海峡两岸《黄帝内经》养生思想研究
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摘要
养生的目标,即是在促进身心健康与延年益寿。健康与长寿,自古以来就是人类的共同愿望和普遍关心的一件大事。特别是随着精神生活的日益丰富和物质生活水平的不断提高,人们越来越渴望着健康,盼望着长寿,“尽终其天年,度百岁乃去”。
《黄帝内经》是中医养生的经典之作。《黄帝内经》(以下简为《内经》)里就非常明确地写道:“余闻上古之人,春秋皆度百岁,而动作不衰;今时之人,年半百而动作皆衰者,时世异耶?人将失之耶?歧伯对曰:上古之人,其知道者,法于阴阳,和以术数,食饮有节,起居有常,不妄作劳,故能形与神俱,而尽终其天年,度百岁乃去。今时之人不然也,以酒为浆,以妄为常,醉以入房,以欲竭其精,以耗散其真……故半百而衰也。”这段论述指出了能否身体健康,益寿延年的关键,是在于人们是否懂得和实行了养生之道。
本研究的结果显示:《黄帝内经》的养生原理有顺应自然、天人合一;和于阴阳,调于术数;形神合一、神重于形;人之三宝:精气神;致虚极,守静笃;平易恬儋,无所欲求;预防为主,不治已病治未病。先秦道家与《黄帝内经》两者相关的养生方法有精神调摄:清静养神,恬儋乐观、少私寡欲,心安不惧、道德修养,仁者寿等;饮食起居调摄:节饮食忌偏食偏嗜、起居有常,顺四时而适寒暑、劳逸适度,气从以顺、戒房劳,节欲保精等;以及运动养生。
养生,又称摄生、道生、养性、卫生、保生、寿世等等。养生一词最早见于《庄子》内篇。所谓生,就是生命、生存、生长之意;所谓养,即保养、调养、补养之意。中国是世界四大文明古国之一,她的灿烂文化,对人类的进步做出了巨大贡献。在医学领域里,中医传统的养生学,对于延缓人的衰老,提高人的寿命,作出了卓越的贡献,它是祖国伟大医药学宝库中的一颗灿烂奇珠。在当前,随着医学模式的改变、疾病谱的改变、治疗环节的提前,养生保健的地位已经上升到它们发展以来的高峰。《内经》作为中医养生理论的奠基石,我们有必要对其进行系统的整理分析,使它更好的指导大众生活。
我们综合归纳大陆、台湾对《内经》养生研究的纲要,提炼对现阶段最有意义的养生原则及方法,对两岸研究情况的差异部分进行分析,最后从两地研究者、研究性质的差异中进行总结,探讨下一步的研究重点。本文的架构,共分为八章。
第一章为绪论,在介绍前人对《内经》养生研究情况的基础上提出本文的研究动机及研究方法。王洪图曾针对它在中医学的地位与意义提出看法说:“《内经》之所以被历代医家奉为经典,是因为它不仅包含丰富而科学的理论、防治疾病的的重要原则与技术,同时还从宏观的角度论证了天、地、人之间的相互关系,并且运用古代多科学理论与方法,讨论和分析了医学科学最基本的课题—生命规律,从而建立起中医学的理论体系”。更重要的是,它关注的焦点和中国传统哲学并无不同,一样以人为中心,重视天人之间的关系,其目的正如《素问·气交变大论》所说:“夫道者,上知天文,下知地理中知人事可以长久”。此“道”乃是一种安身立命之道,即人处于天地之间,如何透过天文、地理的知识,进而掌握自然规律,以安顿自己的生命,这正是《内经》所思考的重点。是故圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓也。”可知《内经》着书的目的,并不局限于治病,因此强调治于“未病”、“未乱”的观念,并认为“病已成而后药之,乱已成而后治之,譬犹渴而穿井,斗而铸兵,不亦晚乎?
本文利用台湾硕博士论文信息网搜寻检索,在台湾地区,以《黄帝内经》为主题的学位论文计有二十二篇,以《养生》为主题的学位论文计有十八篇。大多数研究的题材均以先秦诸子为主。藉由对《黄帝内经》养生思想的研究,帮助我们进一步掌握中国传统养生思想。
至于大陆近10年来《内经》或/和养生的硕博论文研究情况统计如下:
以“内经”为关键词查找大陆从1999年到2008年间的硕士博士论文,共98篇,其中来源于各中医药大学(中医学院)或中医研究院或医科大学中医系89篇,其余包括师范类学校4篇,体育院校1篇,普通大学文史哲类等4篇。
以“养生”为关键词查找大陆从1999年到2008年间的硕士博士论文,共52篇,其中来源于各中医药大学(中医学院)或中医研究院22篇,其余以师范类学校、体育院校及普通大学文史哲系为多。养生的研究内容涉及宗教、武术、饮食、建筑、美学、房事等具体方面以及对个人或某著作养生思想的研究,研究最多为道家思想,共10篇。
第二章为中医养生的历史,主要介绍养生的发展历史、及中医养生理论体系形成的社会背景、哲学背景,指出《周易》、儒、道、《吕氏春秋》等是对中医养生学影响最深远的理论,并提出《内经》在中医养生中至高无上的地位。台湾学者吕秀枝从先秦道家与《内经》中经文中摘录相关养生的论述,并归纳其养生原理和方法。北京中医药大学张超中则以“仙”“道”“医”探讨“道”与“神”的的关系,认为医道关系是“道”与“神”的逻辑起点。并通过对《黄帝内经》的“道”与“神”之间关系的研究,认为“神”是《黄帝内经》的理论与技术的生发点。”
第三章深入探讨《内经》养生理论在中医养生的地位,《内经》的产生有一定的环境、种族、时代特性,由中国传统思维演绎出来,吸取阴阳五行学说的精华,形成了基本特点。《素问·阴阳离合论》说“阴阳者,推之可百,数之可千,推之可万,万之大,不可胜数,然其要一也”。这种理念其实体现了数学中的“极限”思想。
