团队作业特征与团队类型对团队绩效的影响
摘要
本次研究通过3个实验，考察团队作业特征与团队类型对团队绩效的影响，同时尝试把实验方法引入团队的研究。实验中以团队成员完成作业的时间或数量为指标，并且记录团队成员完成作业过程中查看原图的次数、尝试错误的次数，另外通过行为评定的方法，对团队成员完成作业过程中的一些特征，如适应性、协调、决策、人际交往技能、领导过程和沟通情况进行评定。实验一显示：对于简单的团队作业，不同团队类型完成作业的绩效有明显差异(p＜0.05)。其中平行团队和系列团队完成作业的绩效之间没有明显差异，平行团队和系列团队完成作业的绩效明显好于互依团队。实验二显示：对于中等难度的团队作业，不同团队类型完成作业的绩效有明显差异(p＜0.05)。其中平行团队和系列团队完成作业的绩效之间没有明显差异，平行团队和系列团队完成作业的绩效明显好于互依团队。实验三显示：对于高等难度的团队作业，不同团队类型完成作业的绩效有明显差异(p＜0.05)。其中互依团队完成作业的绩效明显好于系列团队，系列团队完成作业的绩效明显好于平行团队。最后的研究结论是：团队作业特征和团队类型影响团队绩效，对于简单的和中等难度的团队作业由平行团队或系列团队来完成能取得更好的绩效。对于高等难度的团队作业，由互依团队完成作业，取得的团队绩效最好，系列团队次之，平行团队最差。
There are three experiments in the study, the effects of team task and team type on team performance are tested. And we attempt to make use of experiment method in team studies. In experimentSjtime or quantity of task finished are tested,and some characters in process are assesses by behavior assessment methodJn experiment l,as to easy team task, there were significant difference on performance among team types (p<0.05) . there were no significant difference on team performance between pooled team and sequential team,but team performance of pooled team or sequential team is better than that of reciprocal team significantly. In experiment 2, as to normal team task, there were significant difference among team types (p<0.05) . there were no significant difference on team performance between pooled team and sequential team,but team performance of pooled team or sequential team is better than that of reciprocal team significantly. In experiment 3,as to difficult team task, there were significant difference among
team types (p<0.05) . team performance of reciprocal team is better than that of sequential team significantly, team performance of sequential team is better than that of pooled team significantly.The eventual result is that: team task and team tape infuence on team performance .As to easy team task and normal team task, team performance of pooled team or sequential team is better than that of reciprocal team. As to difficult team task, team performance of reciprocal team is best,that of sequential team is better.
There are three experiments in the study, the effects of team task and team type on team performance are tested. And we attempt to make use of experiment method in team studies. In experimentSjtime or quantity of task finished are tested,and some characters in process are assesses by behavior assessment methodJn experiment l,as to easy team task, there were significant difference on performance among team types (p<0.05) . there were no significant difference on team performance between pooled team and sequential team,but team performance of pooled team or sequential team is better than that of reciprocal team significantly. In experiment 2, as to normal team task, there were significant difference among team types (p<0.05) . there were no significant difference on team performance between pooled team and sequential team,but team performance of pooled team or sequential team is better than that of reciprocal team significantly. In experiment 3,as to difficult team task, there were significant difference among
team types (p<0.05) . team performance of reciprocal team is better than that of sequential team significantly, team performance of sequential team is better than that of pooled team significantly.The eventual result is that: team task and team tape infuence on team performance .As to easy team task and normal team task, team performance of pooled team or sequential team is better than that of reciprocal team. As to difficult team task, team performance of reciprocal team is best,that of sequential team is better.
