基于湖泊沉积的近800多年来巢湖环境演变研究
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摘要
本学位论文以长江中下游沿江湖泊巢湖为研究对象,通过钻取位于湖心长度为141cm的CH-1孔,获取沉积物粒度、磁学特性和营养元素的信息,结合沉积物测年技术,重建巢湖800多年的环境演变过程。而通过选取粘土含量、χ、SIRM等16个指标进行主成分分析确定11个综合性指标,在此基础上再进行聚类分析,从而构建了巢湖800多年来的环境演变沉积序列。针对上述一系列研究,得出以下主要结论:
1.根据对巢湖CH-1孔沉积物210Pb测试分析表明,湖心CH-1孔平均沉积速率约为0.17cm/a,整个CH-1孔柱样沉积物覆盖1 177 aA.D.以来大约800年的时间。
2.CH-1孔沉积物粒度组成以细粉砂为主,约占总含量的一半,中粉砂次之,其次为粘土,砂含量最少。总体上,由于CH-1孔位于巢湖中心,此处沉积环境较稳定,水动力环境也较弱,因此沉积物粒度颗粒较细。而磁性矿物主要赋存于粘土(< 2μm)组分中,亚铁磁性矿物为磁性矿物的主要贡献者。由于钻孔位于巢湖中央,受河流影响较弱,总体上,粘土含量高的样品,磁化率较高,但磁性矿物颗粒较粗;反之,粘土含量低的样品,磁化率较低,磁性矿物颗粒较细。经对巢湖CH-1孔进行粒度分析,并结合磁学测量和磁学参数的垂向变化趋势,可将该钻孔分为4段:
①沉积物年代1 177aA.D.～1 271aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度141～125cm),粒度和磁学参数变化均表明该时段内巢湖处于湿润时期,与中世纪暖期的时间相吻合。
②沉积物年代1 271aA.D.～1 747aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度125～44cm),CH-1孔沉积物粒度和磁学分析表明该时期内,巢湖发生频繁的湿润和干旱交替,使得粒度和磁学参数对环境变化的指示意义并不完全相同。该时期内共发生了5次极端性的干旱事件,其中最干旱事件发生在该段末期,即1 747aA.D.左右。另外,该段内气候总体以干冷为主,指示了中国东部“小冰期”气候的特点。
③沉积物年代1 747aA.D.～1 865aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度44～24cm),该段是“小冰期”盛期后持续回暖的阶段,降水量很小。在1 747aA.D.左右巢湖流域发生了一次重要的环境变化事件,因而该时间也成为巢湖地区气候变化的一个重要分野线。
④沉积物年代1 865aA.D至今(对应钻孔沉积深度44至顶部),该时段内的粒度和磁学参数变化均表明气候持续变冷变干旱的过程,最干旱时期为1 935aA.D.。
3.CH-1孔营养元素TOC、TN、TP含量的变化与粘土(< 2μm)含量均呈现较显著的相关关系,相关系数都在0.7以上,说明营养元素TOC、TN及TP主要吸附于细颗粒沉积物中。与上述粒度和磁学特征分段略有不同的是,沉积物营养元素在1 271aA.D.～1 747aA.D.之间的分段可以分为3小段:
①沉积物年代1 271aA.D.～1 477aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度125～90cm),巢湖有机物质主要来源于湖泊水生植物,3项营养元素值呈现较稳定低值和小幅波动的状态,均呈现减少的趋势。
②沉积年代1 477aA.D.～1 653aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度90～60cm),该时期内CH-1孔沉积物经历的是一个较高的有机质积累过程,也是巢湖沉积物受陆源物质影响的一个过程,巢湖较高的TOC积累主要源于陆生植物的有机物。TOC、TN含量在波动中升高,TP含量则仍保持在较低水平内保持微弱的降低趋势。在1 647aA.D.左右,由于受陆地影响最强烈,巢湖的营养元素达到了最大值。
③沉积物年代1 653aA.D.～1 747aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度60～44cm),在1 653aA.D.达到峰值后,TOC、TN、TP含量均减少,C/N比值也有减小的趋势,TOC、TN、TP值分别在47cm、44cm、49cm处出现谷值,说明有机质积累达到最低值阶段,与CH-1孔沉积物粒度与磁学分析中呈现的44cm处(约1 747A.D.)的极端干冷事件基本上是一致。此段内TP平均值为0.044,比1 477aA.D.～1 653aA.D.之间平均值为0.027的相比,有很大的增幅。人口和耕地数量的快速增加,加上此时对于农业耕作中对肥料认识的深刻,肥料种类和施用方法的发展造了沉积物中TP含量的大幅跃升。
4.通过SPSS 15.0对粘土含量、磁化率χ、频率磁化率、SIRM、TOC等16个具有代表性的指标进行主成分分析,确定沉积物粘土含量、χ、SIRM、χARM、TOC、TN等11个能密切反映巢湖环境变化信息的指标变量组成的主成分,并在此基础上对获取的巢湖CH-1孔沉积物113个样品进行聚类分析。结果显示,巢湖CH-1孔沉积物样品可以分为4大类、2个亚类,据此建立了CH-1孔的环境演变序列,并结合前面各指标分析的已有结果得到巢湖地区800多年来环境演变的综合序列。