第四章概括《内经》养生的基本观点包括:天人相应的整体观、形神结合的生命观、治未病的预防观等,从源流、内涵、外延几个方面进行论述。在关于《内经》的诸多养生的观点中,两岸学者有很多不同的分类法。台湾方面,董家荣概括养生的原则为:保养五脏,避免早衰;以适为度,有所节制;因人制宜,知所权变;未雨绸缪,及早预防四个方面。吕秀枝则将内经养生原理概括为:顺应自然、天人合一;和于阴阳,调于术数;形神合一,神重于形;人之三宝:精气神;致虚极,守静笃;平易恬儋,无所欲求;预防为主,不治已病治未病。刘秋固则将养生哲学分为:顺应自然协调阴阳;虚邪贼风避之有时;正气存内邪不可干;恬淡虚无精神内守;饮食维生补益精气:起居有常劳逸适度:罗金发将《内经》的基础理论概括为:天人相应的哲学人类学;“阴阳五行”学说;整全性思维。进而提出《内经》养生的关键在于形神,包括:养神;养形;形神交养。而台湾医学院派代表,中国医药大学陈钦铭教授取灵枢师传篇、素问宣明五气篇及四气调神大论等三篇部分章节,共组成第二卷第一篇的“顺养篇”,提出顺养的观点,将养生要点分为:养生唯顺(彼此大小,唯顺而已);最适宜的治疗(量其所宜,随顺调之);辨证论治医学的嚆矢(胃热、胃寒、肠热、肠寒);尊重专业,珍惜知识(以道语之);天人相应,天人合一(春夏取标,秋冬取本);节食与节欲(适于口则害于身,违其心而利于体);中庸之道(久视伤血,久卧伤气);注重预防医学(不治已病治未病)。
大陆方面,《内经》养生的研究较为广泛,各大中医院校、中医研究所每年均有大量的文章见诸报端,分类的具体方法更多,从研究的内容来说,两岸相差不多,主要体现的是研究者侧重点的不同及进度的不同,因为很多内容实有相通之处;筛选大陆所有分类的方法,关于天人相应(天人合一)、形神结合的研究最多。
第五章概括《内经》中谈到的具体的关于情志、饮食、运动、房事、经络、体质等方面养生的精要,并提出具体的养生措施。
《素问·平人气象论》说:“人以水谷为本,故人绝水谷则死。”人无饮食(即“水谷”)则死,饮食乃是维持生命所必须,因此,“人为天地合气所生”即是:人体之真气虽禀受于先“天”,但仍须结合后天的水谷精气,即“地”之五味,才能共同维持人的生命,两者缺一不可。
“动则不衰”是我们中华民族养生的传统观点,这同现代医学的认识是完全一致的。现代医学认为“生命在于运动”,运动可以提高身体新陈代谢,使各器官充满活力,推迟向衰老变化的过程,尤其是对心血管系统,更是极为有益。《内经》重视运动养生,提倡“形劳而不倦”,反对“久坐”、“久卧”,强调应“和于术数”。所谓“术数”,据王冰注:“术数者,保生之大伦”,即指各种养生之道,也包括各种锻炼身体的方法在内。“动以养形”是指运动可促使人体气血充盛、百脉畅达、精气流通,能够增强人体生理的气化作用,以及气机的升降出入,提高人体抗病能力,使得机体强健而祛病延年。本文探讨《内经》关于运动养生的理念、方法及后世的运用。
第六章通过上述两岸关于《内经》养生的情况作一个评述,发现两地关于《内经》养生研究的内容与方法上无明显之差异,只是进度快慢;差异在于研究者性质之不同,这种差异直接导致其理论性质研究与实用性质研究的差距。
《内经》养生研究重视情志方面,情志身心疾病是当今世界医学研究的热点。特别值得一提的是“生死学”这门当红的医学哲学社会伦理学,已经由台湾学者率先提出“《黄帝内经》的生死观研究”以及“《黄帝内经》之生命伦理学”两篇论文。
第七章对中西方的养生保健情况作一概述,两方的不同点在于中方重形神、动静结合、整体调养、药食结合、养生养德结合与西方重形、以动为主、局部锻炼、重视营养素、只重形体锻炼等差异。
因为形神统一,互为体用,所以养生时便要“形神兼养”;因为神对形有主导作用,所以养生时“以神为主”。
西方对精神养主有一个转变过程。古希腊时期柏拉图曾讲到精神健全和养生的关系。他认为,健全的身体并不能因身体健全而改善精神,但健全的精神却可以改变身体,以此说明精神应该是健康的首位。但是,因为没有提供系统的身心相结合的养生方法,身与心容易被割裂理解,以致到现代人们在进行身体保健时把心“丢”了。
第八章为总结部分,从《内经》作为一部医书的旨趣来说,是在教人宝命全形、治身延寿。因此透过对“精气神”的了解与实践,“寿康天年”便成了内经养生思想,或修道成就的最终指标。故《素问·上古天真论》云:“黄帝曰:余闻上古有真人者,提擘天地,把握阴阳,呼吸精气,独立守神,肌肉若一,故能寿敝天地,无有终时,此其道生。”
整篇《黄帝内经》是以气、阴阳、五行、精、神建构出以“人”为中心的养生观,《黄帝内经》其所关切者是“人的生命”。也就是说,《黄帝内经》用气、阴阳、五行、精、神……等概念去解释、建构一个天人宇宙观;作为一个认知者来说,“气”、“精”、“神”、“阴阳”、“五行”……等概念都是“认识论”的,都是“诠释”的;只有“人”才是宇宙天人坐标中心点。正如《道德经·第一章》云:“道可道,非常道。”这种概念让我们认清并把握天人之间那种本然的关系,让吾人重新体会天人玄同之钥……。这也许是《黄帝内经》文中“气”、“精”、“神”、“阴阳”、“五行”……等相关诸概念所要传达的“养生之道”吧!
