摘要
农业是国民经济的基础,农药在世界农业发展中的贡献不容置疑。尽管农药在生产、运输和使用上对环境会产生不良影响,但化学农药仍将是21世纪不可或缺的植物保护用品之一,70%左右的农药市场将依然由创新化学农药所主宰。建国以来我国农药工业发展迅速,现有2600多家农药生产企业,2005年产量高达103.9万吨,居世界第一。然而中国农药企业面临社会责任缺失的严重问题,农药工业的环境污染及一系列健康、安全等问题没能得到很好解决。目前每合成1吨农药原药约消耗4吨化工原料,生产1吨农药可排放3吨“三废”。全国农药工业每年排放废气23.7亿m~3,年排放农药废水量在1亿m~3以上,其中已进行治理的废水只占7%,治理达标的仅占已治理的1%。这一严峻的现实要求农药企业在发展中不能再以追求利润为惟一目标,环境和社会的效益也是农药企业决策中必须考虑的内容;作为“企业公民”,农药企业应该承担起相应的社会责任。
本研究以农药企业的社会责任为研究对象,探讨在可持续发展的背景下,农药企业是否应当承担社会责任?应该承担什么具体的责任并如何承担?承担的社会责任以何种方式来表现、绩效水平如何来衡量?中国农药企业与国外农药企业在履行社会责任的差距在哪里,中国农药企业应如何克服农药企业社会责任缺失的现状以加快社会责任的形成和实践。
上一世纪80年代化工行业就已经提出了责任关怀,并作为行业自律行为,而企业社会责任与企业可持续发展的概念也是近20年来在理论和实践中都频繁出现的用语。责任关怀、企业社会责任与企业可持续发展尽管在概念及其内涵上有所不同,但三者之间还是具有较为密切的联系。作为研究的起点,有必要弄明白他们之间的联系与区别,通过研究,我们得到的结果是:健康、安全和环境是责任关怀的核心,责任关怀又是企业社会责任的重要组成部分,他们实践的最终目标都是为了增强企业的竞争力和企业的可持续发展。企业社会责任是促进企业可持续发展的重要手段,企业社会责任和企业可持续发展在内容上有逐步融合的特点。
农药的生产事关人类健康和生态环境安全。在比较农药在植物保护中的利弊和功过、分析农药企业的利益相关者的基础上,指出了农药企业履行社会责任的必要性,提出了农药企业社会责任确定的原则,定义了农药企业的社会责任的概念,分别设计了利益相关者的社会责任矩阵和“三层一线”(核心层、延伸层和超越层及遵纪守法线)两种类别的农药企业社会责任的内容,确定了农药企业在经济、法律、伦理和慈善等方面的责任;界定了责任的核心层、延伸层和超越层,指出了各层面社会责任的联系与区别,初步阐明了农药企业社会责任的内涵及外延。
为了了解农药企业社会责任的履行状况,在论文的第4部分,首先回顾了世界农药市场的发展状况,就世界前八强的跨国农药企业,根据它们的企业社会责任信息披露资料进行分析,得出了跨国农药企业对企业社会责任问题十分重视的结果。接着选择德国的巴斯夫、美国的道化学和日本的住友,对他们的社会责任策略规划进行横向比较,结果表明:上世纪90年代以来,从管理层面看,跨国农药企业已有具体的部门负责计划和实施社会责任,内容也向社会层面的方向发展,注重利益相关者的管理,信息披露也从凌散向系统的环境报告和可持续发展报告演进。从实践层面上看,社会责任的认知程度在提高,经济责任和法律责任在完善,伦理责任和慈善责任在加强。同时,还从五个方面探讨了主要跨国农药企业承担企业社会责任的原因。最后选取了先正达作为案例,对该企业社会责任实施的具体行为和表现进行纵向的分析,更加全面和具体地探讨了跨国农药企业社会责任行为操作层面的特点及其这些行为产生的影响。
中国农药企业社会责任是研究的主要对象。首先,对中国农药企业社会责任缺失的现状问题进行探讨,分析表明责任严重缺失主要体现在:(1)农药产品质量不高、标签合格率低、售后服务不力;(2)自主创新能力弱、产品侵权现象严重;(3)生产中安全意识不强、职业健康存在隐患;(4)“三废”排放超标、环境污染严重,从而造成企业与社区关系紧张和对立。接着,从理论上查找了农药企业社会责任缺失的原因:(1)企业作为理性经济人对利益最大化的追求,使得企业不可能考虑利润之外的责任;(2)由于农药企业产生的负外部性以及信息的不对称性市场无法解决,使得企业承担社会责任的内驱力变弱;(3)政府规制的低效及执法的不力,不仅没能解决市场失灵下本该由政府干预的问题,反而加剧了现存问题的严重性,从而造成企业社会责任普遍缺失的现象。最后,通过重庆民丰环境违法的具体案例的分析,验证了中国农药企业社会责任的缺失与企业追求利润最大化目标、市场运行失灵以及政府规制低效有密切的关系。得出了在发展中国家,政府在引导企业履行企业基本社会责任方面有着重要作用的结论。
既然中国农药企业履行社会责任存在缺失,也查找了客观原因,是否在主观认识方面也存在缺失?本研究还进行了中国农药企业在企业社会责任方面的认知调查。分别从农药企业对企业社会责任概念的认知、对环境保护问题的看法、对员工权益的维护及企业发展和创新能力四个方面对农药企业社会责任的认知度作问卷调查。分析结果显示:农药企业对企业社会责任认识尚需统一,企业应该承担社会责任的观念需要树立,在履行社会责任方面企业的自主创新能力和环境保护意识必须增强。进一步,应用二分类Logistic回归分析方法,从企业性质、农药年产量、是否为上市公司、是否有产品出口四个方面对农药企业是否应该承担社会责任的影响进行分析,结果表明:农药年产量、是否为上市公司、是否有产品出口三个因素对“企业是否应该承担社会责任”的看法存在显著影响,而企业性质的影响不显著。
企业社会责任评价体系是企业履行社会责任的指南和准则,是引导和规范企业行为的信息工具,是农药企业社会责任从定性研究到定量评价、从理论到实践的桥梁和纽带。本研究在构建指标体系原则指导下,设计了农药企业社会责任综合评价指标体系,从经济效益、创新能力、产品质量、售后服务、环境保护、员工权益、社区关系和慈善公益八个方面设计指标反映农药企业社会责任评价所包含的主要内容,并利用层次分析法确定了不同子目标和指标的权重,同时就企业间横向比较和单一企业纵向比较两种情形,分别给出了社会责任综合评价的方法。
本文最后关于加快中国农药企业社会责任的步伐,探讨了中国农药企业为有效履行社会责任必须建立的内部和外部的约束机制。指出农药企业承担社会责任应避免进入“责任的误区”,切忌贪大求多、切忌公关炒作,而贵在脚踏实地履行基本责任;对中国农药企业承担社会责任外部宏观约束的探索表明:从短期来看,政府对企业承担社会责任的正确引导,新闻媒体对公众舆论监督机制和合作伙伴对企业社会责任的拉动十分重要;而从长期来看,要加快农药企业社会责任的形成必须充分利用消费者市场导向功能,加快金融市场社会责任投资渠道的形成,运用社会团体的力量(主要是行业协会)进行约束。给出了责任推动型社会责任目标模式、策略导向型社会责任目标模式和遵纪守法型社会责任目标模式,供农药企业根据自身规模的大小和承担企业社会责任能力的强弱进行选择。
