无线传感器网络路由算法及相关问题研究
摘要
本文从能量有效性、通信时延、覆盖度以及能耗均衡性等方面来优化无线传感器网络路由的性能，主要研究工作及贡献如下：
提出了一种新的基于广播坐标的静态链簇路由算法。算法通过Sink节点广播坐标的方法将无线传感器网络划分为若干簇，利用静态链簇、簇内成链以及簇间并行通信等方式来降低网络的通信能耗和传输时延。
针对传统覆盖策略中的“不均衡休眠”现象，通过引入“曲线覆盖”概念，提出了基于网络边缘曲线的随机覆盖模型，避免了边缘不均衡休眠效应带来的计算复杂性。
针对无线传感器网络中能耗不均衡的问题，通过对网络拓扑结构和数据传输方式的分析，基于通信代价构造了收集树和传输树，提出了基于网络拓扑的能耗均衡路由算法。
提出了一种新的基于覆盖的环簇路由算法。算法利用Sink节点将网络分为若干环域，根据应用需求的服务质量计算各环域的覆盖划分并确定轮换簇，各轮换簇交替休眠以降低网络能耗，各环域以各自概率向Sink节点发送数据以均衡能耗。
本文的研究成果为无线传感器网络路由算法的研究提供了基础理论的参考，对无线传感器网络的跨层设计、能效优化以及覆盖控制策略等方面的研究具有积极的推动作用和理论价值。
WSN(Wireless Sensor Network), which are composed of many tiny sensor nodes that arecapable of sensing, calculating, storing and wireless communicating, can collect theinformation from the monitoring area and send the information gathered to Sink node by theways of multihop and self-organizing. It involves wireless communication technology,microelectronic technology, sensor technology, embedded computing , distributed informationprocessing and so on. As an new instrument for information gathering and processing, WSNhas great potential in military, civil use and so on, which have drawn the attention of theacademic and industrial circles.
However, the energy and wireless communications capacity of sensor nodes are so limitedthat the lifetime of WSN is short, and that QoS is unstable. How to use energy efficiently toprolong the lifetime and enhance the real time of QoS are the key issues of the research onrouting algorithms for WSN. Adopting energy-efficient routing algorithms and appropriatecovering strategy can improve the performance and QoS of WSN. In this dissertation, westudy on the routing algorithms and related issues for WSN, the performance of which isanalyzed and optimized on energy efficiency, delay, coverage and energy balance. The mainwork and contributions of this dissertation include:
1. The dissertation introduces WSN and relevant technology broadly and explains themeaning and present condition of the research on WSN. By analysing the architecture,application area, key technology and performance index of WSN, the dissertation revealsthe potential and trend of WSN and interprets the problems and challenges in WSN.
2. Routing algorithms in WSN and its evaluation indexes are summarized on topology, QoS,status maintaining and communication mode and the core ideas and performanceattributes of WSN are accounted for deeply. These provide the references for the designand research on routing algorithms in WSN.
3. SCTC, Static Chain-cluster Routing Algorithm Based on Transmitting Coordinate forWSN, is proposed. SCTC uses Sink to divide the WSN into clusters and all the nodes inthe same cluster form a static chain cluster using a greedy approach according to thedistance between nodes to decrease the energy consumption on clustering dynamically;Adopting the way that communicating in clusters synchronously decreases the delay time;Rotating collecting layers balances the energy consumption among the sensors in thenetwork. SCTC achieves reduction in energy dissipation and latency, but also makes the energy of the network burn evenly and improves the energy efficiency and lifetime of thenetworks.
4. MBC, Random Coverage Model Based on Boundary Curve of WSN is proposed. In thecase of the unequal sleep in classical covering strategy, a new concept, curve covering, isintroduced to create the MBC. Using MBC, the average covering rate and the minimalnumber of the nodes in WSN with given QoS can be worked out easily. MBC reduces thecomputational complexity caused by the unequal sleep and provides a easy-to-usecomputing tool for practical application.
5. EEM(Energy Equilibrium Model) and TERA(Topology-based Energy-balanced RoutingAlgorithm for WSN), are proposed. In case of unbalanced energy consumption in WSN,TERA creates two trees, collecting tree and transmitting tree by EEM, to reduce theenergy consumption in communication after analyzing the topology and data transmittingof WSN. TERA improves the balance of energy consumption and prolong the lifetimegreatly, meanwhile, it decreases the delay time in communication.
6. CRAC, Concentric Ring Cluster Routing Algorithm Based on Coverage for WSN, isproposed. The algorithm divides the WSN into rings using coordinate of concentric ringby Sink. Meanwhile, it works out the coverage partitions of every ring and the rotationalclusters according to QoS of application requirements. Different rotational clusters’sensor nodes in the same ring can alternate into sleep mode to save energy. Each ringsdecide itself whether to be the sending ring judging by energy equilibrium equation. Thedata gathered is collected to the sending ring after it was transmitted to the path oftransmission in parallel. And then, the data is sent to Sink by LEADER. CRAC reducesboth delay time and energy dissipation greatly, prolongs network lifetime and makes theenergy of the network burn evenly.
The conclusions in this dissertation can not only provide the academic references for theresearch on routing algorithms and diversify the contents of research for WSN, but also pushthe development of research on cross-layer design, energy efficiency optimizing and coveringcontrol strategy in WSN.