最后,从个人的养生保健方面,无论东方、西方,台湾、大陆,其对养生有益的,我们都应该吸取经验,萨特所说的“存在就是合理”,一种文化能够留存下来,必有它一定时空范围内的合理性。我们应该发扬这种文化无国界的观念,共同研究,扬长避短,最终达到健康长寿的目的。在研究态度上,更多的重视其实用性的研究,服务大众。
本篇论文之材料,是以《内经》之原文为主,以及有关《内经》的养生思想之典籍、文献,并参考大陆、台湾有关《内经》之硕、博士论文等。
The objective of health preserving,that is,in the promotion of physical and mental health and longevity.Huangdi Nei Jing is a classic of Traditional Chinese Medicine for health preserving.We are integrated into the mainland, Taiwan's compendium of health preserving research,refining the most significant principles and methods at this stage of research,analysising the differences cross-straits,and finally,from the differences of the researchers and nature of the researching,exploring the focus of future research.
In this paper,the structure is divided into eight chapters.
The chapterⅠintroducing the predecessors of the Huangdi Nei Jing and health preserving research,then based on the motive of this study and research methods.
The Chinese philosophy takes the life as the important characteristic,not only becomes the Chinese health preserving thought of the root,especially in Neijing. therefore,this article namely take Neijing as a material, to appraises its health preserving renewedly.The innovation and keystone is the compare Cross-straits mainland and Taiwan.
The chapterⅡis the history of the health preserving in Traditional Chinese Medicine,introduced the development of history of health preserving,and the formation of the theoretical system of health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine social background and philosophical background.Health preserving is the budding awareness of disease,Formed the theoretical basis for health preserving that is akin to pre-Qin philosophers.And we pointed out that the Zhou Yi,Confucianism and Taoism,Lv Shi Chun Qiu is the most far-reaching theory in health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The consequence of this research indicates the following:the principles of health-preserving thought in the Hungdi Nei Jing including shun-ying-zi-ran, tian-ren-he-yi,he-yu-yin-yang,taio-yu-shu-shu, xing-shen-he-yi,shen-chong-yu-xing.Ren-zhi-san-bao: jing-qi-shen,zhi-xu-ji,shou-jing-du,ping-yi-tian-dan, wu-suo-yu-qiu,yu-fang-wei-zhu,u-zhi-yi-bing-zhi-wei-bing. In addition,the method of health-preserving thought in pre-chin Taoism's philosophy including jing-shi-tiao-she qing-jing-yang-shen,tian-dan-le-guan,shao-si-qua-yu, xin-an-bu-ju,dao-de-xiu-yang,ren-zhe-shou, yin-shi-qi-ju-tiao-she、jie-yin-shi-ji-pian-shi-pian-shi, qi-ju-you-chang,shun-si-shi-er-shi-han-shu,lao-yi-shi-du, qi-cong-yi-shun,jie-fang-lao,jie-yu-bao-jing, yun-dong-yang-sheng.Neijing a book before,do not form a theoretical system of health preserving,the emergence of Neijing is the milestone of the history of Traditional Chinese Medicine.and Nei Jing is the sovereign in health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The chapterⅢdiscussing the status of Nei Jing in health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine.NeiJing emergence of a certain environment,race,age characteristics, by the evolution of traditional Chinese thinking,include the overall thought,takes likely the thought,the dialectical thought,the study thought and so on.to learn the essence of Yin Yang and five elements theory,Conformity Chinese nation's flesh and blood wisdom.finally forming the basic characteristic include its indisputable authority,the supreme faith by the high school,omnipotent of the Doctrine of the Mean.
The chapterⅣwe summarized the basic viewpoint of health preserving of NeiJing from the origins,content,extension on several aspects,including the adaptation of human body to natural environment,combining the Xing and Shen and prevention of disease.They are the basic point of NeiJing, and they also complement each other may find the shadow,which is a whole way of thinking embodied.
The holistic view of Chinese Medicine is the characteristics of "shen" theory."Shen" mainly resides in heart,but also resides in five organs.The activities of "shen" depend on the mutual convertibility and inhibition of five phases."Shen" varies when a person is being sick "Shen stores internally as "seven shen".The psychological function of "seven shen" masters the physiology of five organs. Externally,"shen" shows out as five affect.Affect in extremes may cause harm to the organs.The progression of illness has its rules.However,with the involvement of five affect and seven emotion,the convertibility of "shen" is unpredictable.All of these are the main content of "shen" theory.To conclude,the holistic view of "shen" is crucial and essential for the future development of health care in Chinese Medicine.
Adaptation of human body to natural environment as the core of traditional Chinese culture of thought,is the belief,but also the pursuit of its people to determine the existence of the universe,heaven and earth throughout the domain,provided the physical properties of people,there is value beyond the realim of life and dimensions,as well as understand the ways and thinking way,which established the basic direction of Chinese Philosophy,and infiltration in the psychological structure of the Chinese nation,and profoundly affected the traditional culture and ancient Chinese science and technology.
Combining the Xing and Shen status in Chinese culture,this article focus on Shen is important in life,Combining the Xing and Shen raise the level of life,it has to penetrate deep into the Chinese culture in all fields.Theory spirit of a great impact on future generations,as the Shen and Combining the Xing and Shen explore the depth,the theory has been widely applied in modern psychosomatic medicine,psychology above.
The prevention of disease should be careful to prevent the disease in order to avoid bodily injury;On the other hand will have to rule as early as sick,do not delay treatment in order to avoid bodily harm more.
The chapterⅤwe summarizes Neijing referred to on the specific emotions,diet,athletics,sexual intercourse, meridians and physical health of the essence,and to put forward specific measures of health preserving.
Emotional health preserving is mainly expressed in Yangxin and Tiaoxin,dependent on YangShen and TiaoShen,modern psychology is the study of human nature displayed by the human soul of life science,health preserving is to find ways to make health and longevity science,psychology is a school health services,NeiJing of health preserving psychology seeks to reveal how psychological adjustment to achieve the purpose of health and longevity.
