DRM范式下的儿童错误记忆研究
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摘要
错误记忆是记忆研究的重要领域。尽管目前为止人们错误记忆概念的理解并不一致,但现在心理学研究者多从两个方面来理解错误记忆：其一是指人们回忆出自己从未经历过的事情。其二是回忆出来的事情与实际发生的情况有较大偏差。心理学对错误记忆研究的热潮始于20世纪中叶。在基于事件的错误记忆研究中以信息误导范式为代表,而基于单词的错误记忆研究中则以集中联想范式(亦即DRM范式)为代表。已往的研究结果表明,人类的记忆是一个动态的变化系统,人类记忆的变化不仅存在记忆量的衰减,而且存在记忆内容的歪曲和扭曲。错误记忆现象的研究在理论和现实方面都有重要意义。
基于单词的错误记忆主要以DRM研究范式为代表。目前关于DRM范式错误记忆的研究主要集中在两个方面,一是错误记忆的影响因素(现象学研究),二是错误记忆是如何发生的(机制研究)。在研究的被试选取方面,已从早期研究的正常成人和大学生被试,扩展到儿童、老年、脑损伤等各种记忆障碍人群。
儿童错误记忆的研究,近年来受到心理学家的更多的关注,但受制于儿童心理发展的水平,许多在成人错误记忆研究中的材料和方法并不适用于儿童。这在某种程度上妨碍了对儿童错误记忆的研究。就目前国内错误记忆的研究而言,以成人或大学生和中学生为被试的研究居多,而以小学生为被试的研究较少,以学前儿童为被试的研究更是难得一见。
本文以6岁(学前大班)、8岁儿童(小学中年级)和12岁儿童(小学高年级)为被试,使用汉语词、和彩色照片编制的DRM词表。通过五个实验研究儿童的错误记忆的产生机制及影响因素。具体研究如下：实验一：以词,简笔画,彩色照片为实验材料,以不同年龄的学龄前儿童和小学中、高年级儿童为被试,探索实验材料和年龄因素对错误记忆的影响；实验二：以词和不同背景的彩色照片实验材料,研究学习与测验情境一致与否对错误记忆的影响；实验三：在实验一和实验二的基础上,考察图片材料的主题信息是否影响错误记忆。实验四：通过整体呈现、分组呈现和随机呈现方式,考察实验材料的不同呈现方式对错误记忆的影响；实验五；通过有无预警考察预警对儿童错误记忆的影响。
The false memory is indispensible research field of memory. Though psychologist did not hold identical views with the concept of false memory, the idea has been accepted is that When people remember things that he had never experienced or recalled something have greater discrepancy with the thing should be, the false memories occur. The research of false memories boom began in the mid-20th century. There have been formed two research paradigm of false memory, one is centered with event and the represented form is misinformation paradigm, the other is word-based association paradigm (DRM paradigm). The psychologist's research results show that the human memory is not reliable as one imagine, as the content of memory is not only easy to be weaken, but also would be interfered by various factors in the memory process. Memory' distort and twist occur everywhere, the memory is not an exact copy of the human objective facts. The research of false memory has play an important role in theoretical and practical aspects.
DRM research paradigm is representative method in the laboratory study in false memory. There are two item in false memory, one is the effect factor of false memory, another is how the false occur. The subject of false memory research has been changed from normal adults and college student in the earlier studies extended to children, the elder, brain damage and other memory disorders group.
Children's false memories has been noticed frequently in recent years, but subject to the level of the psychological development of children, many materials and methods in the study of adult false memory does not apply to children's research and this slowed the study of children's false memories. The subject in false memory are often to be seen with adults, college students or high school students and less to be seen with primary school, and the preschool children for subjects research is rare to see. This dissertation with6-year-old (pre-school),8-year-old (primary school in the grade3) and12-year-old children (elementary school grade6) to take part in the experiments, use Chinese words, stick picture and color photographs formed the DRM vocabulary material. Through five experiment study the children's false memory mechanism and influence factors. All studies are as follows: Experiment1:Use the material of word, stick picture and color photographs and with the different subject of preschool, mid-primary and high-primary school students, to identify the materials and age as the effect factors to false memories; experimental; Experiment2:Use the materials of words and color-photographs with different backgrounds to study learning and test situation is consistent or not effected the false memory; Experimen3:Based on Experiments Ⅰ and Ⅱ to probe into the theme of the picture material information affecting the false memory; Experiment4:Use the different material present method.such as overall group presentation, partly group presentation and random presentation to investigated the material present form has the influence to children false Memory; experiment; Though the presence or absence of early warning to study the impact of early warning to children's false memories.