提出了一种新的基于广播坐标的静态链簇路由算法。算法通过Sink节点广播坐标的方法将无线传感器网络划分为若干簇，利用静态链簇、簇内成链以及簇间并行通信等方式来降低网络的通信能耗和传输时延。
针对传统覆盖策略中的“不均衡休眠”现象，通过引入“曲线覆盖”概念，提出了基于网络边缘曲线的随机覆盖模型，避免了边缘不均衡休眠效应带来的计算复杂性。
针对无线传感器网络中能耗不均衡的问题，通过对网络拓扑结构和数据传输方式的分析，基于通信代价构造了收集树和传输树，提出了基于网络拓扑的能耗均衡路由算法。
提出了一种新的基于覆盖的环簇路由算法。算法利用Sink节点将网络分为若干环域，根据应用需求的服务质量计算各环域的覆盖划分并确定轮换簇，各轮换簇交替休眠以降低网络能耗，各环域以各自概率向Sink节点发送数据以均衡能耗。
本文的研究成果为无线传感器网络路由算法的研究提供了基础理论的参考，对无线传感器网络的跨层设计、能效优化以及覆盖控制策略等方面的研究具有积极的推动作用和理论价值。
WSN(Wireless Sensor Network), which are composed of many tiny sensor nodes that arecapable of sensing, calculating, storing and wireless communicating, can collect theinformation from the monitoring area and send the information gathered to Sink node by theways of multihop and self-organizing. It involves wireless communication technology,microelectronic technology, sensor technology, embedded computing , distributed informationprocessing and so on. As an new instrument for information gathering and processing, WSNhas great potential in military, civil use and so on, which have drawn the attention of theacademic and industrial circles.
However, the energy and wireless communications capacity of sensor nodes are so limitedthat the lifetime of WSN is short, and that QoS is unstable. How to use energy efficiently toprolong the lifetime and enhance the real time of QoS are the key issues of the research onrouting algorithms for WSN. Adopting energy-efficient routing algorithms and appropriatecovering strategy can improve the performance and QoS of WSN. In this dissertation, westudy on the routing algorithms and related issues for WSN, the performance of which isanalyzed and optimized on energy efficiency, delay, coverage and energy balance. The mainwork and contributions of this dissertation include:
1. The dissertation introduces WSN and relevant technology broadly and explains themeaning and present condition of the research on WSN. By analysing the architecture,application area, key technology and performance index of WSN, the dissertation revealsthe potential and trend of WSN and interprets the problems and challenges in WSN.
2. Routing algorithms in WSN and its evaluation indexes are summarized on topology, QoS,status maintaining and communication mode and the core ideas and performanceattributes of WSN are accounted for deeply. These provide the references for the designand research on routing algorithms in WSN.
3. SCTC, Static Chain-cluster Routing Algorithm Based on Transmitting Coordinate forWSN, is proposed. SCTC uses Sink to divide the WSN into clusters and all the nodes inthe same cluster form a static chain cluster using a greedy approach according to thedistance between nodes to decrease the energy consumption on clustering dynamically;Adopting the way that communicating in clusters synchronously decreases the delay time;Rotating collecting layers balances the energy consumption among the sensors in thenetwork. SCTC achieves reduction in energy dissipation and latency, but also makes the energy of the network burn evenly and improves the energy efficiency and lifetime of thenetworks.
4. MBC, Random Coverage Model Based on Boundary Curve of WSN is proposed. In thecase of the unequal sleep in classical covering strategy, a new concept, curve covering, isintroduced to create the MBC. Using MBC, the average covering rate and the minimalnumber of the nodes in WSN with given QoS can be worked out easily. MBC reduces thecomputational complexity caused by the unequal sleep and provides a easy-to-usecomputing tool for practical application.
5. EEM(Energy Equilibrium Model) and TERA(Topology-based Energy-balanced RoutingAlgorithm for WSN), are proposed. In case of unbalanced energy consumption in WSN,TERA creates two trees, collecting tree and transmitting tree by EEM, to reduce theenergy consumption in communication after analyzing the topology and data transmittingof WSN. TERA improves the balance of energy consumption and prolong the lifetimegreatly, meanwhile, it decreases the delay time in communication.
6. CRAC, Concentric Ring Cluster Routing Algorithm Based on Coverage for WSN, isproposed. The algorithm divides the WSN into rings using coordinate of concentric ringby Sink. Meanwhile, it works out the coverage partitions of every ring and the rotationalclusters according to QoS of application requirements. Different rotational clusters’sensor nodes in the same ring can alternate into sleep mode to save energy. Each ringsdecide itself whether to be the sending ring judging by energy equilibrium equation. Thedata gathered is collected to the sending ring after it was transmitted to the path oftransmission in parallel. And then, the data is sent to Sink by LEADER. CRAC reducesboth delay time and energy dissipation greatly, prolongs network lifetime and makes theenergy of the network burn evenly.
The conclusions in this dissertation can not only provide the academic references for theresearch on routing algorithms and diversify the contents of research for WSN, but also pushthe development of research on cross-layer design, energy efficiency optimizing and coveringcontrol strategy in WSN.
引文
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