because of the naturalistic method of rewriting, the two lovers are less concerned with social consciousness and they care more of their own things and love enjoyment. Naturalism pays more attention to natural details without much consideration of the things moral or immoral, good or evil. The representation of sexuality is more open, the language used is more frank and Lawrence’s sexual theme is more fully expressed. The reception of the second version is as successful as the first version, and both of them are excellent novels.
Chapter Three focuses on the third version, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, first privately published in Florence, Italy in 1928. The third version is what Lawrence hopes it to be. It is the direct and explicit description of phallic love. Parkin’s name was changed into Mellors in the hope that readers should not think they are the same persons. Mellors’social status was heightened to be more suitable for Connie’s lover and future husband. The sexual explicitness is even greater than in the second and the free admission of four-letter words and the frank discussion of sexual intercourse are the apparent features. Many of Lawrence’s sexual ideas are also directly expressed just as in his essays. This has rarely been done before him in literary history. This is also Lawrence’s positive attitude towards true love between man and woman despite the false social consciousness. The so-called class differences and social distinctions are all man-made and artificial, not natural, and they are the products of social consciousness. These are what Lawrence was strongly against all his life. Lawrence’s essays of love, sex, and marriage are also dealt with, for they are rich resourses and closely related with the third version of the novel. Pornography and Obscenity and“A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover”are just for defending his Lady Chatterley’s Lover and express the same theme as the novel does. Lawrence hopes to save and regenerate England and English people through his novels and theories of phallic love and blood-consciousness. He will probably be disappointed. But his Lady Chatterley’s Lover and related theories are still worth our paying attention to and studying.
Chapter Four uses queer theories to analyze three main cases in the novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover. All of them are abnormal love affairs and relations. The first is the love affairs between Constance Chatterley and Oliver Mellors, one is aristocrat lady, the other is a gamekeeper, an ordinary worker. The second is the abnormal sexual behaviour between Connie and Mellors in Chapter 16 of the novel, that is sodomite which often happens among male homosexuals. The third is the Oedipus complex between Sir Clifford, the aristocrat and master and her servant nurse Mrs. Bolton. These and other minor abnormal sexual affairs and relations prove that the novel is definitely a queer text that challenges the social normality.
The conclusion is the brief summary of the different representations of sexuality and their significance in the three versions. The artistic value and the purpose of the novel are also surveyed. The novel’s limitation is also pointed out and particularly since it is a queer text its significance should be discussed separately for its artistic value and its social influence. Only this can we fully understand Lawrence’s contribution to modern literature and its limitation will cause the least side effects to our society.
引文
1 F. R. Leavis. D. H. Lawrence: Novelist. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956, p. 4.
2 From Gamini Salgado and G. K. Das (eds.) The Spirit of D. H. Lawrence: Centenary Studies. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988, p.xiii.
3 D. H. Lawrence. Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985, p. 172.
4 D. H. Lawrence.“The Novel”in Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985, p. 179.
5 D. H. Lawrence,“Why the Novel Matters”, in Phonix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, p. 535.
6 Warren Roberts. A Bibliography of D. H. Lawrence, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 101-109.
7 R. P. Draper (ed.) D. H. Lawrence: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1970, rpt 1997, p. 21.
8 Ibid., p. 278.
9 Edmund Wilson.“Signs of Life: Lady Chatterley’s Lover”in his The Shores of Light, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1952, 7th printing, 1979, pp. 405-406.
10 David Dowling (ed.) Novelists on Novelists, London: Macmillan, 1983, 161.
11 Ibid. p. 163.
12 Arnold Bennett:“D.H.L.’s Delusion”, Evening Standard, 10.4.1930, from Armin Arnold. D. H. Lawrence and America, London: the Linden Press,1958, pp. 179-180.
13 Denis Jackson & Fleda Brown Jackson (eds.),“D. H. Lawrence’s Critical Reception:An overview”, Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1988, p. 23.
14 Hou Weirui, Survey of Modern British Fiction, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1985, p. 220.
15?孙继成:“《查特莱夫人的情人》三个版本及其出版历程”,《山东理工大学学报》(社科版),2007年第五期。?