本研究的创新之处在于:初步界定了农药企业社会责任的内涵和外延,分别设计了利益相关者—社会责任矩阵和“三层一线”(核心层、延伸层和超越层及遵纪守法线)两种类别的农药企业社会责任的内容,为农药企业社会责任的实施奠定基本的框架;首次以农药企业为调查对象在国内进行农药企业社会责任认知度的调查,并获得有一定意义的结果;构建了农药企业社会责任指标体系,有利于评价农药企业社会责任的实施表现,并在数据可得情况下进行实证研究;提出了责任驱动型、策略导向型和遵纪守法型的农药企业社会责任目标模式。
本研究的结果对于农药企业建立和完善社会责任体系、促进社会责任的实践和履行,具有直接的指导作用,对今后企业社会责任相关研究和其他行业社会责任问题的探讨具有较高的参考价值,这一研究对坚持可持续发展思想,构建和谐社会具有一定的理论和实际意义。
Agriculture is the foundation of national economy. It is beyond all doubt that pesticide contributes greatly to the development of world agriculture. Although the production, transportation and use of pesticides have side-effect on environment, pesticides are still necessary for plant protection in the 21st century and approximately 70% of pesticide markets are currently dominated by innovated chemical pesticides. The pesticide industry has developed very quickly since the founding of People's Republic of China. There are more than 2600 enterprises now and the annual output of pesticide in 2005 is as high as 1039 thousand tons, being placed the first in the world. However, pesticide enterprises in China face serious problems of lack of corporation social responsibility (CSR), such as environmental pollution, weak occupational health and unsafe production. According to statistics, 4 tons of chemical materials are exhausted when producing 1 ton of rude chemical pesticide, which will make 3 tons of waste. 2.37 billion m~3 of waste gas and 0.1billion m~3 of waste water are discharged every year in China. 7% of the waste water was harnessed but only 1% of it reached a set standard. It is required that the pesticide enterprises should take into consideration the environment and social benefit in their decision-making, giving up the goal of only seeking for profit. As a corporation citizen, the pesticide enterprise should bear the relevant social responsibility.
CSR of pesticide enterprises was chosen as study object in this research to discuss whether the pesticide enterprises should take CSR; what CSR they have; how to take CSR; how to evaluate CSR performance; what gaps exist between developed countries and developing countries in implementing CSR and how to speed up the formation and practice of CSR in China under the context of sustainable development.
Responsible Care (RC) was first conceived by the national trade association of Canadian chemical manufacturers (CCPA) and put forward in the 1980s to address public concerns about the manufacture, distribution and use of chemicals. It is the chemical industry's global voluntary initiative. While CSR and corporation sustainable development (CSD) are frequently used in recent 20 years, there are close relationships among RC, CSR and CSD in spite of their difference on definitions and contents of study. It is necessary to figure out the relationships among them at the beginning of this research. The results showed that health, safety and environment (HSE) is the core of RC. RC is an important part of CSR. And both of them are for improving competition and sustainable development of enterprises. In addition, CSR is one of the methods to promote CSD and both definitions are blendedly used in some degree.