The dietary health preserving include the importance of the diet,and the relationship between diet and disease, focusing on regulation of dietary health preserving methods to achieve them,"HeWuWei" as the key.Neijing in the concept of catering to the future health preserving,including the current prevalence of far-reaching impact of the food culture.
Athletics health preserving base of movement as a whole, moderate,dynamic and static combine,as a result of the time vary from place to place,and later introduced the sport to some frequently health preserving approach,the current exercises are numerous,but it is difficult to popularize, nowhere near as Taijiquan,Ba Duan Jin and other traditional sports.Health movement is the way to have originated from the same easy,Confucianism,Taoism,Buddhism and other Chinese traditional areas,which embodies Neijing " adaptation of human body to natural environment,combining the Xing and Shen" the basic idea.
Sexual health is the best reflection of the overall concept of yin and yang,yin and yang is the essence of sex.Which is an important aspect of health preserving is one of the basis of health preserving.The basic theory and study of law is the basis of the human Sexual health,the Sexual health of Neijing including sexual roots injury,sexual in right time, less sexual to health preserving,and QiSunBaYi and so on.
Meridian Health is the basic concept of the meridian qi and blood is running on the basis of health,the meridian and organs is the close relationship the key to good health,the meridian's normal flow is the basic of the health.the future health on the way to a lot of acupuncture,including acupuncture,moxibustion,Auricular Acupuncture,San LingZhen,intradermal needles,plum blossom needle,such as a variety of methods and applications.
Physical health is based on the theory of Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory and blood biased actual situation,the peak of physical theory as〈LingSu YinYangErShiWuRen〉and the modern study of physical health has been made a lot of practical results.
The chapterⅥon the adoption of the above-mentioned from the mainland and Taiwan in health preserving of NeiJing for a review of the situation and found two places on the health preserving of NeiJing research methods no significant differences,but the progress of;the difference between mainland and Taiwan is the nature of the researchers,Such differences lead directly to the nature of the theoretical and practical research.
The depth of cross-straitS is no differences in the study, but in the breadth,Taiwan lags behind many of the mainland; research in specific content,both physical and psychological relations between emotion research,and scholars in Taiwan is still carried out on the life and death and life science research ethics.The difference is the nature of the researchers cross-straits,the mainland's is more in the School of Medicine researchers,or hospital staff,with enough clinical experience,of course,there is no lack of literature and history of the researchers involved;and Taiwan,most researchers of philosophy and literature and history,its relationship with less clinical exposure,although there is no lack of medical schools and scholars,but it is low number of researchers.such differences lead directly to the nature of the theoretical research and practical gap between the nature of the study.Another difference is the direction of government policy in Taiwan,Taiwan,after all,affected by serious Western,Western thinking has been the people,the Nationalist government in the past to kill the shadow of Traditional Chinese Medicine still exists,the current policy does not fully support the Traditional Chinese Medicine development,and inevitably limit their universal.
The common main problem of study with cross-straits is: other subjects of Neijing study the lack of adequate help, and the nation's Neijing true,not many people interested. Health preserving approach in fact has given rise to a high degree of importance relative to assist multi-disciplinary research,reflected on the health needs of people,but as the most representative of the Neijing health preserving,it does require the assistance of others and disciplines in order to truly become a mature subjects.Suggest that the Government should raise awareness,as the most original subject,the most widely spread of the need to in order to improve the academic vitality,competitiveness.
Recommendations in support of the mainland government should be carried out from the substantive,the dross in Neijing can delete of,the essence of must inherit and carry forward,or even into the ordinary schools of textbooks,raise national awareness of classical Traditional Chinese Medicine. convinced from the heart.Taiwan government proposals to strengthen the support of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine education and research to improve the quality and quantity of units,so determined to give full play to the advantages of Chinese medicine practitioners to strengthen communication with the mainland, do not rest on its laurels,resulting in the marginalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The chapterⅦwe review the health preserving situation in the West and China,make a summary of the difference between the two sides is that the Chinese emphasis on spirit,dynamic and static combine,the overall tone,combination of drugs food,and health combined with the morality,and the West emphasis on form,make the dynamic chief,local training, attention to nutrients and so on.
Chinese and Western health reserving in the form of differences,there are some historical,environmental,race, creed and other factors,the differences between the two places it is impossible to eliminate and don't need to eliminate,there is reasonable.We should carry forward the concept of culture without borders,joint research,the ultimate aim to extend the life,improving the quality of life.
For the conclusion of ChapterⅧ,we affirm the health preserving of NeiJing.Summary the health preserving of NeiJing from the Jing,Qi,Shen,Tian and Ren and point out that construct a "person" as the central concept of health preserving from Qi,Yinyang,Wuxing,Jing,Shen and so on. And to table a proposal that health preserving is without borders,we must drawing in the West,Taiwan,mainland's health preserving point of essence to achieve the purpose of health and longevity.
The material in this paper is based on NeiJing of the original text-based,as well as the correlative ideas of health preserving books,literature,and reference to the cross-straits about NeiJing of the master and doctoral dissertations.