16?李洁琼:“拉那宁:劳伦斯理想中的人类乐园:对《查特莱夫人的情人》三个版本中环境描写的比较”,《名作欣赏》(文学研究版),2007.?11.?
17 Earl and Achsah Brewster, Reminiscences and Correspondence, p. 166, from H. M. Daleski, The Forked Flame: A Study of D. H. Lawrence, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987, p. 259.
18 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 385.
19 John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979, p. 173.
20 From Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 291.
21 From Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 247.
22 Alastair Niven. D. H. Lawrence: The Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 179.
23 Frieda Lawrence.“Foreword”(1944) to D. H. Lawrence, The First Lady Chatterley, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1986, p. 9.
24 D. H. Lawrence. Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, ed. by Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 200.
25 Rene Wellek. A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950, Vol. 5, English Criticism, 1900-1950, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986, p. 116.
26 Frieda Lawrence.“Foreword”to The First Lady Chatterley, Penguin Books, 1973, p. 10.
27 From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xxxi-xxxii.
28 Nation, 22 April 1944, pp. 490-2. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxii.
29 Longman Companion to Twentieth Century Literature (3rd edition), edited by A. C. Ward, revised by Maurice Hussey. Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1981, p. 303.
30 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 458.
31 From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxviii.
32 D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxix.
33 Version 1 denotes The First Lady Chatterley; Version 2 denotes The Second Lady Chatterley, or John Thomas and Lady Jane. They are all from D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
34 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.328-329.
35 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 337.
36 Ibid., pp. 338-339.
37 Keith Sagar. The Art of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966, p. 171.
38 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p.180.
39 Michael Squires and Lynn K. Talbot. A Biography of D. H. Lawrence & Frieda von Richthofen: Living at the Edge. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002, p. 326.
40 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, 286.
41 Edward Nehls (ed.). D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Vol.II, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1958, p. 106.
42 D. H. Lawrence.“Return to Bestwood”in Late Essays and Articles. Ed. By James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp.16, 22.
43 D. H. Lawrence. Late Essays and Articles. Ed. By James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 26.
44 D. H. Lawrence.“Getting On”in Late Essays and Articles. Ed. By James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp.28-29.
45 Ibid., p.29.
46 John Thomas and Lady Jane (Viking), pp. vii-viii. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxxiii.
47‘Will the Real Lady Chatterley…’, Washington Post Book World, 27 August 1996,pp. I, 15. Moynahan’s The Deed of Life: The Novels and Tales of D. H. Lawrence (Princeton, N.J., 1963) had already established him as one of the most influential and sympathetic, frequently anthologized DHL critics. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xxxiii-xxxiv.
48 Louis L. Martz.“The Second Lady Chatterley”in Gamini Salgado and G. K. Das (eds). The Spirit of D. H. Lawrence: Centenary Studies. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988, p. 107.
49 The Creation of‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’, p. 187. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.xxxiv.
50 Alastair Niven. D. H. Lawrence: The Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 178.
51 Harry T. Moore,“John Thomas and Lady Jane,”New York Times Book Review, 7 August 1972, p. 7. From Dennis Jackson and Fleda Brown Jackson. Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988, p. 23.
52 D. H. Lawrence.“Review of The Social Basis of Consciousness, by Trigant Burrow”, in Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed., by E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, reissued in 1968, p. 382.
53 D. H. Lawrence.“Fantasia of the Unconscious”in Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 192-193.
54 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 385.
55 Ibid., p. 386.
56 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. xxi.
57 From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xxiv-xxv.
58 The chapter division in the Dial edition was added by the editor, and was removed in the Heinemann edition in 1972.
59 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 72-74.
60 Ibid., p. 75.
61 D. H. Lawrence.“Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine”, in Selected Essays. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1950, p. 67.
62 F. B. Pinion. A D. H. Lawrence Companion. Houndmills, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1978, p. 206.
63 D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxx.
64 The First Lady Chatterley and John Thomas and Lady Jane published by William Heinemann, London, 29 August 1972.
65 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.400.
66 D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By DieterMehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxx.
67 Louis L. Martz.“The Second Lady Chatterley”in Gamini Salgado and G. K. Das (eds). The Spirit of D. H. Lawrence: Centenary Studies. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988, p.106.