Lake Chaohu, which is located in the areas along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River of China, is considered as the study object. Cored CH-1 in the central of the lake, with gained sediment samples, based on informations from testing and calculating sediment grain size、magnetic characteristics and natural elements, as well as sediment chronology, this study rebuilds the environmental evolution during nearly the past 800 years in the watershed of Lake Chaohu. Further more, 14 tested indicators such as clay content、magnetic susceptibility、SIRM and so on are selected to execute principal component analysis, then fix 11 new integrated indicators to run cluster analysis, and finally this study creates the environmental evolution sequence about the past 800 years. Based on researches above, the main conclusions are as follows:
1.Based on the sample dating results of 210Pb from Core CH-1 in central Lake Chaohu, its average deposit rate is about 0.17cm/a, so the whole core CH-1 covers approximately 800 years since AD 1 177.
2.Sediment from CH-1 is mainly consisted of fine silt, which takes over a half, medium silt and clay next, the least is sand content; while magnetic minerals are mainly absorbed by clay, and them are mainly consisted of ferromagnetic minerals. Overall, core CH-1 locates in the central lake, where has a stable deposit condition with a weak hydrodynamic environment, so river function has faint affection on the sediment, and finally lead to fine grain size. Generally, the clay content is higher, the magnetic susceptibility is higher relatively, and the magnetic mineral grain is coarser; on the contrary, the clay content is lower, relatively, the magnetic susceptibility is lower, while the magnetic mineral grain is finer. Considering the vertical variations of the sediment grain size and magnetic characteristics, core CH-1 was divided into 4 sedimentary chronological sections.
①1 177aA.D.～1 271aA.D.(Corresponding to 141～125cm)is proven to be a wet period according to both grain size and magnetic characteristics, which matches along with the Medieval Warm Period(MWP).
②1 177aA.D.～1 271aA.D(.Corresponding to 125～44cm)is proven to be a wet/dry period, the frequent wet/dry alternative action causes the inconsistency of indications resulted from grain size and magnetic characteristics. There are 5 extreme drought events totally and the most drought event is in 1 747aA.D. or so at the end of this period. Actually the weather was dry and cold overall, which indicates the climatic characteristics of The Little Ice Age(LIA)in Eastern China.
③1 747aA.D.～1 865aA.D.(Corresponding to 44～24cm)is considered as a continuous warming period after The Little Ice Age Maximum, during which had low precipitation. There was an important environmental change event in 1 747aA.D. or so, and this time could be an important boundary of Lake Chaohu environmental evolution history.
④1 865aA.D. to Present(Corresponding to 44 to the top)is considered to be a continuous colding and drying process, whose maximum happened in 1 935aA.D., based on both grain size and magnetic characteristics changes.