Pesticide production is relative to human health and ecological environment safety. Based on the comparison of benefit and costs of pesticides in plant protection and the analysis on stakeholders of pesticide enterprises, the dissertation discusses the necessities and principles for taking CSR, gives a definition of CSR for pesticide enterprises, elaborates social responsibility of stakeholders and defines economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility and philanthropic responsibility of pesticide enterprises. In addition, based on the legal line, it draws demarcation line among the core level, extending level and surpassing level and describes the relationship and differences among all responsibilities, expounding briefly the connotations and extending meaning of social responsibilities, which helps us better understand what CSR is in pesticide enterprises.
In the fourth part of the dissertation, it first reviews the development situation of the world pesticide markets, then it makes an analysis of CSR information disclosed about the multinational pesticide corporations which annual sales are ranked as the top 8 in the pesticide international markets. The obtained information shows that those corporations are fully aware of the importance of CSR and they believe a globally competitive corporation should be a corporation which is responsible for society. The comparative CSR strategies used by BASF, Dow Chemical and Sumitomo Chemical show that specialized departments have been established in multinational pesticide corporations to do CSR programming and to take responsibility of CSR affairs since last century. They have begun to attach importance to the administration of the enterprises and put emphasis on systematic environment reports and sustainable development information. All the facts illustrate that social issues were focused on CSR, stakeholder management was improved, CSR information disclosure was complete and independent CSR reports were issued. In terms of CSR practice in pesticide industry, we can see that people have enhanced their awareness of social responsibility. And economic responsibility and legal responsibility are being perfected. Ethical responsibility and philanthropic responsibility are being strengthened. Through the case study of Syngenta, the dissertation makes a profound analysis of the implementation of CSR and the characteristics of its practical operation and management in multinational pesticide corporations as well as the consequence of performance.
