冻融条件下水泥及石灰路基改良土的动静力特性研究
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摘要
我国季节性冻土分布广泛,路基填料暴露于自然环境下,每年都要经历至少一次冻融作用,在强烈的冻结和融化作用下,路基易出现翻浆冒泥、沉陷、强度弱化等病害现象,严重影响铁路的正常运营和行车安全。同时,随着铁路大提速和多条高速铁路在季节性冻土地区的兴建,对路基整体稳定性、路基面平顺以及路基填料的抗冻融能力的要求不断提高。因此,寻求抗冻融性能良好的路基填料,减少优质填料的大量外运而造成的工程成本增加,扩大改良填料的应用范围已经成为一个急需解决的问题。
本文以铁道部科技研究开发计划项目“寒区铁路工程冻胀特点与防治措施研究(2006G011-B-2)”为依托,结合季节性冻土地区高速铁路建设大发展,以东北地区路基素填土及其改良土为研究对象,在总结国内外研究现状的基础上,通过路基冻害调查、室内试验等手段,研究了冻融循环作用下路基改良填料的强度和变形特性。研究结果将为季节性冻土地区路基填料改良方法与掺入比的选择提供指导；将为路基土力学指标的确定提供参考;将为路基土抗冻融性能指标提供依据。主要研究成果包括以下几个方面：
(1)在总结和分析国内外研究现状的基础上,指出其不足之处,认为改良方法单一,且针对冻融作用下改良土的力学特性研究较少,研究结果具有重要的实际意义。
(2)在对内蒙古、东北境内既有铁路和秦沈客运专线路基冻害进行调研的基础上,总结了季节性冻土地区铁路路基的冻害特点,并从土质、水分、环境温度和外界附加荷载几方面入手分析了冻害产生的原因。
(3)通过冻胀特性试验研究,得出所取土样的冻胀性能较弱,且素土经改良后冻胀性很弱,具有较好的抗冻胀性能；冻胀导致的病害除了变形外,另一重要原因是冻融作用对路基土体强度的弱化。
(4)通过静三轴试验,发现冻融循环次数、冷却温度和试验围压对水泥及石灰改良土的应力应变关系和强度特性具有显著的影响,研究了冻融作用下改良土的应力应变、静强度、弹性模量和抗剪强度指标的变化规律,建立了上述力学参数与物理状态指标间的关系模型。
(5)对循环荷载作用下改良土的累积塑性变形特性进行了研究,其累积变形特性因土体类型不同而有所不同。分析了动应力幅值、冻融次数、冷却温度和围压对累积塑性变形的影响规律,以Monismith指数模型为基础,采用归一化和修正的思路,建立了累积塑性变形的预测模型。
(6)对改良土的临界动应力进行了分析,并引入冻融衰减系数,将其应用到高速铁路路基改良土掺入比设计中,以更好地指导工程实践。
(7)在前人研究的基础上,引入冻融损失度的概念,建立了水泥及石灰改良土的动回弹模量损失模型,可以更好地评估季节性冻土区路基改良填料的使用寿命。同时,采用Hardin-Drnevich的双曲线模型对改良土的动应力应变关系进行了分析和研究。
Seasonal frost soil is widely distributed in China, subgrade fillings exposed to natural environment will experience at least one freeze-thaw cycle every year. Under such strong freezing and thawing conditions, the diseases such as mud pumping, subsidence and strength reduction will arise, which would affect the normal operation and driving safety of railway. Meanwhile, along with the speedup of railway and construction of highspeed railway in seasonal frost area, the standard on overall stability of subgrade, smooth of subgade and anti-frozen ability continues to improve. Therefore, searching for good quality fillings, reducing the engineering costs and enlarge the applied range of modified soil has already become an important problem for solving.