3.Neutral elements TOC、TN、TP content variations of core CH-1 show evident correlations with the clay content, the correlation index are all above 0.7, indicates those neutral elements are absorbed in finer sediments. Unlike the indications based on the grain size and magnetic characteristics, it could be divided into 3 stages between 1 271aA.D. and 1 747aA.D..
①1 271aA.D.～1 477aA.D.(Corresponding to 125～90cm): During this period, the organic matters mainly came from water plants in Lake Chaohu, all the 3 neutral elements values were under a low value stably and fluctuating within a narrow range, but generally declined.
②1 477aA.D.～1653aA.D(.Corresponding to 90～60cm): During this period both TOC and TN ascend while TP declines in a small trend; the sediment organic matters accumulated considerable high and the lake sediment experienced an affected process by the land-derived matter. Due to the maximum affections of the land, 3 neutral elements contents come to their maximum such as TOC、TN, especially ,the value of C/N reached to its largest value of the whole core, which indicates that the accumulation of TOC generally came from the organic matter of land plants.
③1 653aA.D.～1 747aA.D.(corresponding to 60～44cm): TOC、TN、TP contents, as well as C/N ratio, declines after 1 653aA.D. , by which time they reached their peak values. Neutral elements valley values such as TOC、TN、TP appeared at 47cm、44cm、49cm in sequence, it shows that the organic matter accumulation low. This conclusion is consistency to the extreme cold event in 1 747A.D. reflected by the sediment grain size and magnetic characteristics at 44cm. During this period TP average content was 0.044, which is much larger than the average content between 1 477aA.D. and 1 653aA.D. , it merely was 0.027. Sediment TP content increased substantially because of the fast increasing population and growing farmland, in addition to the profound knowledge of the fertilizer on farming.
4.Following principal component analysis on selected 16 typical indicators by running SPSS15.0, such as clay content、χ、SIRM and so on, 11 target variables that can closely reflect the information of environmental evolution are confirmed, then, cluster analysis of the total 113 cored samples is conducted based on this result. It is showed that the total samples from core CH-1 in Lake Chaohu could be divided into 4 classes and 2 subclasses. Following the classified classes, environmental evolution sequence of Lake Chaohu area for the past approximate 800 years had been rebuilt. Finally, based on those analyses above, environmental evolution integrative sequence in Chaohu district is reconstructed.
1.根据对巢湖CH-1孔沉积物210Pb测试分析表明,湖心CH-1孔平均沉积速率约为0.17cm/a,整个CH-1孔柱样沉积物覆盖1 177 aA.D.以来大约800年的时间。