《黄帝内经》是中医养生的经典之作。《黄帝内经》(以下简为《内经》)里就非常明确地写道:“余闻上古之人,春秋皆度百岁,而动作不衰;今时之人,年半百而动作皆衰者,时世异耶?人将失之耶?歧伯对曰:上古之人,其知道者,法于阴阳,和以术数,食饮有节,起居有常,不妄作劳,故能形与神俱,而尽终其天年,度百岁乃去。今时之人不然也,以酒为浆,以妄为常,醉以入房,以欲竭其精,以耗散其真……故半百而衰也。”这段论述指出了能否身体健康,益寿延年的关键,是在于人们是否懂得和实行了养生之道。
本研究的结果显示:《黄帝内经》的养生原理有顺应自然、天人合一;和于阴阳,调于术数;形神合一、神重于形;人之三宝:精气神;致虚极,守静笃;平易恬儋,无所欲求;预防为主,不治已病治未病。先秦道家与《黄帝内经》两者相关的养生方法有精神调摄:清静养神,恬儋乐观、少私寡欲,心安不惧、道德修养,仁者寿等;饮食起居调摄:节饮食忌偏食偏嗜、起居有常,顺四时而适寒暑、劳逸适度,气从以顺、戒房劳,节欲保精等;以及运动养生。
养生,又称摄生、道生、养性、卫生、保生、寿世等等。养生一词最早见于《庄子》内篇。所谓生,就是生命、生存、生长之意;所谓养,即保养、调养、补养之意。中国是世界四大文明古国之一,她的灿烂文化,对人类的进步做出了巨大贡献。在医学领域里,中医传统的养生学,对于延缓人的衰老,提高人的寿命,作出了卓越的贡献,它是祖国伟大医药学宝库中的一颗灿烂奇珠。在当前,随着医学模式的改变、疾病谱的改变、治疗环节的提前,养生保健的地位已经上升到它们发展以来的高峰。《内经》作为中医养生理论的奠基石,我们有必要对其进行系统的整理分析,使它更好的指导大众生活。
我们综合归纳大陆、台湾对《内经》养生研究的纲要,提炼对现阶段最有意义的养生原则及方法,对两岸研究情况的差异部分进行分析,最后从两地研究者、研究性质的差异中进行总结,探讨下一步的研究重点。本文的架构,共分为八章。
第一章为绪论,在介绍前人对《内经》养生研究情况的基础上提出本文的研究动机及研究方法。王洪图曾针对它在中医学的地位与意义提出看法说:“《内经》之所以被历代医家奉为经典,是因为它不仅包含丰富而科学的理论、防治疾病的的重要原则与技术,同时还从宏观的角度论证了天、地、人之间的相互关系,并且运用古代多科学理论与方法,讨论和分析了医学科学最基本的课题—生命规律,从而建立起中医学的理论体系”。更重要的是,它关注的焦点和中国传统哲学并无不同,一样以人为中心,重视天人之间的关系,其目的正如《素问·气交变大论》所说:“夫道者,上知天文,下知地理中知人事可以长久”。此“道”乃是一种安身立命之道,即人处于天地之间,如何透过天文、地理的知识,进而掌握自然规律,以安顿自己的生命,这正是《内经》所思考的重点。是故圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓也。”可知《内经》着书的目的,并不局限于治病,因此强调治于“未病”、“未乱”的观念,并认为“病已成而后药之,乱已成而后治之,譬犹渴而穿井,斗而铸兵,不亦晚乎?
本文利用台湾硕博士论文信息网搜寻检索,在台湾地区,以《黄帝内经》为主题的学位论文计有二十二篇,以《养生》为主题的学位论文计有十八篇。大多数研究的题材均以先秦诸子为主。藉由对《黄帝内经》养生思想的研究,帮助我们进一步掌握中国传统养生思想。
至于大陆近10年来《内经》或/和养生的硕博论文研究情况统计如下:
以“内经”为关键词查找大陆从1999年到2008年间的硕士博士论文,共98篇,其中来源于各中医药大学(中医学院)或中医研究院或医科大学中医系89篇,其余包括师范类学校4篇,体育院校1篇,普通大学文史哲类等4篇。
以“养生”为关键词查找大陆从1999年到2008年间的硕士博士论文,共52篇,其中来源于各中医药大学(中医学院)或中医研究院22篇,其余以师范类学校、体育院校及普通大学文史哲系为多。养生的研究内容涉及宗教、武术、饮食、建筑、美学、房事等具体方面以及对个人或某著作养生思想的研究,研究最多为道家思想,共10篇。
第二章为中医养生的历史,主要介绍养生的发展历史、及中医养生理论体系形成的社会背景、哲学背景,指出《周易》、儒、道、《吕氏春秋》等是对中医养生学影响最深远的理论,并提出《内经》在中医养生中至高无上的地位。台湾学者吕秀枝从先秦道家与《内经》中经文中摘录相关养生的论述,并归纳其养生原理和方法。北京中医药大学张超中则以“仙”“道”“医”探讨“道”与“神”的的关系,认为医道关系是“道”与“神”的逻辑起点。并通过对《黄帝内经》的“道”与“神”之间关系的研究,认为“神”是《黄帝内经》的理论与技术的生发点。”
第三章深入探讨《内经》养生理论在中医养生的地位,《内经》的产生有一定的环境、种族、时代特性,由中国传统思维演绎出来,吸取阴阳五行学说的精华,形成了基本特点。《素问·阴阳离合论》说“阴阳者,推之可百,数之可千,推之可万,万之大,不可胜数,然其要一也”。这种理念其实体现了数学中的“极限”思想。
第四章概括《内经》养生的基本观点包括:天人相应的整体观、形神结合的生命观、治未病的预防观等,从源流、内涵、外延几个方面进行论述。在关于《内经》的诸多养生的观点中,两岸学者有很多不同的分类法。台湾方面,董家荣概括养生的原则为:保养五脏,避免早衰;以适为度,有所节制;因人制宜,知所权变;未雨绸缪,及早预防四个方面。吕秀枝则将内经养生原理概括为:顺应自然、天人合一;和于阴阳,调于术数;形神合一,神重于形;人之三宝:精气神;致虚极,守静笃;平易恬儋,无所欲求;预防为主,不治已病治未病。刘秋固则将养生哲学分为:顺应自然协调阴阳;虚邪贼风避之有时;正气存内邪不可干;恬淡虚无精神内守;饮食维生补益精气:起居有常劳逸适度:罗金发将《内经》的基础理论概括为:天人相应的哲学人类学;“阴阳五行”学说;整全性思维。进而提出《内经》养生的关键在于形神,包括:养神;养形;形神交养。而台湾医学院派代表,中国医药大学陈钦铭教授取灵枢师传篇、素问宣明五气篇及四气调神大论等三篇部分章节,共组成第二卷第一篇的“顺养篇”,提出顺养的观点,将养生要点分为:养生唯顺(彼此大小,唯顺而已);最适宜的治疗(量其所宜,随顺调之);辨证论治医学的嚆矢(胃热、胃寒、肠热、肠寒);尊重专业,珍惜知识(以道语之);天人相应,天人合一(春夏取标,秋冬取本);节食与节欲(适于口则害于身,违其心而利于体);中庸之道(久视伤血,久卧伤气);注重预防医学(不治已病治未病)。