The analyses of CSR scarcity in Chinese pesticide industry illustrate the following problems: (1) poor quality of products, low qualified rate of label, bad after -sale service; (2) weak innovation, more infringement; (3) weak awareness of production safety, poor occupation health; (4) over waste emission, serious environment pollution, and strained relationship with community. Theory analysis shows: (1) as a rational economic person, pesticide enterprises always try their best to low the costs and optimize output when they are in profit-seeking, and they often seek for profit without considering their responsibilities; (2) The motivation of taking CSR is weaken because of market failure owing to negative externalities and information dissymmetry; (3) The situation has turned worse due to the inefficiency of government regulation and the weak enforcement of law. Case study of Minfeng Agrochem Co. LTD testified that CSR scarcity in Chinese pesticide enterprises is closely related to profit-seeking, market failure and government regulation inefficiency. In conclusion, the author argues that in the developing countries, governments play an important part in guiding the enterprises to take social responsibility.
In this research, the author made an investigation in some pesticide enterprises to testify their understanding of CSR awareness. Questionnaires were prepared about the awareness of the definition of CSR, environment protection, employee benefits and the innovation and development of the enterprises. The survey shows that common understanding of CSR should be reached; the idea of taking CSR should be fostered; the capacity of corporation innovation and the awareness of environment protection must be improved in pesticide sectors. Based on the survey of 84 pesticide enterprises in China, the further study using Logistic regression shows that the factors of annual output of pesticide, corporation assets scale, the condition of IPO and the condition of exportation of goods had significant impact on the issue of taking CSR while the nature of the enterprises didn't have notable influence on it.
The assessment system of CSR is the guideline and principle of implementing the responsibility, the information tool of guiding and standardizing the enterprise performance and the bridge and tie linking the qualitative research and quantitative research, theory and practice. According to the principles of science rationality, industry focus, weak relativity, maneuverability and typicality, a comprehensive evaluation index system of CSR for pesticide enterprises has been established and its design was considered from different aspects such as economic performance, innovation capacity, product quality, after-sales service, environment protection, employee equity, community relationship and charity activities. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to weigh the relative importance of different purposes and indexes and comprehensive evaluation method was also introduced then.
Finally, the dissertation explores the interior and exterior control mechanism established for implementing CSR effectively in China. It points out that pesticide enterprises should avoid bearing more responsibilities beyond their capacity and using CSR as public relation skill. They should be practical and realistic and try to do solid work. The exploration on exterior macro-control of bearing social responsibility show that the guidance of government, the supervision of public media, and business partnership have great impact on CSR development in short term. However, viewing in long term, to speed up the formation of social responsibility depends on making good use of guidance function of market by the customers, promoting the formation of social responsible investment channel in financial market and relying on supervision of social communities. Responsibility-orientated CSR model, strategy-orientated CSR model and legislation-orientated CSR model were given for pesticide enterprises to select according to their size and capacity.
The innovations of this research are as follows: the connotations and extending meaning of social responsibility was expounded briefly; a matrix of stakeholder , social responsibility and "three levels based on the legal line" were designed, making a basic framework for the implementation of CSR ; the survey on awareness of CSR in pesticide enterprises was done first time in China and significant results was received; a comprehensive evaluation index system of CSR was established and responsibility-orientated CSR model, strategy-orientated CSR model and legislation-orientated CSR model were given in this research.
The conclusions of this research help to guide pesticide enterprises in CSR practice and CSR framework establishment. This study is also a reference for other CSR research and it contributes to adhering to the idea of sustainable development and building a harmonious society.
引文
1.于庆东,王庆金,王晓灵.2006.企业可持续发展研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社:19.
2.马宇,聂平香.2005.我国农药行业发展现状分析及未来发展建议(上)[EO/BL].http://www.chinaim.com/(7-15).
3.马守信.2004.化工事故案例分析与防范[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,(前言):175.
4.中化信息资讯中心.2005.泰兴一农药化工厂爆炸燃烧[EO/BL].http://www.cheminfo.gov.cn/UI/Information/Preview.aspx?xh=84870&tblName=hgyw&type=1(8-1).
5.中国化工报.2004.面对专利申请和保护意识都技高一筹的跨国公司,国内企业常常刚一抬脚就“越线”—专利纠纷:农药企业成长中的烦恼[N].(9-29)(第二版).