引文
[1] 吕晓俊 俞文钊．团队研究新进展[J] 人类工效学 2001，7(1)：51-54
[2] Salas, E., Dickinson, T. L., Converse, S. and Tannenbaum, S. I. (1992). Toward an understanding of team performance and training, in R. W. Swezey and E. Salas (eds), Teams: heir Training and Performance (Norwood: Ablex), 3 ± 29
[3] Morgan, B.B. Jr., Salas, E., & Glickman, A.S. (1993). An analysis of team evolution and maturation. Journal of General Psychology, 120, 277-291. see G. K. W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Nell., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[4] 肖余春 建立学习型团队的新理念与新方法 人类工效学 2001，6(2)：40-44
[5] Richard Saavedra、P. Christopher Earley、Linn Van Dyne. Complex interdependence in task-performing groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1993,78(1):61-72
[6] Peter Veen. Characteristics of organizations. Handbook of work and organizational psychology, 1984:677-711
[7] Dennis J. Devine. A review and integration of classification systems relevant to teams in organization, 2002,6(4):291-310
[8] O' Neil, H.F. Jr., Chung, G., & Brown, R. (1997). Use of networked simulations as a context to measure team competencies. In H.F. Jr. O' Neil, Workforce readiness: competencies and assesament(pp. 411-452). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
[9] Chung, G.K.W.K., O' Neil, H.F. Jr., Herl, H.E. (1999). The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15:463-493
[10] McIntyre, R. M., & Salas, E. (in press). Team performance in complex environments: What we have learned so far. In R. Guzzo & E. Salas (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. See G.K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[11] Foushee, H. C. (1984). Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet: Factors affecting group processes and aircrew performance. American Psychologist, 39, 885-893. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge
mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[12] Kanki, B. G., Lozito, S., & Foushee, H. C. (1989a). Communication as a group process ediator of aircrew performance. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60, 402-409. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[13] Brannick, M. T., Roach, R. M., & Salas, E. (1993). Understanding team performance: A multimethod study. Human Performance, 6, 287-308. See G.K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[14] O' Neil H. F., Chung G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[15] Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Converse, S. (1993). Shared mental models in expert team decision making. In N. J. Castellan (Ed.), Individual and group decision making: Current issues (pp. 221 - 246). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. See G. K. W. K. Chang, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[16] Rouse, W. B., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (1992). The role of mental models in team performance in complex systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 22, 1296- 1308. See G.K.W.K. Chang, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure reamprocess and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[17] Lahey, G. F., & Slough, D. A. (1982, January). Relationships between communication variables and scores in team training exercises (NPRDC-TR 82-25). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. See G.K.W.K. Chang H.F. O' Nell., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[18] Oser, R. L., McCallum, G. A., Salas, E., & Morgan, B. B. Jr. (1989, March). Toward a definition of teamwork: An analysis of critical team behaviors (NTSC Tech. Rep. 89-004). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center, Human Factors Division. See G. K. W.K. Chang,
H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[19] Macpherson, D., & Perez, R. (1992). Review of team/crew unit training research: Implications for team training development and research.. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[20] Foushee, H. C., Lauber, J. K., Baetge, M. M., & Acomb, D. B. (1986). Crew factors in flight operations Ⅲ: The operational significance of exposure to short-haul air transport operations (NASA Technical Memorandum 88322). Moffett Field, CA: Ames Research Center. See G.K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[21] Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210 - 227. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[22] Smith, K. (1994) Online anti-air warfare teamwork observation measure: (unpublished paper). Orlando, FL: Naval Air Warfare Center Training System Division.