大陆方面,《内经》养生的研究较为广泛,各大中医院校、中医研究所每年均有大量的文章见诸报端,分类的具体方法更多,从研究的内容来说,两岸相差不多,主要体现的是研究者侧重点的不同及进度的不同,因为很多内容实有相通之处;筛选大陆所有分类的方法,关于天人相应(天人合一)、形神结合的研究最多。
第五章概括《内经》中谈到的具体的关于情志、饮食、运动、房事、经络、体质等方面养生的精要,并提出具体的养生措施。
《素问·平人气象论》说:“人以水谷为本,故人绝水谷则死。”人无饮食(即“水谷”)则死,饮食乃是维持生命所必须,因此,“人为天地合气所生”即是:人体之真气虽禀受于先“天”,但仍须结合后天的水谷精气,即“地”之五味,才能共同维持人的生命,两者缺一不可。
“动则不衰”是我们中华民族养生的传统观点,这同现代医学的认识是完全一致的。现代医学认为“生命在于运动”,运动可以提高身体新陈代谢,使各器官充满活力,推迟向衰老变化的过程,尤其是对心血管系统,更是极为有益。《内经》重视运动养生,提倡“形劳而不倦”,反对“久坐”、“久卧”,强调应“和于术数”。所谓“术数”,据王冰注:“术数者,保生之大伦”,即指各种养生之道,也包括各种锻炼身体的方法在内。“动以养形”是指运动可促使人体气血充盛、百脉畅达、精气流通,能够增强人体生理的气化作用,以及气机的升降出入,提高人体抗病能力,使得机体强健而祛病延年。本文探讨《内经》关于运动养生的理念、方法及后世的运用。
第六章通过上述两岸关于《内经》养生的情况作一个评述,发现两地关于《内经》养生研究的内容与方法上无明显之差异,只是进度快慢;差异在于研究者性质之不同,这种差异直接导致其理论性质研究与实用性质研究的差距。
《内经》养生研究重视情志方面,情志身心疾病是当今世界医学研究的热点。特别值得一提的是“生死学”这门当红的医学哲学社会伦理学,已经由台湾学者率先提出“《黄帝内经》的生死观研究”以及“《黄帝内经》之生命伦理学”两篇论文。
第七章对中西方的养生保健情况作一概述,两方的不同点在于中方重形神、动静结合、整体调养、药食结合、养生养德结合与西方重形、以动为主、局部锻炼、重视营养素、只重形体锻炼等差异。
因为形神统一,互为体用,所以养生时便要“形神兼养”;因为神对形有主导作用,所以养生时“以神为主”。
西方对精神养主有一个转变过程。古希腊时期柏拉图曾讲到精神健全和养生的关系。他认为,健全的身体并不能因身体健全而改善精神,但健全的精神却可以改变身体,以此说明精神应该是健康的首位。但是,因为没有提供系统的身心相结合的养生方法,身与心容易被割裂理解,以致到现代人们在进行身体保健时把心“丢”了。
第八章为总结部分,从《内经》作为一部医书的旨趣来说,是在教人宝命全形、治身延寿。因此透过对“精气神”的了解与实践,“寿康天年”便成了内经养生思想,或修道成就的最终指标。故《素问·上古天真论》云:“黄帝曰:余闻上古有真人者,提擘天地,把握阴阳,呼吸精气,独立守神,肌肉若一,故能寿敝天地,无有终时,此其道生。”
整篇《黄帝内经》是以气、阴阳、五行、精、神建构出以“人”为中心的养生观,《黄帝内经》其所关切者是“人的生命”。也就是说,《黄帝内经》用气、阴阳、五行、精、神……等概念去解释、建构一个天人宇宙观;作为一个认知者来说,“气”、“精”、“神”、“阴阳”、“五行”……等概念都是“认识论”的,都是“诠释”的;只有“人”才是宇宙天人坐标中心点。正如《道德经·第一章》云:“道可道,非常道。”这种概念让我们认清并把握天人之间那种本然的关系,让吾人重新体会天人玄同之钥……。这也许是《黄帝内经》文中“气”、“精”、“神”、“阴阳”、“五行”……等相关诸概念所要传达的“养生之道”吧!
最后,从个人的养生保健方面,无论东方、西方,台湾、大陆,其对养生有益的,我们都应该吸取经验,萨特所说的“存在就是合理”,一种文化能够留存下来,必有它一定时空范围内的合理性。我们应该发扬这种文化无国界的观念,共同研究,扬长避短,最终达到健康长寿的目的。在研究态度上,更多的重视其实用性的研究,服务大众。
本篇论文之材料,是以《内经》之原文为主,以及有关《内经》的养生思想之典籍、文献,并参考大陆、台湾有关《内经》之硕、博士论文等。
The objective of health preserving,that is,in the promotion of physical and mental health and longevity.Huangdi Nei Jing is a classic of Traditional Chinese Medicine for health preserving.We are integrated into the mainland, Taiwan's compendium of health preserving research,refining the most significant principles and methods at this stage of research,analysising the differences cross-straits,and finally,from the differences of the researchers and nature of the researching,exploring the focus of future research.
In this paper,the structure is divided into eight chapters.
The chapterⅠintroducing the predecessors of the Huangdi Nei Jing and health preserving research,then based on the motive of this study and research methods.
The Chinese philosophy takes the life as the important characteristic,not only becomes the Chinese health preserving thought of the root,especially in Neijing. therefore,this article namely take Neijing as a material, to appraises its health preserving renewedly.The innovation and keystone is the compare Cross-straits mainland and Taiwan.