6.中国化工报.2005.“十一五”末农药原药生产企业计划减少到300家[N].(10-31).
7.中国化工报.2006.我国农药结构调整稳步推进[N].(3-6).
8.中国农业百科全书农药卷编辑委员会.1993.中国农业百科全书(农药卷)[M].北京:农业出版社.
9.中国农药工业协会.2005.中国农药工业年鉴[Z].
10.中国农药信息网.2004.甘肃中小农药企业问题多[EO/BL].http://www.chinapesticide.gov.cn/filesmx.asp?xh=04082601(8-26).
11.中国农药信息网.2006.农业部公布上半年农资打假典型案例.[EO/BL].http://www.chinapesticide.gov.en/filesmx.asp?(8-29).
12.中国农资网.2006.MAI农用化学品销售额逾越15亿美元大关[EO/BL].http://www.ampcn.com/news/detail/25211.asp (9-25).
13.中国安全生产科学研究院.2005.危险化学品事故案例[M].北京:化学工业出版社:25.
14.中国频道.2006.江苏铜山农药厂爆炸,毒液外泄万人紧急疏散[EO/BL].http://news.eastday.com/eastday/node81741/node81762/node129368/userobject1ai1974716.html (4-12).
15.化工文摘.2003.欧洲化工行业责任关怀的复兴[J].(8):7-8.
16.尹子民,余佳群,刘振安.2003.企业可持续发展能力评价方法的探讨[J].山西财经大学学报,25(4):53-55.
17.巴曙松,华中炜.2004.期待一杯“有社会责任的咖啡”[N].解放日报,(07-06).
18.王志雄,沈罗亚,马青,谈储敏.2005.上海市农药市场中产品标签所存在的问题[J].中国植保导刊,(10):42-43.
19.王俊豪.2001.政府管制经济学导论[M].商务印书馆:387.
20.王律先.2006.“十五”末年我国农药工业再创历史新高——2005年农药生产回顾与2006年展望[J].中国农药,(2):27-34.
21.王春梅,许明华.2005.关注社会责任企业:可持续发展的必经之路[J].商业经济,(3):38,49.
22.王济川,郭志刚.2001.Logistic回归模型——方法与应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
23.王爱娥.2005.实现农药工业健康发展与环境保护双赢[J].农化新世纪,(8):17,19.
24.王莲芬,许树柏.1990.层次分析法引论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
25.王铮.2004.利益相关者企业的缺陷分析及其治理机制[J].学海,(4):132-135.
26.王晶晶,范飞龙.2003.企业社会责任的经济学分析[J].皖西学院学报,19(3):52-56.
27.韦文洁.2005.环境污染严重,浙江首家化工园面临关停“化工园毁了我们的生活”[N].法制早报,(02-01).
28.卢代富.2001.国外企业社会责任界说述评[J].现代法学,23(3):137-144.
29.民政部政策研究中心.2003.中国社会福利与社会进步报告[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社:231.
30.田田,李传峰.2005.论利益相关者理论在企业社会责任研究中的作用[J].江淮论坛,(1):17-23.
31.田小平.2003.企业可持续发展的条件探析[J].经济与管理,(11):37-38.
32.田书军.2006.基于GRI体系的浙江上市公司社会责任信息披露研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.
33.田丽君.2006.巴斯夫签署责任关怀全球宪章[J].农化市场十日讯,(13):29.
34.白全礼,王亚立.2000.企业社会责任:一种新的企业观[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报,18(3):19-22.
35.龙学著.2000.全球化学工业的责任关怀倡议[J].上海化工,(6):4.
36.农业部农药检定所.2005.关于2004年农药市场产品质量和标签抽查情况通报[C].2005中国农药发展年会——农药质量与安全研讨会.
37.农民日报.2005.加强农药管理势在必行[N].(3-9)(第七版).
38.农民日报.2003.先正达农药销售出新招:按需购买,安全用药[N].(04-18)(第三版).
39.农民日报.2004.化工厂排出的水可径直流进日内瓦湖[N].(05-26)(第二版).
40.刘力刚.2000.企业可持续发展模式研究[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),28(3):12-15.
