我国突发环境事件应急机制法治研究
摘要
我国是世界上突发环境事件发生最为严重的少数国家之一,我国的突发环境事件呈现出多样性,高频性,广泛性和极易扩散性的特点。尤其在当今我国正处于多种矛盾凸显的转型时期,各类突发环境事件层出不穷,给我国公民的生命财产安全带来了重大的损失,同时也影响了和谐社会的构建。
党中央、国务院自2003年的“非典”以后,便高度重视我国突发环境事件应急机制的建设。已经相继颁布了一系列的应急预案。2007年8月出台的《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》已经正式施行。可以看出,我国突发环境事件应急机制的建设已经取得了很大的成就。但在法治上,针对突发环境事件应急机制问题的研究在我国尚处于起步阶段,尤其是2008年1月的冰雪灾害,5月12日“汶川地震”的发生,充分暴露出了我国在应急机制的建设和管理层面上还存在的许多漏洞和不足。而很多发达国家已经形成了完备的法律法规体系和快速有效应急机制。因此,我们必须在借鉴国外的先进经验的基础上,加快建设和完善我国的突发环境应急机制。
本文首先从突发环境事件的概念界定入手,探讨了突发环境事件的特性、影响危害、突发环境事件应急机制的内涵及建立的必要性。其次,本文论述了我国突发环境事件应急机制的现状及存在的问题,在借鉴了美国、日本、俄罗斯三个发达国家突发环境事件应急机制的基础上,初步提出了进一步完善我国突发环境事件应急机制的法治构想。所以,在本文的第五部分,主要从立法、原则以及制度三个层面提出了完善的具体建议。
China is the most serious one of the few countries that the world's sudden environmental incidents. That shows the diversity of environmental events, high-frequency, scope and vulnerable to the spread of sexual characteristics. Especially China is highlighted in a number of contradictions in the transition period today, many types of environmental emergencies, to our lives and property of citizens has brought great loss, but also affected the construction of a harmonious society.
Central Committee and State Council since 2003, the "SARS", they would attach great importance to environmental emergencies in our country the construction of response mechanism. Has successively promulgated a series of contingency plans. Introduced in August 2007 the "People's Republic of China law to deal with unexpected events" has been implemented. We can see that China's environmental emergencies contingency mechanism has achieved a great deal. However, the rule of law, the emergency response to environmental emergencies study the mechanism in our country is still in its infancy, especially in the January 2008 ice disaster, May 12 "Wenchuan Earthquake" the occurrence of fully exposed in the contingency of our mechanism for the construction and management level there are still many loopholes and shortcomings. Many developed countries have formed a complete system of laws and regulations and the rapid and effective emergency response mechanism. Therefore, we must learn from the advanced experience of foreign countries on the basis of speeding up the construction and improvement of China's sudden environmental emergency response mechanism.
In this paper, first the concept of environmental emergencies defined start of the characteristics of environmental emergencies, the impact of hazards, environmental emergencies and emergency response mechanism to establish the meaning of the need. Secondly, this article discusses China's environmental emergencies response mechanism of the current situation and problems in drawing the United States, Japan, Russia, the three developed countries, environmental emergencies response mechanism on the basis of the initial proposed to further improve the environment of China's sudden incident response mechanism of the rule of law concept. Therefore, in Part V of this article, the main legislation, the principle of the system of three levels, as well as a well-specific recommendations.
党中央、国务院自2003年的“非典”以后,便高度重视我国突发环境事件应急机制的建设。已经相继颁布了一系列的应急预案。2007年8月出台的《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》已经正式施行。可以看出,我国突发环境事件应急机制的建设已经取得了很大的成就。但在法治上,针对突发环境事件应急机制问题的研究在我国尚处于起步阶段,尤其是2008年1月的冰雪灾害,5月12日“汶川地震”的发生,充分暴露出了我国在应急机制的建设和管理层面上还存在的许多漏洞和不足。而很多发达国家已经形成了完备的法律法规体系和快速有效应急机制。因此,我们必须在借鉴国外的先进经验的基础上,加快建设和完善我国的突发环境应急机制。
本文首先从突发环境事件的概念界定入手,探讨了突发环境事件的特性、影响危害、突发环境事件应急机制的内涵及建立的必要性。其次,本文论述了我国突发环境事件应急机制的现状及存在的问题,在借鉴了美国、日本、俄罗斯三个发达国家突发环境事件应急机制的基础上,初步提出了进一步完善我国突发环境事件应急机制的法治构想。所以,在本文的第五部分,主要从立法、原则以及制度三个层面提出了完善的具体建议。
China is the most serious one of the few countries that the world's sudden environmental incidents. That shows the diversity of environmental events, high-frequency, scope and vulnerable to the spread of sexual characteristics. Especially China is highlighted in a number of contradictions in the transition period today, many types of environmental emergencies, to our lives and property of citizens has brought great loss, but also affected the construction of a harmonious society.