[23] Entin, E.B., Entin, E.E., and Serfaty, D. (2000). Organizational structure and adaptation in the joint command and control domain. TR-915, Burlington, MA: ALPJATECH
[24] Entin, E.E. (1999). Optimized command and control architectures for improved process and performance. Proceedings of the 1999 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Newport, RI
[25] Entin, E.E. and Entin, E.B. (2000). Measures for Evaluation of Team Processes and Performance in Experiments and Exercises. (unpublished paper). Aptima
[26] Entin, E.E. (1996). Current and future views on Joint C2 and adaptive architectures. Proceedings of the 1996 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Monterey, CA
[27] Entin, E.E., Serfaty, D., & Kerrigan, C. (1998). Choice and performance under three command and control architectures. Proceedings of the 1998 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Monterey, CA
[28] Annett, J., Cunningham, D., & Mathias-Jones, P. (2000). A method for measuring team skills. Ergonomics. Vol 43, no 8:1076-1094
[29] 周永生 蒋蓉华 国有高技术企业团队绩效测评研究 技术经济 2002，(9)：25-26
[30] Alluisi, E. A. (1992). Foreword. In R. W. Swezey & E. Salas (Eds.), Teams: Their training and performance (pp. xi-xiv). New York: Ablex. Bales, R. F., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1951). Phases in group problem solving. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 485-495. see, Morgan, B.B., Salas, E., Glickman, A.S. An analysis of team evolution and maturation. The Journal of General Psychology, July 1993, Vol 120, No. 3:277-292
[31] Morgan, B.B., Salas, E., and Glickman, A. S. An analysis of team evolution and maturation. The Journal of General Psychology, July 1993, Vol 120, No. 3:277-292
[32] Webh, N., & Farivar, S. (1994). Promoting helping behavior in cooperative small groups in middle school mathematics. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 369-395. see O' Neil H. F., Chung G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[33] Druckman, D., & Bjork, R. A. (Eds.). (1994). Learning, remembering, believing. Enhancing human performance, Washington, DC: National Academy Press. See O' Neil H. F., Chang G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[34] Franken, J., & O' Neil, H. F. (1994). Stress induced anxiety of individuals and teams in a simulator environment. In H. F. O' Neil, Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation: Theory and research (pp. 201-218). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. See O' Neil H. F., Chung G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[35] 郑宏飞 团队绩效的分析 人类工效学 2003，9(3)：13-20
[2] Salas, E., Dickinson, T. L., Converse, S. and Tannenbaum, S. I. (1992). Toward an understanding of team performance and training, in R. W. Swezey and E. Salas (eds), Teams: heir Training and Performance (Norwood: Ablex), 3 ± 29
[3] Morgan, B.B. Jr., Salas, E., & Glickman, A.S. (1993). An analysis of team evolution and maturation. Journal of General Psychology, 120, 277-291. see G. K. W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Nell., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[4] 肖余春 建立学习型团队的新理念与新方法 人类工效学 2001，6(2)：40-44
[5] Richard Saavedra、P. Christopher Earley、Linn Van Dyne. Complex interdependence in task-performing groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1993,78(1):61-72
[6] Peter Veen. Characteristics of organizations. Handbook of work and organizational psychology, 1984:677-711
[7] Dennis J. Devine. A review and integration of classification systems relevant to teams in organization, 2002,6(4):291-310
[8] O' Neil, H.F. Jr., Chung, G., & Brown, R. (1997). Use of networked simulations as a context to measure team competencies. In H.F. Jr. O' Neil, Workforce readiness: competencies and assesament(pp. 411-452). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
[9] Chung, G.K.W.K., O' Neil, H.F. Jr., Herl, H.E. (1999). The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15:463-493
[10] McIntyre, R. M., & Salas, E. (in press). Team performance in complex environments: What we have learned so far. In R. Guzzo & E. Salas (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. See G.K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[11] Foushee, H. C. (1984). Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet: Factors affecting group processes and aircrew performance. American Psychologist, 39, 885-893. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge
mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[12] Kanki, B. G., Lozito, S., & Foushee, H. C. (1989a). Communication as a group process ediator of aircrew performance. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60, 402-409. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[13] Brannick, M. T., Roach, R. M., & Salas, E. (1993). Understanding team performance: A multimethod study. Human Performance, 6, 287-308. See G.K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[14] O' Neil H. F., Chung G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[15] Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Salas, E., & Converse, S. (1993). Shared mental models in expert team decision making. In N. J. Castellan (Ed.), Individual and group decision making: Current issues (pp. 221 - 246). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. See G. K. W. K. Chang, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[16] Rouse, W. B., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., & Salas, E. (1992). The role of mental models in team performance in complex systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 22, 1296- 1308. See G.K.W.K. Chang, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure reamprocess and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[17] Lahey, G. F., & Slough, D. A. (1982, January). Relationships between communication variables and scores in team training exercises (NPRDC-TR 82-25). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. See G.K.W.K. Chang H.F. O' Nell., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[18] Oser, R. L., McCallum, G. A., Salas, E., & Morgan, B. B. Jr. (1989, March). Toward a definition of teamwork: An analysis of critical team behaviors (NTSC Tech. Rep. 89-004). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center, Human Factors Division. See G. K. W.K. Chang,
H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[19] Macpherson, D., & Perez, R. (1992). Review of team/crew unit training research: Implications for team training development and research.. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[20] Foushee, H. C., Lauber, J. K., Baetge, M. M., & Acomb, D. B. (1986). Crew factors in flight operations Ⅲ: The operational significance of exposure to short-haul air transport operations (NASA Technical Memorandum 88322). Moffett Field, CA: Ames Research Center. See G.K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15,1999:463-493
[21] Mullen, B., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210 - 227. See G. K.W.K. Chung, H.F. O' Neil., Jr., H.E. Herl. The use of computer-based collaborative knowledge mapping to measure team process and team outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 1999:463-493
[22] Smith, K. (1994) Online anti-air warfare teamwork observation measure: (unpublished paper). Orlando, FL: Naval Air Warfare Center Training System Division.
[23] Entin, E.B., Entin, E.E., and Serfaty, D. (2000). Organizational structure and adaptation in the joint command and control domain. TR-915, Burlington, MA: ALPJATECH
[24] Entin, E.E. (1999). Optimized command and control architectures for improved process and performance. Proceedings of the 1999 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Newport, RI
[25] Entin, E.E. and Entin, E.B. (2000). Measures for Evaluation of Team Processes and Performance in Experiments and Exercises. (unpublished paper). Aptima
[26] Entin, E.E. (1996). Current and future views on Joint C2 and adaptive architectures. Proceedings of the 1996 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Monterey, CA
[27] Entin, E.E., Serfaty, D., & Kerrigan, C. (1998). Choice and performance under three command and control architectures. Proceedings of the 1998 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Monterey, CA
[28] Annett, J., Cunningham, D., & Mathias-Jones, P. (2000). A method for measuring team skills. Ergonomics. Vol 43, no 8:1076-1094
[29] 周永生 蒋蓉华 国有高技术企业团队绩效测评研究 技术经济 2002，(9)：25-26
[30] Alluisi, E. A. (1992). Foreword. In R. W. Swezey & E. Salas (Eds.), Teams: Their training and performance (pp. xi-xiv). New York: Ablex. Bales, R. F., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1951). Phases in group problem solving. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 485-495. see, Morgan, B.B., Salas, E., Glickman, A.S. An analysis of team evolution and maturation. The Journal of General Psychology, July 1993, Vol 120, No. 3:277-292
[31] Morgan, B.B., Salas, E., and Glickman, A. S. An analysis of team evolution and maturation. The Journal of General Psychology, July 1993, Vol 120, No. 3:277-292
[32] Webh, N., & Farivar, S. (1994). Promoting helping behavior in cooperative small groups in middle school mathematics. American Educational Research Journal, 31, 369-395. see O' Neil H. F., Chung G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[33] Druckman, D., & Bjork, R. A. (Eds.). (1994). Learning, remembering, believing. Enhancing human performance, Washington, DC: National Academy Press. See O' Neil H. F., Chang G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[34] Franken, J., & O' Neil, H. F. (1994). Stress induced anxiety of individuals and teams in a simulator environment. In H. F. O' Neil, Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation: Theory and research (pp. 201-218). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. See O' Neil H. F., Chung G. K., Brown R.D., Measurement of teamwork process using computer simulation. Technical Report. 1995, Center for Study of Evaluation
[35] 郑宏飞 团队绩效的分析 人类工效学 2003，9(3)：13-20