68 Carol Dix. D. H. Lawrence and Women. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980, p. 51.
69 D. H. Lawrence.“Review of Georgian poetry: 1911-1912”, in Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed., by E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, reissued in 1968, p. 306.
70 Ibid., pp. 64-65.
71 D. H. Lawrence.“Introduction to Pictures”in Late Essays and Articles, ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 169.
72 John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979, p. 173.
73 Frieda Lawrence.“Foreword”(1944) to D. H. Lawrence, The First Lady Chatterley, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1973, 1986.
74 James T. Boulton, ed. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Vol. 1, September 1901-May 1913. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.544.
75 James T. Boulton, ed. The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 329.
76 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.343.
77 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. xxii.
78 Ibid., p. xxii.
79 Edward Nehls (ed.). D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Vol. III, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959, pp. 134-135.
80 D. H. Lawrence.“Cerveteri”in Mornings in Mexico and Etruscan Places, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1960, pp. 106-107.
81 Ibid., pp. 109-110.
82 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 345.
83 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.386.
84 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 244.
85 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. xxiii, xxiv.
86 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 232.
87 John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989, p. 145.
88 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. All the following quotations from Lady Chatterley’s Lover are from this Cambridge edition.?
89 Edward Nehls (ed.). D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Vol. III, Madison:
90 From Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 244.
91 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.388.
92 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.390.
93 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 246-247.
94 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.391.
95 Sheila MacLeod. Lawrence’s Men and Women, London: Heinemann, 1985, pp. 168-169.
96 Alastair Niven. D. H. Lawrence: The Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 185.
97 Ibid. p. 181.
98 Anais Nin, D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study, E. W. Titus, 1932, London: Black Spring Press, 1985, p. 108.
99 Donal E. Hall, Queer Theories, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 12.
100 David Glover and Cora Kaplan, Genders, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 133.
101 From Donal E. Hall, Queer Theories, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 15.
102 From David Glover and Cora Kaplan, Genders, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 133.
103 Jason Edwards, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, London: Routledge, 2009, pp. 21-22.
104 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 91.
105 Allison Pease, Modernism, Mass Culture, and the Aesthetics of Obscenity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 149.
106 John Worthen, D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years 1885-1912, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 381.
107 Richard Aldington, Portrait of a Genius, But…, London: Heinemann, 1950, p. 110. 108 Ibid. p. 111.
109 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 176-177.
110 Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books, 1978, pp. 242-243.
111 Julian Wolfreys (ed.) Modern British and Irish Criticism and Theory: A Critical Guide, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 155.
112 Frances Ferguson, Pornography, the Theory: What Utilitarianism Did to Action, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004, p. 7.
113 Jason Edwards, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, London: Routledge, 2009, pp. 20-21.
114 Henry Miller, The World of Lawrence: A Passionate Appreciation, Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1980, pp. 191-192.
115 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, pp. 89-90.
116 Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books, 1978, p. 376.
117 Jeffrey Meyers, D. H. Lawrence and the Experience of Italy, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982, from Laurie DiMauro (ed.), Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 48, Detroit, Washington , D. C., London: Gale Research Inc., 1993, p. 122.
118 D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers, edited by Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Cambridge edition, London: Penguin Books, 1994, p. 252.
119 James T. Bolton, ed. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, vol. 1, September 1901– May 1913, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 190.
120 D. H. Lawrence,“Fantasia of the Unconscious”in Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 154.
121 Ibid.
122 Ibid. p. 138.
123 Ibid. p. 139.
124 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp.321-322.
125 Ibid. p. 324.
126 D. H. Lawrence.“We Need One Another”, in Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed., by E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, reissued in 1968, p. 193.
127 From D. H. Lawrence. Late Essays and Articles, ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 371.
128 Frank Kermode, D. H. Lawrence, New York: Viking Press, 1973, p. 135.
129 Harry T. Moore,“Introduction: D. H. Lawrence and the‘Censor-morons’”, in D. H. Lawrence, Sex, Literature, and Censorship: Essays, ed. By Harry T. Moore, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1953, p. 10.