41.刘文鹏.1998.业绩评论新领域——非财务性业绩评价系统[J].对外经贸财会,(7):13-14.
42.刘彦平.2003.试论“以员工为中心”的管理理念-兼论利益相关者管理来源[J].外国经济与管理,(1):37-42.
43.刘健,张琴,代群.2003.民丰农化股份有限公司悲剧的反思[N].中国环境报,(11-5).
44.刘毅,胡思进.2006.名牌岂能胡乱依傍—桂林市场商标侵权五大特点[N].桂林日报,(2-22).
45.刘藏岩.2004.企业社会责任与持续成长[J].农村金融研究,(4):9-11.
46.孙淑坤.2004.对企业可持续发展认识[J].活力,(7):68.
47.曲振涛,杨恺均.2006.规制经济学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社:181.
48.朱云梅,周生路,彭补拙.1999.工业企业可持续发展评价指标体系初探[J].重庆环境科学,21(1):21-24.
49.朱火弟,蒲勇健.2004.企业社会绩效评价的模式研究.现代经济探讨[J].(4):27-29.
50.朱庆伟,殷格非.2004.企业社会责任的含义和历史背景[J].WTO经济导刊,(11):90-91.
51.网上看报网.2006.河北鹿泉市大河镇农药厂大火引发爆炸.燕赵都市报[EO/BL].http://newspaper.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/shehsj/200604/20060401902681.html (04-13).
52.许树柏.1988.层次分析原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社:41-76.
53.余花香,肖嵘华.2005.42家农药企业签订诚信公约[N].记者致富快报,(3-30)(第一版).
54.劳动和社会保障部劳动科学研究所课题组.2004.企业社会责任运动应对策略研究[J].经济研究参考,(81):2-16.
55.吴文君,刘惠霞,朱靖博,沈保成.1998.天然产物杀虫剂[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社.
56.吴文君.2000.农药学原理[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
57.吴应宇,于国庆.2001.论企业可持续发展系统[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),3(4):46-49.
58.张一宾,张怿.1997.农药[M].河北:中国物资出版社.
59.张一宾.2006.当今世界农药市场的特点及趋势[J].新农药,10(1):1-4.
60.张久林,唐汉林,曹余华.2003.农药经营市场存在的问题及治理对策[J].农药科学与管理,24(4):31-34.
61.张文彤.2002.SPSS11统计分析教程(基础篇)[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社.
62.张维凡.2001.农药生产安全[J].化工劳动保护,22(8):301-303.
63.李云华,刘淑波,黄斌.2003.某农药厂有机磷农药对作业工人健康危害的调查[J].职业与健康,(3):11-12.
64.李丽萍,段淳林.2003.论民营企业的发展与企业的社会责任[J].海南大学学报(人文社会科学版),21(2):157-162.
65.李国强.2004.强化我国“企业社会责任”以及SA8000是一个现实问题[R].国务院发展研究中心第147号(总2206号)内部资料,(10).
66.李洪彦.2004.企业可持续发展的机理分析与策略选择[J].科技创业月刊,(6):15-16.
67.李艳君.2006.近年世界农药贸易发展特点[J].中国石油和化工经济分析,(12):45-47.
68.李清芬.2003.社会责任基金:海外发展及其在中国的前景[EO/BL].http://www.sse.org.cn/main/guide/Arti cle.aspx?ArticleID=1170 (12-25).
69.李维安,唐跃军.2005.上市公司利益相关者治理评价及实证研究[J].证券市场导报,(3):37-43.
70.杨茉,付金龙,李石山,王新海.2004.工业企业可持续发展多目标二级模糊综合评价[J].沈阳工业学院学报,23(2):56-60.
71.杨毅.2004.农药行业:市场饱和技术瓶颈有待突破[R].长江证券编号:HY200400:(10-07).
72.沈寅初,张一宾.2000.生物农药[M].北京:化学工业出版社.
73.肖海林,王方华.2004.企业可持续发展的管理法则[J].上海企业,(7):18-20.
74.苏潜.2006.企业社会责任与矿业企业的可持续发展[J].中国矿业,15(5):12-15.
75.陈万义,薛振祥,王能武.1999.新农药研究与开发[M].北京:化学工业出版社.