The chapterⅡis the history of the health preserving in Traditional Chinese Medicine,introduced the development of history of health preserving,and the formation of the theoretical system of health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine social background and philosophical background.Health preserving is the budding awareness of disease,Formed the theoretical basis for health preserving that is akin to pre-Qin philosophers.And we pointed out that the Zhou Yi,Confucianism and Taoism,Lv Shi Chun Qiu is the most far-reaching theory in health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The consequence of this research indicates the following:the principles of health-preserving thought in the Hungdi Nei Jing including shun-ying-zi-ran, tian-ren-he-yi,he-yu-yin-yang,taio-yu-shu-shu, xing-shen-he-yi,shen-chong-yu-xing.Ren-zhi-san-bao: jing-qi-shen,zhi-xu-ji,shou-jing-du,ping-yi-tian-dan, wu-suo-yu-qiu,yu-fang-wei-zhu,u-zhi-yi-bing-zhi-wei-bing. In addition,the method of health-preserving thought in pre-chin Taoism's philosophy including jing-shi-tiao-she qing-jing-yang-shen,tian-dan-le-guan,shao-si-qua-yu, xin-an-bu-ju,dao-de-xiu-yang,ren-zhe-shou, yin-shi-qi-ju-tiao-she、jie-yin-shi-ji-pian-shi-pian-shi, qi-ju-you-chang,shun-si-shi-er-shi-han-shu,lao-yi-shi-du, qi-cong-yi-shun,jie-fang-lao,jie-yu-bao-jing, yun-dong-yang-sheng.Neijing a book before,do not form a theoretical system of health preserving,the emergence of Neijing is the milestone of the history of Traditional Chinese Medicine.and Nei Jing is the sovereign in health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The chapterⅢdiscussing the status of Nei Jing in health preserving of Traditional Chinese Medicine.NeiJing emergence of a certain environment,race,age characteristics, by the evolution of traditional Chinese thinking,include the overall thought,takes likely the thought,the dialectical thought,the study thought and so on.to learn the essence of Yin Yang and five elements theory,Conformity Chinese nation's flesh and blood wisdom.finally forming the basic characteristic include its indisputable authority,the supreme faith by the high school,omnipotent of the Doctrine of the Mean.
The chapterⅣwe summarized the basic viewpoint of health preserving of NeiJing from the origins,content,extension on several aspects,including the adaptation of human body to natural environment,combining the Xing and Shen and prevention of disease.They are the basic point of NeiJing, and they also complement each other may find the shadow,which is a whole way of thinking embodied.
The holistic view of Chinese Medicine is the characteristics of "shen" theory."Shen" mainly resides in heart,but also resides in five organs.The activities of "shen" depend on the mutual convertibility and inhibition of five phases."Shen" varies when a person is being sick "Shen stores internally as "seven shen".The psychological function of "seven shen" masters the physiology of five organs. Externally,"shen" shows out as five affect.Affect in extremes may cause harm to the organs.The progression of illness has its rules.However,with the involvement of five affect and seven emotion,the convertibility of "shen" is unpredictable.All of these are the main content of "shen" theory.To conclude,the holistic view of "shen" is crucial and essential for the future development of health care in Chinese Medicine.
Adaptation of human body to natural environment as the core of traditional Chinese culture of thought,is the belief,but also the pursuit of its people to determine the existence of the universe,heaven and earth throughout the domain,provided the physical properties of people,there is value beyond the realim of life and dimensions,as well as understand the ways and thinking way,which established the basic direction of Chinese Philosophy,and infiltration in the psychological structure of the Chinese nation,and profoundly affected the traditional culture and ancient Chinese science and technology.
Combining the Xing and Shen status in Chinese culture,this article focus on Shen is important in life,Combining the Xing and Shen raise the level of life,it has to penetrate deep into the Chinese culture in all fields.Theory spirit of a great impact on future generations,as the Shen and Combining the Xing and Shen explore the depth,the theory has been widely applied in modern psychosomatic medicine,psychology above.
The prevention of disease should be careful to prevent the disease in order to avoid bodily injury;On the other hand will have to rule as early as sick,do not delay treatment in order to avoid bodily harm more.
The chapterⅤwe summarizes Neijing referred to on the specific emotions,diet,athletics,sexual intercourse, meridians and physical health of the essence,and to put forward specific measures of health preserving.
Emotional health preserving is mainly expressed in Yangxin and Tiaoxin,dependent on YangShen and TiaoShen,modern psychology is the study of human nature displayed by the human soul of life science,health preserving is to find ways to make health and longevity science,psychology is a school health services,NeiJing of health preserving psychology seeks to reveal how psychological adjustment to achieve the purpose of health and longevity.
The dietary health preserving include the importance of the diet,and the relationship between diet and disease, focusing on regulation of dietary health preserving methods to achieve them,"HeWuWei" as the key.Neijing in the concept of catering to the future health preserving,including the current prevalence of far-reaching impact of the food culture.
Athletics health preserving base of movement as a whole, moderate,dynamic and static combine,as a result of the time vary from place to place,and later introduced the sport to some frequently health preserving approach,the current exercises are numerous,but it is difficult to popularize, nowhere near as Taijiquan,Ba Duan Jin and other traditional sports.Health movement is the way to have originated from the same easy,Confucianism,Taoism,Buddhism and other Chinese traditional areas,which embodies Neijing " adaptation of human body to natural environment,combining the Xing and Shen" the basic idea.
Sexual health is the best reflection of the overall concept of yin and yang,yin and yang is the essence of sex.Which is an important aspect of health preserving is one of the basis of health preserving.The basic theory and study of law is the basis of the human Sexual health,the Sexual health of Neijing including sexual roots injury,sexual in right time, less sexual to health preserving,and QiSunBaYi and so on.
Meridian Health is the basic concept of the meridian qi and blood is running on the basis of health,the meridian and organs is the close relationship the key to good health,the meridian's normal flow is the basic of the health.the future health on the way to a lot of acupuncture,including acupuncture,moxibustion,Auricular Acupuncture,San LingZhen,intradermal needles,plum blossom needle,such as a variety of methods and applications.