2.CH-1孔沉积物粒度组成以细粉砂为主,约占总含量的一半,中粉砂次之,其次为粘土,砂含量最少。总体上,由于CH-1孔位于巢湖中心,此处沉积环境较稳定,水动力环境也较弱,因此沉积物粒度颗粒较细。而磁性矿物主要赋存于粘土(< 2μm)组分中,亚铁磁性矿物为磁性矿物的主要贡献者。由于钻孔位于巢湖中央,受河流影响较弱,总体上,粘土含量高的样品,磁化率较高,但磁性矿物颗粒较粗;反之,粘土含量低的样品,磁化率较低,磁性矿物颗粒较细。经对巢湖CH-1孔进行粒度分析,并结合磁学测量和磁学参数的垂向变化趋势,可将该钻孔分为4段:
①沉积物年代1 177aA.D.～1 271aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度141～125cm),粒度和磁学参数变化均表明该时段内巢湖处于湿润时期,与中世纪暖期的时间相吻合。
②沉积物年代1 271aA.D.～1 747aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度125～44cm),CH-1孔沉积物粒度和磁学分析表明该时期内,巢湖发生频繁的湿润和干旱交替,使得粒度和磁学参数对环境变化的指示意义并不完全相同。该时期内共发生了5次极端性的干旱事件,其中最干旱事件发生在该段末期,即1 747aA.D.左右。另外,该段内气候总体以干冷为主,指示了中国东部“小冰期”气候的特点。
③沉积物年代1 747aA.D.～1 865aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度44～24cm),该段是“小冰期”盛期后持续回暖的阶段,降水量很小。在1 747aA.D.左右巢湖流域发生了一次重要的环境变化事件,因而该时间也成为巢湖地区气候变化的一个重要分野线。
④沉积物年代1 865aA.D至今(对应钻孔沉积深度44至顶部),该时段内的粒度和磁学参数变化均表明气候持续变冷变干旱的过程,最干旱时期为1 935aA.D.。
3.CH-1孔营养元素TOC、TN、TP含量的变化与粘土(< 2μm)含量均呈现较显著的相关关系,相关系数都在0.7以上,说明营养元素TOC、TN及TP主要吸附于细颗粒沉积物中。与上述粒度和磁学特征分段略有不同的是,沉积物营养元素在1 271aA.D.～1 747aA.D.之间的分段可以分为3小段:
①沉积物年代1 271aA.D.～1 477aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度125～90cm),巢湖有机物质主要来源于湖泊水生植物,3项营养元素值呈现较稳定低值和小幅波动的状态,均呈现减少的趋势。
②沉积年代1 477aA.D.～1 653aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度90～60cm),该时期内CH-1孔沉积物经历的是一个较高的有机质积累过程,也是巢湖沉积物受陆源物质影响的一个过程,巢湖较高的TOC积累主要源于陆生植物的有机物。TOC、TN含量在波动中升高,TP含量则仍保持在较低水平内保持微弱的降低趋势。在1 647aA.D.左右,由于受陆地影响最强烈,巢湖的营养元素达到了最大值。
③沉积物年代1 653aA.D.～1 747aA.D.(对应钻孔沉积深度60～44cm),在1 653aA.D.达到峰值后,TOC、TN、TP含量均减少,C/N比值也有减小的趋势,TOC、TN、TP值分别在47cm、44cm、49cm处出现谷值,说明有机质积累达到最低值阶段,与CH-1孔沉积物粒度与磁学分析中呈现的44cm处(约1 747A.D.)的极端干冷事件基本上是一致。此段内TP平均值为0.044,比1 477aA.D.～1 653aA.D.之间平均值为0.027的相比,有很大的增幅。人口和耕地数量的快速增加,加上此时对于农业耕作中对肥料认识的深刻,肥料种类和施用方法的发展造了沉积物中TP含量的大幅跃升。
4.通过SPSS 15.0对粘土含量、磁化率χ、频率磁化率、SIRM、TOC等16个具有代表性的指标进行主成分分析,确定沉积物粘土含量、χ、SIRM、χARM、TOC、TN等11个能密切反映巢湖环境变化信息的指标变量组成的主成分,并在此基础上对获取的巢湖CH-1孔沉积物113个样品进行聚类分析。结果显示,巢湖CH-1孔沉积物样品可以分为4大类、2个亚类,据此建立了CH-1孔的环境演变序列,并结合前面各指标分析的已有结果得到巢湖地区800多年来环境演变的综合序列。
Lake Chaohu, which is located in the areas along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River of China, is considered as the study object. Cored CH-1 in the central of the lake, with gained sediment samples, based on informations from testing and calculating sediment grain size、magnetic characteristics and natural elements, as well as sediment chronology, this study rebuilds the environmental evolution during nearly the past 800 years in the watershed of Lake Chaohu. Further more, 14 tested indicators such as clay content、magnetic susceptibility、SIRM and so on are selected to execute principal component analysis, then fix 11 new integrated indicators to run cluster analysis, and finally this study creates the environmental evolution sequence about the past 800 years. Based on researches above, the main conclusions are as follows:
1.Based on the sample dating results of 210Pb from Core CH-1 in central Lake Chaohu, its average deposit rate is about 0.17cm/a, so the whole core CH-1 covers approximately 800 years since AD 1 177.