76.陈万义.2005.善待农药—抑其弊用其利[C].第五届全国农药交流会论文集,(10):16-19.
77.陈立勇,曾德明.2002.企业的利益相关者、绩效与社会责任[J].湖南社会科学,(6):67-70.
78.陈宏辉,贾生华.2003.企业社会责任观的演进与发展:基于综合性社会契约的理解[J].中国工业经济,(12):85-92.
79.陈志昂,陆伟.2003.企业社会责任三角模型[J].经济与管理,(11):60-61.
80.陈金荣,鲁怡.2005.白骅:诠释企业的社会责任—访浙江海正药业股份有限公司董事长[J].管理智慧,(1):64-68.
81.陈淑华.2004.西方企业社会责任标准及其对我国的启示[J].湖南经济管理干部学院学报,15(3):8-10.
82.陈维政,吴继红,任佩瑜.2002.企业社会绩效评价的利益相关者模式[J].中国工业经济,(7):57-63.
83.周卫东.2006.企业社会责任(CSR)在中国是否可行?[EO/BL].http://www.syntao.com/Page_Show.asp?Page_ID=2686 (8-22).
84.周本新.1999.浅谈日本农药新剂型及施用技术新动向[J].农药,(4):40-42.
85.周嘉乐.2004.20世纪人类十大惨痛教训[EO/BL].ttp://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/3821/2004/06/10/152@191621_8.htm (06-01).
86.吴福顺,殷格非.2006.蓬勃发展的企业社会责任运动[J].WTO经济导刊,(6):94-95.
87.林玉朝,龚瑞忠,朱忠林.2000.农药与生态环境保护[M].北京:化学工业出版社.
88.欧阳迪莎.2005.植物病害与持续农业[D].福建农林大学博士论文.
89.苗金明,徐德蜀,陈百年.2005.职业健康安全管理体系的理论与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社:5
90.郑永权,姚建仁,赵静,董丰收.2003.基因工程在未来农药工业中的位置[J].科技导报,(10):50-53.
91.郑磊.2006.中国对企业社会责任的解读[EO/BL].http://www.jjxj.com.cn/news_detail.jsp?keyno=9538. (03-11).
92.金乐琴.2004.企业社会责任与可持续发展:理论及对策[J].绿色中国,(1):51-52.
93.南岳峰.000.企业社会责任报告浅谈[J].会计之友,(11):22-23.
94.施星辉.2003.企业公民中国企业社会责任状况调查报告[J].中国企业家,(1):81-84.
95.柏亚罗.2006.2005年世界农药市场下滑[J].农化新世纪,,(5):31.
96.胡年春.2004.社会责任实践:现代企业公共关系基础[D].暨南大学硕士论文.
97.胡孝权.2004.企业可持续发展与企业社会责任[J].重庆邮电学院学报(社会科学版).(2):123-125.
98.胡希.2004.生态视角下的企业可持续发展[J].甘肃社会科学.(6):32-35.
99.胡笑形.2002.全球农药公司继续兼并重组[J].国际化工信息.(8):22-24.
100.胡笑形.2003.农药跨国公司发展动态[J].国际化工信息.(5):20-23.
101.胡笑形.2005.2009年全球作物保护市场预测与中国农药的机遇[J].中国农药.(3):11-23.
102.胥维昌,杨春河,杨威.2006.我国农药上市企业运营状况(一)[J].农药.45(1):1-3.
103.赵玉胜.2003.中国通报十大环境违法案件,6000家企业应被关停[EO/BL].http://www.chinanews.com.cn/n/2003-08-13/26/334898.html (08-13).
104.赵琼.2004.企业该怎样承担社会责任[J].轻工标准与质量.(4):41-42.
105.赵雯.1995.企业经营综合评价指标体系研究[J].当代财经:49-54.
106.重庆卫生监督所.2005.博帕尔惊魂[EO/BL].http://www.cqwsjds.com/service/case/2005/0529/392.shtml (5-29).
107.钟陆文.2003.论企业可持续发展的理论内涵[J].佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版).21(1):65-68.
108.闻新国.2005.企业社会责任应有新内涵.[EO/BL].http://www.zgjjzk.cn/more.asp?(08-07).