Central Committee and State Council since 2003, the "SARS", they would attach great importance to environmental emergencies in our country the construction of response mechanism. Has successively promulgated a series of contingency plans. Introduced in August 2007 the "People's Republic of China law to deal with unexpected events" has been implemented. We can see that China's environmental emergencies contingency mechanism has achieved a great deal. However, the rule of law, the emergency response to environmental emergencies study the mechanism in our country is still in its infancy, especially in the January 2008 ice disaster, May 12 "Wenchuan Earthquake" the occurrence of fully exposed in the contingency of our mechanism for the construction and management level there are still many loopholes and shortcomings. Many developed countries have formed a complete system of laws and regulations and the rapid and effective emergency response mechanism. Therefore, we must learn from the advanced experience of foreign countries on the basis of speeding up the construction and improvement of China's sudden environmental emergency response mechanism.
In this paper, first the concept of environmental emergencies defined start of the characteristics of environmental emergencies, the impact of hazards, environmental emergencies and emergency response mechanism to establish the meaning of the need. Secondly, this article discusses China's environmental emergencies response mechanism of the current situation and problems in drawing the United States, Japan, Russia, the three developed countries, environmental emergencies response mechanism on the basis of the initial proposed to further improve the environment of China's sudden incident response mechanism of the rule of law concept. Therefore, in Part V of this article, the main legislation, the principle of the system of three levels, as well as a well-specific recommendations.
引文
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[44]石路.论政府危机管理中的公众参与.理论导刊,2007,(1):19
[45]宋春丽.政府危机管理制度迎新研究.邯郸师专学报,2004,(12):70
[46]魏雪.谈政府危机管理体系的建立.决策探索,2003,(10):21
[47]曹进.政府处置突发性环境污染事故应急管理机制构建问题的探讨.上海交大硕士论文.2007:21-28
[48]王明远.环境侵权法律救济制度.北京:中国法制出版社,2001
[49]周枏.罗马法原理.商务印书馆,1994,(1):886
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[51]winstonAuderson.ThelawofCaribbeanMarinePollution.KluwedawInternational.1997,81
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[3]AllenbyBr.EnvironmenialSeeurity:ConeePtandImPlementation[J].Int.PolitSeiRev,2000,2(1):5:-21
[4]唐仙丽,杨宇静.论中国突发性环境污染事故应急立法的完善.重庆大学学报,2005,11(6):114-117
[5]李艳岩.环境突发事件立法研究.黑龙江社会科学,2004(3):122-125
[6]RPBalkin,LRDaviS:LawofTorts,Butterworth1991.