With the support of the Ministry Science & Technology Research Planning Project, in this dissertation, with the coming of Highspeed Railway construction in seasonal frost area, clay soil and modified soil was taken as the study object. Based on a review of status quo of research at home and abro, a series of tests were conducted, and the strength and deformation properties of modified-soil subjected to freezing and thawing were analyzed to investigate the freezing and thawing mechanism, to offer guidelines for the choice of improved method and blend ratio, to offer references for confirming the mechanical index of subgrade soil, to provide basis for freezing and thawing resistance index. Some achievements are as follows:
(1) According to the result and shortage of previous research, the dynamical properties of modified soil subjected to freezing and thawing had been regarded to be short of systematic research, which had great meaning in theory and in practice.
(2) Based on the frost damages investigation of Inner Monqolia railway, Northeast railway and Qin-Shen Passenger Line, the frost damage characteristic of subgrade in seasonally frost area was summarized. Meanwhile, the creative reason of frost damages was analyzed from the kind of soil, amount of water, temperature as well as the loading style.
(3) The frost heave properties of clay soil were weak by means of frost heave tests, and the frost heave properties of modified soil were weaker, which had better anti-frost properties. The frost damage was not only frost heave deformation, but also the strength reduction of subgrade soil subjected to freezing and thawing.
(4) By means of static triaxial test, the influences of freeze-thaw cycles, cooling temperature, and confining pressure on stress-strain relationship and strength properties of cement- and lime-modified soils were apprehended. The change rules of stress-strain, static strength, elastic modulus and shear strength index influenced by freezing and thawing were obtained. Moreover, several prediction models about the relationship between these indices and blend ratio and freeze-thaw cycles were established.
(5) The cumulative plastic strain of modified soil, which mightbe change according to soil types, with varied cyclic loading and soil physical states were studied. The effect of dynamic stress amplitude, freeze-thaw cycles, cooling temperature, and confining pressure on cumulative plastic strain had been analyzed. Furthermore, based on the exponential model of Monismith, the line of normalization and modificatory was adopted to established the predition model about the cumulative plastic strain.
(6) The critical dynamic stress of modified soils was analyzed, and the freeze-thaw attenuation coefficient was introduced and applied to the blend ratio design of modified soils for Highspeed Railway, which could better serve for the engineering practices.
(7) Based on the previous research, the damage degree was introduced to establish the damage model about resilient modulus for cement- and lime-modified soil, which could better evaluate the service life of modified soils in seseanol frost area. Meanwhile, the relationship of between dynamic stress and strain was analyzed and studied by the hyperbola model of Hardin-Drnevich.
本文以铁道部科技研究开发计划项目“寒区铁路工程冻胀特点与防治措施研究(2006G011-B-2)”为依托,结合季节性冻土地区高速铁路建设大发展,以东北地区路基素填土及其改良土为研究对象,在总结国内外研究现状的基础上,通过路基冻害调查、室内试验等手段,研究了冻融循环作用下路基改良填料的强度和变形特性。研究结果将为季节性冻土地区路基填料改良方法与掺入比的选择提供指导；将为路基土力学指标的确定提供参考;将为路基土抗冻融性能指标提供依据。主要研究成果包括以下几个方面：
(1)在总结和分析国内外研究现状的基础上,指出其不足之处,认为改良方法单一,且针对冻融作用下改良土的力学特性研究较少,研究结果具有重要的实际意义。
(2)在对内蒙古、东北境内既有铁路和秦沈客运专线路基冻害进行调研的基础上,总结了季节性冻土地区铁路路基的冻害特点,并从土质、水分、环境温度和外界附加荷载几方面入手分析了冻害产生的原因。
(3)通过冻胀特性试验研究,得出所取土样的冻胀性能较弱,且素土经改良后冻胀性很弱,具有较好的抗冻胀性能；冻胀导致的病害除了变形外,另一重要原因是冻融作用对路基土体强度的弱化。
(4)通过静三轴试验,发现冻融循环次数、冷却温度和试验围压对水泥及石灰改良土的应力应变关系和强度特性具有显著的影响,研究了冻融作用下改良土的应力应变、静强度、弹性模量和抗剪强度指标的变化规律,建立了上述力学参数与物理状态指标间的关系模型。
(5)对循环荷载作用下改良土的累积塑性变形特性进行了研究,其累积变形特性因土体类型不同而有所不同。分析了动应力幅值、冻融次数、冷却温度和围压对累积塑性变形的影响规律,以Monismith指数模型为基础,采用归一化和修正的思路,建立了累积塑性变形的预测模型。
(6)对改良土的临界动应力进行了分析,并引入冻融衰减系数,将其应用到高速铁路路基改良土掺入比设计中,以更好地指导工程实践。
(7)在前人研究的基础上,引入冻融损失度的概念,建立了水泥及石灰改良土的动回弹模量损失模型,可以更好地评估季节性冻土区路基改良填料的使用寿命。同时,采用Hardin-Drnevich的双曲线模型对改良土的动应力应变关系进行了分析和研究。