130 Harry T. Moore, The Priest of Love: A Life of D. H. Lawrence, Rev. ed. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1974, Penguin Books, 1980, p. 611.
131 D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977, p.8.
132 C. H. Rolph, ed. The Trial of Lady Chatterley: Regina v. Penguin Books Limited, A Transcript of the Trial, Penguin, 1961, p. 17.
133 Keith Sagar, The Life of D. H. Lawrence, London, Eyre Methuen, 1980, pp. 227,
231-2, from Paul Hyland and Neil Sammells (eds.) Writing and Censorship in Britain, London and New York: Routlede, 1992, p. 202.
134 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.434.
135 From Ronald Friedland’s“Introduction”to Lady Chatterley’s Lover, New York: Bantam Books, 1983, p. xxii.
136 F. R. Leavis, D. H.Lawrence, Cambridge: Gordon Fraser, 1930, p. 20.
137 Ibid. p. 132-133.
138 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 89.
139 F. R. Leavis,“The Orthodoxy of Enlightenment”(1961) in Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 235.
140 Ibid., p. 235.
141 Ian MacKillop, F. R. Leavis: A Life in Criticism, London: Allen Lane, 1995, p. 307.
142 C. H. Rolph, ed. The Trial of Lady Chatterley: Regina v. Penguin Books Limited, A Transcript of the Trial, Penguin, 1961, p. 29.
143 See Charles Rembar, The End of Obscenity: The Trials of Lady Chatterley, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill, New York: Harper & Row, 1986, pp. 81-82, 89. This and the following two citations are from Frances Ferguson, Pornography, the Theory: What Utilitarianism Did to Action, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 126-127.
144 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 85.
145 FromD. H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp.xxxviii-xxxix.
146 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 89.
147J. E. Morpurgo, Allen Lane King Penguin, London: Hutchinson, 1980, pp.328-329, from Jay A. Gertzman, A Descriptive Bibliography of Lady Chatterley’s Lover, With EssayToward a Publishing History of the Novel. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989, p.182.
148 D. H. Lawrence, Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 29-30.
149 Ibid. p. 30.
150 D. H. Lawrence,“The Novel”, in Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 180.
151 Richard Aldington, Portrait of a Genius, But…, London: Heinemann, 1950, p. 318.
152 From Harry T. Moore,“Introduction: D. H. Lawrence and the‘Censor-morons’”, in D. H. Lawrence, Sex, Literature, and Censorship: Essays, ed. By Harry T. Moore, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1953, p. 26.
153 From Keith Sagar. The Art of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. p. 197.
154 Virginia Hyde,“Lawrence Around the World”, D. H. Lawrence Review, Vol. 30. 1. (2001), p. 59.
155 John Worthen wrote a biography of Lawrence called D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider, New York: Counterpoint, 2005.
156 Anais Nin, D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study, E. W. Titus, 1932, London: Black Spring Press, 1985, p. 107.
157《论语》,韦利英译,长沙:湖南人民出版社;北京:外文出版社,1999年。The Analects, trans. Arthur Waley, Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House; Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999, pp. 95, 175.
157 Anne Fernihough, The Cambridge Companion to D. H. Lawrence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 4.
158 Ibid., p. 175.
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2 From Gamini Salgado and G. K. Das (eds.) The Spirit of D. H. Lawrence: Centenary Studies. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988, p.xiii.
3 D. H. Lawrence. Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985, p. 172.
4 D. H. Lawrence.“The Novel”in Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985, p. 179.
5 D. H. Lawrence,“Why the Novel Matters”, in Phonix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, p. 535.
6 Warren Roberts. A Bibliography of D. H. Lawrence, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 101-109.
7 R. P. Draper (ed.) D. H. Lawrence: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1970, rpt 1997, p. 21.
8 Ibid., p. 278.
9 Edmund Wilson.“Signs of Life: Lady Chatterley’s Lover”in his The Shores of Light, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1952, 7th printing, 1979, pp. 405-406.
10 David Dowling (ed.) Novelists on Novelists, London: Macmillan, 1983, 161.
11 Ibid. p. 163.
12 Arnold Bennett:“D.H.L.’s Delusion”, Evening Standard, 10.4.1930, from Armin Arnold. D. H. Lawrence and America, London: the Linden Press,1958, pp. 179-180.