[7]FrederiekR.Anderson,DanielR.Mandelker,A.dan Tarloek:EnvironmentProteetion:LawandPoliey,Little,Brownand Company1984
[8]甘华山.政府危机管理模式下的突发公共卫生事件应急机制构建.四川大学硕士论文.2004:12-15
[9]戚建刚,杨小敏.“松花江水污染”事件凸显我国环境应急机制的六大弊端.法学,2006,(01):25-29
[10]马怀德.应急反应的法学思考—“非典”法律问题研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004,5
[11]徐伟新.国家和政府的危机管理.北京:人民出版社,2003:27
[12]常纪文.我国突发环境保护事件应急立法存在的问题及其对策.宁波职业技术学院学报,2004
[13]王旭坤.我国现行应急立法体系和预案制度评析.中国减灾,2008,10:27-29
[14]舒晶.突发环境污染事件应急法制研究.河海大学硕士论文.2007:20-21
[15]王大荣.我国突发环境保护事件应急立法现状及对策.经济与法,2005
[16]廖建凯,黄琼.对突发环境事件应急立法的思考.2005:31
[17]郭欣.突发性污染事故强制应急措施制度研究.2006年全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集.北京:2006
[18]王重建等.健全突发事件应急法律体系构建社会主义和谐社会—解读《突发事件应对法(草案)》.医学与社会,2007:38-39
[19]中国的环境保护(1990—2005).北京:中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
[20]Jaekson,J.H.,LegalProblemsofInternationalEeonomieRelationS ThirdEdition,WestPublishingCO.1995
[21]张润昊.突发环境事件应急机制法律问题研究.中南林业科技大学硕士论文.2006:12-16
[22]季荣荣.看《突发事件应对法》在大雪中的“应对”.镇江日报,2008,(01)
[23]程凯.解振华辞职前后 松花江污染引发问责第一波.中华工商时报,2005,12
[24]亓树新.哈尔滨两份内容不一的停水公告出台内情.中国青年报,2005,11
[25]杨磊.环保总局突兀的人事变动局长解振华黯然去职.21世纪经济报道,2005,11
[26]郭太生.美国公共安全危机事件应急管理研究.北京:中国人民公安大学学报,2003,(6):19
[27]姚永玲.美国应急反应规划的管理.国外城市规划,2006,(1):48-54.
[28]刘艳.试析日本危机管理机制及其对中国的启示.中国人民公安大学学报, 2004:(1)122-125
[29]姚国章.日本突发公共事件应急管理体系解析.E-GOVER2MENT,2007
[30]倪芬.俄罗斯政府危机管理机制的经验与启示.行政论,2004,(11):89-90
[31]何贻纶.俄美两国危机管理机制比较研究及其启示.福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,3
[32]韩大元,莫于川.应急法制论—突发事件应对机制的法律问题研究.北京法律出版社,2005,54
[33]赵颖.对行政应急性原则研究的回顾与展望.行政法学研究,2005,4
[34]莫纪宏,徐高.紧急状态法学.中国人民公安大学出版社,1992,(1):247-248
[35]张文楚,李鸣凤.紧急状态及紧急权力的探讨.争鸣,2005,(3):102-108.
[36]罗豪才.现代行政法制的发展趋势.法律出版社,2004,(1):385
[37]周佑勇.行政法基本原则研究.武汉大学出版社,2005,54
[38]朱最新.社会转型中政府角色的法学审视与定位.求实,2007,(4)
[39]孙亮.服务型政府的目标意涵及其实现途径.中国行政管理,2007,(8)
[40]田雨.授权+限权:突发事件应对法着力规范政府应急行为].http://www.xinhua.com.cn 2007
[41]莫纪宏,宋雅芳.论国际人权公约与国内宪法的关系.中国法学,1999,(3):62
[42]莫纪宏,徐高.紧急状态法学,中国人民公安大学出版社,1992,(1):247-248
[43]张成福.责任政府论.中国人民大学学报,2002,(2):77
[44]石路.论政府危机管理中的公众参与.理论导刊,2007,(1):19
[45]宋春丽.政府危机管理制度迎新研究.邯郸师专学报,2004,(12):70
[46]魏雪.谈政府危机管理体系的建立.决策探索,2003,(10):21
[47]曹进.政府处置突发性环境污染事故应急管理机制构建问题的探讨.上海交大硕士论文.2007:21-28
[48]王明远.环境侵权法律救济制度.北京:中国法制出版社,2001
[49]周枏.罗马法原理.商务印书馆,1994,(1):886
[50]强雨,周刚.构建我国行政公益诉讼的理论思考.人民司法,2002,(9)
[51]winstonAuderson.ThelawofCaribbeanMarinePollution.KluwedawInternational.1997,81
[52]章剑生.论行政程序法上的行政公开原则.浙江大学学报(人文社科版),2000,6
[53]韩广,杨兴等.中国环境保护法的基本制度研究.北京:法制出版社,2007
[54]PorterGEnvironmentalSeeurityasaNationalseeurityIssue[J].Currenthistory1995,94(592):218-222.
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