Seasonal frost soil is widely distributed in China, subgrade fillings exposed to natural environment will experience at least one freeze-thaw cycle every year. Under such strong freezing and thawing conditions, the diseases such as mud pumping, subsidence and strength reduction will arise, which would affect the normal operation and driving safety of railway. Meanwhile, along with the speedup of railway and construction of highspeed railway in seasonal frost area, the standard on overall stability of subgrade, smooth of subgade and anti-frozen ability continues to improve. Therefore, searching for good quality fillings, reducing the engineering costs and enlarge the applied range of modified soil has already become an important problem for solving.
With the support of the Ministry Science & Technology Research Planning Project, in this dissertation, with the coming of Highspeed Railway construction in seasonal frost area, clay soil and modified soil was taken as the study object. Based on a review of status quo of research at home and abro, a series of tests were conducted, and the strength and deformation properties of modified-soil subjected to freezing and thawing were analyzed to investigate the freezing and thawing mechanism, to offer guidelines for the choice of improved method and blend ratio, to offer references for confirming the mechanical index of subgrade soil, to provide basis for freezing and thawing resistance index. Some achievements are as follows:
(1) According to the result and shortage of previous research, the dynamical properties of modified soil subjected to freezing and thawing had been regarded to be short of systematic research, which had great meaning in theory and in practice.
(2) Based on the frost damages investigation of Inner Monqolia railway, Northeast railway and Qin-Shen Passenger Line, the frost damage characteristic of subgrade in seasonally frost area was summarized. Meanwhile, the creative reason of frost damages was analyzed from the kind of soil, amount of water, temperature as well as the loading style.
(3) The frost heave properties of clay soil were weak by means of frost heave tests, and the frost heave properties of modified soil were weaker, which had better anti-frost properties. The frost damage was not only frost heave deformation, but also the strength reduction of subgrade soil subjected to freezing and thawing.
(4) By means of static triaxial test, the influences of freeze-thaw cycles, cooling temperature, and confining pressure on stress-strain relationship and strength properties of cement- and lime-modified soils were apprehended. The change rules of stress-strain, static strength, elastic modulus and shear strength index influenced by freezing and thawing were obtained. Moreover, several prediction models about the relationship between these indices and blend ratio and freeze-thaw cycles were established.
(5) The cumulative plastic strain of modified soil, which mightbe change according to soil types, with varied cyclic loading and soil physical states were studied. The effect of dynamic stress amplitude, freeze-thaw cycles, cooling temperature, and confining pressure on cumulative plastic strain had been analyzed. Furthermore, based on the exponential model of Monismith, the line of normalization and modificatory was adopted to established the predition model about the cumulative plastic strain.
(6) The critical dynamic stress of modified soils was analyzed, and the freeze-thaw attenuation coefficient was introduced and applied to the blend ratio design of modified soils for Highspeed Railway, which could better serve for the engineering practices.
(7) Based on the previous research, the damage degree was introduced to establish the damage model about resilient modulus for cement- and lime-modified soil, which could better evaluate the service life of modified soils in seseanol frost area. Meanwhile, the relationship of between dynamic stress and strain was analyzed and studied by the hyperbola model of Hardin-Drnevich.
引文
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