13 Denis Jackson & Fleda Brown Jackson (eds.),“D. H. Lawrence’s Critical Reception:An overview”, Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1988, p. 23.
14 Hou Weirui, Survey of Modern British Fiction, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1985, p. 220.
15?孙继成:“《查特莱夫人的情人》三个版本及其出版历程”,《山东理工大学学报》(社科版),2007年第五期。?
16?李洁琼:“拉那宁:劳伦斯理想中的人类乐园:对《查特莱夫人的情人》三个版本中环境描写的比较”,《名作欣赏》(文学研究版),2007.?11.?
17 Earl and Achsah Brewster, Reminiscences and Correspondence, p. 166, from H. M. Daleski, The Forked Flame: A Study of D. H. Lawrence, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987, p. 259.
18 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 385.
19 John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979, p. 173.
20 From Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 291.
21 From Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 247.
22 Alastair Niven. D. H. Lawrence: The Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 179.
23 Frieda Lawrence.“Foreword”(1944) to D. H. Lawrence, The First Lady Chatterley, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1986, p. 9.
24 D. H. Lawrence. Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, ed. by Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 200.
25 Rene Wellek. A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950, Vol. 5, English Criticism, 1900-1950, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986, p. 116.
26 Frieda Lawrence.“Foreword”to The First Lady Chatterley, Penguin Books, 1973, p. 10.
27 From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xxxi-xxxii.
28 Nation, 22 April 1944, pp. 490-2. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxii.
29 Longman Companion to Twentieth Century Literature (3rd edition), edited by A. C. Ward, revised by Maurice Hussey. Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1981, p. 303.
30 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 458.
31 From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxviii.
32 D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxix.
33 Version 1 denotes The First Lady Chatterley; Version 2 denotes The Second Lady Chatterley, or John Thomas and Lady Jane. They are all from D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
34 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.328-329.
35 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 337.
36 Ibid., pp. 338-339.
37 Keith Sagar. The Art of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966, p. 171.
38 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p.180.
39 Michael Squires and Lynn K. Talbot. A Biography of D. H. Lawrence & Frieda von Richthofen: Living at the Edge. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002, p. 326.
40 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, 286.
41 Edward Nehls (ed.). D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Vol.II, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1958, p. 106.
42 D. H. Lawrence.“Return to Bestwood”in Late Essays and Articles. Ed. By James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp.16, 22.
43 D. H. Lawrence. Late Essays and Articles. Ed. By James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 26.
44 D. H. Lawrence.“Getting On”in Late Essays and Articles. Ed. By James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp.28-29.
45 Ibid., p.29.
46 John Thomas and Lady Jane (Viking), pp. vii-viii. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxxiii.
47‘Will the Real Lady Chatterley…’, Washington Post Book World, 27 August 1996,pp. I, 15. Moynahan’s The Deed of Life: The Novels and Tales of D. H. Lawrence (Princeton, N.J., 1963) had already established him as one of the most influential and sympathetic, frequently anthologized DHL critics. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xxxiii-xxxiv.
48 Louis L. Martz.“The Second Lady Chatterley”in Gamini Salgado and G. K. Das (eds). The Spirit of D. H. Lawrence: Centenary Studies. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988, p. 107.
49 The Creation of‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’, p. 187. From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.xxxiv.
50 Alastair Niven. D. H. Lawrence: The Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 178.
51 Harry T. Moore,“John Thomas and Lady Jane,”New York Times Book Review, 7 August 1972, p. 7. From Dennis Jackson and Fleda Brown Jackson. Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988, p. 23.
52 D. H. Lawrence.“Review of The Social Basis of Consciousness, by Trigant Burrow”, in Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed., by E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, reissued in 1968, p. 382.
53 D. H. Lawrence.“Fantasia of the Unconscious”in Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 192-193.
54 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 385.
55 Ibid., p. 386.
56 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. xxi.
57 From D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. xxiv-xxv.
58 The chapter division in the Dial edition was added by the editor, and was removed in the Heinemann edition in 1972.
59 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 72-74.