Physical health is based on the theory of Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory and blood biased actual situation,the peak of physical theory as〈LingSu YinYangErShiWuRen〉and the modern study of physical health has been made a lot of practical results.
The chapterⅥon the adoption of the above-mentioned from the mainland and Taiwan in health preserving of NeiJing for a review of the situation and found two places on the health preserving of NeiJing research methods no significant differences,but the progress of;the difference between mainland and Taiwan is the nature of the researchers,Such differences lead directly to the nature of the theoretical and practical research.
The depth of cross-straitS is no differences in the study, but in the breadth,Taiwan lags behind many of the mainland; research in specific content,both physical and psychological relations between emotion research,and scholars in Taiwan is still carried out on the life and death and life science research ethics.The difference is the nature of the researchers cross-straits,the mainland's is more in the School of Medicine researchers,or hospital staff,with enough clinical experience,of course,there is no lack of literature and history of the researchers involved;and Taiwan,most researchers of philosophy and literature and history,its relationship with less clinical exposure,although there is no lack of medical schools and scholars,but it is low number of researchers.such differences lead directly to the nature of the theoretical research and practical gap between the nature of the study.Another difference is the direction of government policy in Taiwan,Taiwan,after all,affected by serious Western,Western thinking has been the people,the Nationalist government in the past to kill the shadow of Traditional Chinese Medicine still exists,the current policy does not fully support the Traditional Chinese Medicine development,and inevitably limit their universal.
The common main problem of study with cross-straits is: other subjects of Neijing study the lack of adequate help, and the nation's Neijing true,not many people interested. Health preserving approach in fact has given rise to a high degree of importance relative to assist multi-disciplinary research,reflected on the health needs of people,but as the most representative of the Neijing health preserving,it does require the assistance of others and disciplines in order to truly become a mature subjects.Suggest that the Government should raise awareness,as the most original subject,the most widely spread of the need to in order to improve the academic vitality,competitiveness.
Recommendations in support of the mainland government should be carried out from the substantive,the dross in Neijing can delete of,the essence of must inherit and carry forward,or even into the ordinary schools of textbooks,raise national awareness of classical Traditional Chinese Medicine. convinced from the heart.Taiwan government proposals to strengthen the support of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine education and research to improve the quality and quantity of units,so determined to give full play to the advantages of Chinese medicine practitioners to strengthen communication with the mainland, do not rest on its laurels,resulting in the marginalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
The chapterⅦwe review the health preserving situation in the West and China,make a summary of the difference between the two sides is that the Chinese emphasis on spirit,dynamic and static combine,the overall tone,combination of drugs food,and health combined with the morality,and the West emphasis on form,make the dynamic chief,local training, attention to nutrients and so on.
Chinese and Western health reserving in the form of differences,there are some historical,environmental,race, creed and other factors,the differences between the two places it is impossible to eliminate and don't need to eliminate,there is reasonable.We should carry forward the concept of culture without borders,joint research,the ultimate aim to extend the life,improving the quality of life.
For the conclusion of ChapterⅧ,we affirm the health preserving of NeiJing.Summary the health preserving of NeiJing from the Jing,Qi,Shen,Tian and Ren and point out that construct a "person" as the central concept of health preserving from Qi,Yinyang,Wuxing,Jing,Shen and so on. And to table a proposal that health preserving is without borders,we must drawing in the West,Taiwan,mainland's health preserving point of essence to achieve the purpose of health and longevity.
The material in this paper is based on NeiJing of the original text-based,as well as the correlative ideas of health preserving books,literature,and reference to the cross-straits about NeiJing of the master and doctoral dissertations.
引文
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本论文同时参考以下古籍:《黄帝内经素问》《灵枢经》《论语》《庄子》《老子》《尚书》《周易》《荀子》《孟子》《颜渊》《史记》《吕氏春秋》《说文解字》《孙子兵法》《类经》《国语》《管子》《淮南子》《周礼》《伤寒杂病论》《金匾要略》《抱朴子》《养性延命录》《养生论》《备急千金要方》《千金翼方》《类经》《寿世保元》《老老余编》《老老恒言》《一览延龄》《儒林外史》《医方考》《山海经》《天下至道谈》《景岳全书》《医学入门》《吴医汇讲》
2.王洪图.黄帝内经研究大成[M].北京:北京出版社,1997,1
3.(台湾)蔡璧名.身体与自然—以《黄帝内经素问》为中心论古代思想传统中的身体观[博士论文].台湾大学中国文学研究所.1996
4.烟建华.医道求真《黄帝内经》学术体系研究[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2007
5.李经纬,林昭庚.中国医学通史(古代卷)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1999,第1版.
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8.(台湾)吕秀枝.先秦道家与《黄帝内经》两者相关养生思想研究[博士论文].中国医药学院中国医学研究所,2002
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10.曾锦坤.中医与养生[M].台北:台北文津出版社,1999
11.(法)丹纳着,傅雷译.艺术哲学[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2000.4
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21.(台湾)刘秋固.《黄帝内经》的生死观研究[硕士论文].玄奘人文社会学院宗教学研究所.2002
22.(台湾)罗金发.《黄帝内经》养生思想初探[硕士论文].南华大学哲学系.2004
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本论文同时参考以下古籍:《黄帝内经素问》《灵枢经》《论语》《庄子》《老子》《尚书》《周易》《荀子》《孟子》《颜渊》《史记》《吕氏春秋》《说文解字》《孙子兵法》《类经》《国语》《管子》《淮南子》《周礼》《伤寒杂病论》《金匾要略》《抱朴子》《养性延命录》《养生论》《备急千金要方》《千金翼方》《类经》《寿世保元》《老老余编》《老老恒言》《一览延龄》《儒林外史》《医方考》《山海经》《天下至道谈》《景岳全书》《医学入门》《吴医汇讲》