2.Sediment from CH-1 is mainly consisted of fine silt, which takes over a half, medium silt and clay next, the least is sand content; while magnetic minerals are mainly absorbed by clay, and them are mainly consisted of ferromagnetic minerals. Overall, core CH-1 locates in the central lake, where has a stable deposit condition with a weak hydrodynamic environment, so river function has faint affection on the sediment, and finally lead to fine grain size. Generally, the clay content is higher, the magnetic susceptibility is higher relatively, and the magnetic mineral grain is coarser; on the contrary, the clay content is lower, relatively, the magnetic susceptibility is lower, while the magnetic mineral grain is finer. Considering the vertical variations of the sediment grain size and magnetic characteristics, core CH-1 was divided into 4 sedimentary chronological sections.
①1 177aA.D.～1 271aA.D.(Corresponding to 141～125cm)is proven to be a wet period according to both grain size and magnetic characteristics, which matches along with the Medieval Warm Period(MWP).
②1 177aA.D.～1 271aA.D(.Corresponding to 125～44cm)is proven to be a wet/dry period, the frequent wet/dry alternative action causes the inconsistency of indications resulted from grain size and magnetic characteristics. There are 5 extreme drought events totally and the most drought event is in 1 747aA.D. or so at the end of this period. Actually the weather was dry and cold overall, which indicates the climatic characteristics of The Little Ice Age(LIA)in Eastern China.
③1 747aA.D.～1 865aA.D.(Corresponding to 44～24cm)is considered as a continuous warming period after The Little Ice Age Maximum, during which had low precipitation. There was an important environmental change event in 1 747aA.D. or so, and this time could be an important boundary of Lake Chaohu environmental evolution history.
④1 865aA.D. to Present(Corresponding to 44 to the top)is considered to be a continuous colding and drying process, whose maximum happened in 1 935aA.D., based on both grain size and magnetic characteristics changes.
3.Neutral elements TOC、TN、TP content variations of core CH-1 show evident correlations with the clay content, the correlation index are all above 0.7, indicates those neutral elements are absorbed in finer sediments. Unlike the indications based on the grain size and magnetic characteristics, it could be divided into 3 stages between 1 271aA.D. and 1 747aA.D..
①1 271aA.D.～1 477aA.D.(Corresponding to 125～90cm): During this period, the organic matters mainly came from water plants in Lake Chaohu, all the 3 neutral elements values were under a low value stably and fluctuating within a narrow range, but generally declined.
②1 477aA.D.～1653aA.D(.Corresponding to 90～60cm): During this period both TOC and TN ascend while TP declines in a small trend; the sediment organic matters accumulated considerable high and the lake sediment experienced an affected process by the land-derived matter. Due to the maximum affections of the land, 3 neutral elements contents come to their maximum such as TOC、TN, especially ,the value of C/N reached to its largest value of the whole core, which indicates that the accumulation of TOC generally came from the organic matter of land plants.
③1 653aA.D.～1 747aA.D.(corresponding to 60～44cm): TOC、TN、TP contents, as well as C/N ratio, declines after 1 653aA.D. , by which time they reached their peak values. Neutral elements valley values such as TOC、TN、TP appeared at 47cm、44cm、49cm in sequence, it shows that the organic matter accumulation low. This conclusion is consistency to the extreme cold event in 1 747A.D. reflected by the sediment grain size and magnetic characteristics at 44cm. During this period TP average content was 0.044, which is much larger than the average content between 1 477aA.D. and 1 653aA.D. , it merely was 0.027. Sediment TP content increased substantially because of the fast increasing population and growing farmland, in addition to the profound knowledge of the fertilizer on farming.
4.Following principal component analysis on selected 16 typical indicators by running SPSS15.0, such as clay content、χ、SIRM and so on, 11 target variables that can closely reflect the information of environmental evolution are confirmed, then, cluster analysis of the total 113 cored samples is conducted based on this result. It is showed that the total samples from core CH-1 in Lake Chaohu could be divided into 4 classes and 2 subclasses. Following the classified classes, environmental evolution sequence of Lake Chaohu area for the past approximate 800 years had been rebuilt. Finally, based on those analyses above, environmental evolution integrative sequence in Chaohu district is reconstructed.
引文
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