60 Ibid., p. 75.
61 D. H. Lawrence.“Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine”, in Selected Essays. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1950, p. 67.
62 F. B. Pinion. A D. H. Lawrence Companion. Houndmills, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1978, p. 206.
63 D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxx.
64 The First Lady Chatterley and John Thomas and Lady Jane published by William Heinemann, London, 29 August 1972.
65 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.400.
66 D. H. Lawrence. The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels, eds. By DieterMehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. xxx.
67 Louis L. Martz.“The Second Lady Chatterley”in Gamini Salgado and G. K. Das (eds). The Spirit of D. H. Lawrence: Centenary Studies. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988, p.106.
68 Carol Dix. D. H. Lawrence and Women. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980, p. 51.
69 D. H. Lawrence.“Review of Georgian poetry: 1911-1912”, in Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed., by E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, reissued in 1968, p. 306.
70 Ibid., pp. 64-65.
71 D. H. Lawrence.“Introduction to Pictures”in Late Essays and Articles, ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 169.
72 John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979, p. 173.
73 Frieda Lawrence.“Foreword”(1944) to D. H. Lawrence, The First Lady Chatterley, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1973, 1986.
74 James T. Boulton, ed. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Vol. 1, September 1901-May 1913. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.544.
75 James T. Boulton, ed. The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 329.
76 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.343.
77 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. xxii.
78 Ibid., p. xxii.
79 Edward Nehls (ed.). D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Vol. III, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959, pp. 134-135.
80 D. H. Lawrence.“Cerveteri”in Mornings in Mexico and Etruscan Places, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1960, pp. 106-107.
81 Ibid., pp. 109-110.
82 James T. Boulton (ed.). The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 345.
83 David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.386.
84 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 244.
85 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. xxiii, xxiv.
86 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 232.
87 John Worthen. D. H. Lawrence: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989, p. 145.
88 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. All the following quotations from Lady Chatterley’s Lover are from this Cambridge edition.?
89 Edward Nehls (ed.). D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Vol. III, Madison:
90 From Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 244.
91 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.388.
92 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.390.
93 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 246-247.
94 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.391.
95 Sheila MacLeod. Lawrence’s Men and Women, London: Heinemann, 1985, pp. 168-169.
96 Alastair Niven. D. H. Lawrence: The Novels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 185.
97 Ibid. p. 181.
98 Anais Nin, D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study, E. W. Titus, 1932, London: Black Spring Press, 1985, p. 108.
99 Donal E. Hall, Queer Theories, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 12.
100 David Glover and Cora Kaplan, Genders, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 133.
101 From Donal E. Hall, Queer Theories, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 15.
102 From David Glover and Cora Kaplan, Genders, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 133.
103 Jason Edwards, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, London: Routledge, 2009, pp. 21-22.
104 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 91.
105 Allison Pease, Modernism, Mass Culture, and the Aesthetics of Obscenity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 149.
106 John Worthen, D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years 1885-1912, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 381.
107 Richard Aldington, Portrait of a Genius, But…, London: Heinemann, 1950, p. 110. 108 Ibid. p. 111.
109 Derek Britton. Lady Chatterley. The Making of the Novel. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 176-177.
110 Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books, 1978, pp. 242-243.
111 Julian Wolfreys (ed.) Modern British and Irish Criticism and Theory: A Critical Guide, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 155.
112 Frances Ferguson, Pornography, the Theory: What Utilitarianism Did to Action, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004, p. 7.
113 Jason Edwards, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, London: Routledge, 2009, pp. 20-21.
114 Henry Miller, The World of Lawrence: A Passionate Appreciation, Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1980, pp. 191-192.
115 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, pp. 89-90.
116 Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, New York: Ballantine Books, 1978, p. 376.
117 Jeffrey Meyers, D. H. Lawrence and the Experience of Italy, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982, from Laurie DiMauro (ed.), Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 48, Detroit, Washington , D. C., London: Gale Research Inc., 1993, p. 122.
118 D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers, edited by Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Cambridge edition, London: Penguin Books, 1994, p. 252.
119 James T. Bolton, ed. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, vol. 1, September 1901– May 1913, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 190.