基于单词的错误记忆主要以DRM研究范式为代表。目前关于DRM范式错误记忆的研究主要集中在两个方面,一是错误记忆的影响因素(现象学研究),二是错误记忆是如何发生的(机制研究)。在研究的被试选取方面,已从早期研究的正常成人和大学生被试,扩展到儿童、老年、脑损伤等各种记忆障碍人群。
儿童错误记忆的研究,近年来受到心理学家的更多的关注,但受制于儿童心理发展的水平,许多在成人错误记忆研究中的材料和方法并不适用于儿童。这在某种程度上妨碍了对儿童错误记忆的研究。就目前国内错误记忆的研究而言,以成人或大学生和中学生为被试的研究居多,而以小学生为被试的研究较少,以学前儿童为被试的研究更是难得一见。
本文以6岁(学前大班)、8岁儿童(小学中年级)和12岁儿童(小学高年级)为被试,使用汉语词、和彩色照片编制的DRM词表。通过五个实验研究儿童的错误记忆的产生机制及影响因素。具体研究如下：实验一：以词,简笔画,彩色照片为实验材料,以不同年龄的学龄前儿童和小学中、高年级儿童为被试,探索实验材料和年龄因素对错误记忆的影响；实验二：以词和不同背景的彩色照片实验材料,研究学习与测验情境一致与否对错误记忆的影响；实验三：在实验一和实验二的基础上,考察图片材料的主题信息是否影响错误记忆。实验四：通过整体呈现、分组呈现和随机呈现方式,考察实验材料的不同呈现方式对错误记忆的影响；实验五；通过有无预警考察预警对儿童错误记忆的影响。
The false memory is indispensible research field of memory. Though psychologist did not hold identical views with the concept of false memory, the idea has been accepted is that When people remember things that he had never experienced or recalled something have greater discrepancy with the thing should be, the false memories occur. The research of false memories boom began in the mid-20th century. There have been formed two research paradigm of false memory, one is centered with event and the represented form is misinformation paradigm, the other is word-based association paradigm (DRM paradigm). The psychologist's research results show that the human memory is not reliable as one imagine, as the content of memory is not only easy to be weaken, but also would be interfered by various factors in the memory process. Memory' distort and twist occur everywhere, the memory is not an exact copy of the human objective facts. The research of false memory has play an important role in theoretical and practical aspects.
DRM research paradigm is representative method in the laboratory study in false memory. There are two item in false memory, one is the effect factor of false memory, another is how the false occur. The subject of false memory research has been changed from normal adults and college student in the earlier studies extended to children, the elder, brain damage and other memory disorders group.
Children's false memories has been noticed frequently in recent years, but subject to the level of the psychological development of children, many materials and methods in the study of adult false memory does not apply to children's research and this slowed the study of children's false memories. The subject in false memory are often to be seen with adults, college students or high school students and less to be seen with primary school, and the preschool children for subjects research is rare to see. This dissertation with6-year-old (pre-school),8-year-old (primary school in the grade3) and12-year-old children (elementary school grade6) to take part in the experiments, use Chinese words, stick picture and color photographs formed the DRM vocabulary material. Through five experiment study the children's false memory mechanism and influence factors. All studies are as follows: Experiment1:Use the material of word, stick picture and color photographs and with the different subject of preschool, mid-primary and high-primary school students, to identify the materials and age as the effect factors to false memories; experimental; Experiment2:Use the materials of words and color-photographs with different backgrounds to study learning and test situation is consistent or not effected the false memory; Experimen3:Based on Experiments Ⅰ and Ⅱ to probe into the theme of the picture material information affecting the false memory; Experiment4:Use the different material present method.such as overall group presentation, partly group presentation and random presentation to investigated the material present form has the influence to children false Memory; experiment; Though the presence or absence of early warning to study the impact of early warning to children's false memories.
引文
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