120 D. H. Lawrence,“Fantasia of the Unconscious”in Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 154.
121 Ibid.
122 Ibid. p. 138.
123 Ibid. p. 139.
124 D. H. Lawrence. Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp.321-322.
125 Ibid. p. 324.
126 D. H. Lawrence.“We Need One Another”, in Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence. Ed., by E. D. McDonald, New York: Viking Press, 1936, reissued in 1968, p. 193.
127 From D. H. Lawrence. Late Essays and Articles, ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 371.
128 Frank Kermode, D. H. Lawrence, New York: Viking Press, 1973, p. 135.
129 Harry T. Moore,“Introduction: D. H. Lawrence and the‘Censor-morons’”, in D. H. Lawrence, Sex, Literature, and Censorship: Essays, ed. By Harry T. Moore, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1953, p. 10.
130 Harry T. Moore, The Priest of Love: A Life of D. H. Lawrence, Rev. ed. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1974, Penguin Books, 1980, p. 611.
131 D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977, p.8.
132 C. H. Rolph, ed. The Trial of Lady Chatterley: Regina v. Penguin Books Limited, A Transcript of the Trial, Penguin, 1961, p. 17.
133 Keith Sagar, The Life of D. H. Lawrence, London, Eyre Methuen, 1980, pp. 227,
231-2, from Paul Hyland and Neil Sammells (eds.) Writing and Censorship in Britain, London and New York: Routlede, 1992, p. 202.
134 From David Ellis. D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.434.
135 From Ronald Friedland’s“Introduction”to Lady Chatterley’s Lover, New York: Bantam Books, 1983, p. xxii.
136 F. R. Leavis, D. H.Lawrence, Cambridge: Gordon Fraser, 1930, p. 20.
137 Ibid. p. 132-133.
138 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 89.
139 F. R. Leavis,“The Orthodoxy of Enlightenment”(1961) in Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 235.
140 Ibid., p. 235.
141 Ian MacKillop, F. R. Leavis: A Life in Criticism, London: Allen Lane, 1995, p. 307.
142 C. H. Rolph, ed. The Trial of Lady Chatterley: Regina v. Penguin Books Limited, A Transcript of the Trial, Penguin, 1961, p. 29.
143 See Charles Rembar, The End of Obscenity: The Trials of Lady Chatterley, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill, New York: Harper & Row, 1986, pp. 81-82, 89. This and the following two citations are from Frances Ferguson, Pornography, the Theory: What Utilitarianism Did to Action, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 126-127.
144 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 85.
145 FromD. H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover and A Propos of“Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp.xxxviii-xxxix.
146 Richard Hoggart,“Lady Chatterley and the Censors”(1998), in his Between Two Worlds, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, p. 89.
147J. E. Morpurgo, Allen Lane King Penguin, London: Hutchinson, 1980, pp.328-329, from Jay A. Gertzman, A Descriptive Bibliography of Lady Chatterley’s Lover, With EssayToward a Publishing History of the Novel. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989, p.182.
148 D. H. Lawrence, Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 29-30.
149 Ibid. p. 30.
150 D. H. Lawrence,“The Novel”, in Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, ed. Bruce Steele, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 180.
151 Richard Aldington, Portrait of a Genius, But…, London: Heinemann, 1950, p. 318.
152 From Harry T. Moore,“Introduction: D. H. Lawrence and the‘Censor-morons’”, in D. H. Lawrence, Sex, Literature, and Censorship: Essays, ed. By Harry T. Moore, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1953, p. 26.
153 From Keith Sagar. The Art of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. p. 197.
154 Virginia Hyde,“Lawrence Around the World”, D. H. Lawrence Review, Vol. 30. 1. (2001), p. 59.
155 John Worthen wrote a biography of Lawrence called D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider, New York: Counterpoint, 2005.
156 Anais Nin, D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study, E. W. Titus, 1932, London: Black Spring Press, 1985, p. 107.
157《论语》,韦利英译,长沙:湖南人民出版社;北京:外文出版社,1999年。The Analects, trans. Arthur Waley, Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House; Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999, pp. 95, 175.
157 Anne Fernihough, The Cambridge Companion to D. H. Lawrence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 4.
158 Ibid., p. 175.
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