109.项东(校).2002.公司的社会责任:也是一种特殊的营销工具——拜耳的可持续发展管理战略的实施,为公司提供了创建价值和成功之路的方法[J].国际市场.(6):30-32.
110.唐俊,袁定波,鲁维维.2005.2005中国十大影响性诉讼评选揭晓[N].法制日报.(01-08).
111.夏赞才.2003.利益相关者理论及旅行社利益相关者基本图谱[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报.32(3):72-77.
112.席建国.2005.论中国企业的社会责任[J].上海企业.(11):29-30.
113.徐泽水.2002.关于层次分析中几种标度的模拟评估[J].系统工程理论与实践.(7):58-62.
114 徐学荣,王小婷,陈斌2006.和谐社会评价指标体系和评价方法研究.福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版).(6):26-30
115.敖聪聪.2006.2005年世界农药工业[J].中国农药.(4):58-59
116.班健.2004.先进企业参与制订环境标准[N].国家环保总局广纳贤才规范行业发展中国环境报.(01-14).
117.袁克昌.1996.生存的威胁——污染[M].苏州:江苏科学技术出版社.
118.贾生华,陈宏辉.2002.利益相关者的界定方法述评[J].外国经济与管理.24(5):13-18.
119.贾生华,陈宏辉.2004.企业利益相关者三维分类的实证分析[J].经济研究.(4):80-90.
120.贾晓蕾,牟建海.2001.我国农药的发展现状及加入WTO后的发展建议[J].新农药.(3):9-13.
121.郭志刚.2001.社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
122.郭培章,孙广寅,马晓明.2002.中国工业可持续发展研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社.
123.陶天福,青松.2004.美国质量界关注“企业社会责任”[J].上海质量.(5):43-46.
124.顾列铭.2004.大型企业排污,公益心何在[J].生态经济.(4):56-59.
125.顾晓军,谢联辉.2003.21世纪我国农药发展的若干思考.世界科技研究与发展[J].(2):17-24.
126.高文.2005.中国消费者协会调查表明:五大问题困扰农药市场[N].农民日报.(03-04).
127.商业周刊记者.2004.全球化与企业社会责任—访中国人民大学常凯教授[J].商业周刊(中文版),(5):6-7.
128.盛广为,沈嘉样.2004.基因工程与现代农药[J].农业与技术.24(1):22-24.
129.阎文圣,肖焰恒.2002.中国农业技术应用的宏观取向与农户技术采用行为诱导[J].中国人口·资源与环境.(3):
130.黄勇,黄蕾,何勇.2006.江苏公布知识产权十大侵权案例.江南时报[EO/BL|.http://news.xinhuanet.com/it/2006-04/25/content_4470836.htm (04-25).
131.彭俐俐.2001.20世纪环境警示录.华夏出版社[EO/BL].http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/20011224/633744.html (12-24)
132.编辑部.2005.2005年中国“责任关怀促进大会在北京召开”[J].现代职业安全,(7):15.
133.蒋建科.2005.我国组建大型农药企业[N].人民日报.(03-08).
134.韩军.2004.论企业利益相关者激励机制的构建[J].山东纺织经济.(2):18-21.
135.福建省环境保护局.2003.环境保护实用政策汇编[M].内部资料.
136.福建省环境保护局.2005.环境保护实用法律发规新编[M].内部资料.
137.鲍晓倩,李亮.2006.中国公司责任评价办法(草案)发布并向社会征意见.经济日报[EO/BL].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/17/content_202178.
138.鲍晓倩,李亮.2005.中国纺织工业协会CSC9000T中国纺织企业社会责任管理体系总则及细则(2000年版)[EO/BL].http://www.iso-gd.com.cn/goshijianjie/BSKX/0815.pdf.
139.翟青.2006.从梅奥到企业社会责任运动[J].经济论坛.(12):79-80.
140.蔡一碟,刘文雪,梁霭宁.2004.财富百强社会责任不及格.公益时报[EO/BL].http://www.sina.com(07-08).
141.谭深,刘开明.2003.跨国公司的社会责任与中国社会[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
142.魏少征主编.1997.农药安全卫生技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社.
143.巴里·菲尔德,玛莎·菲尔德著(厚毅军和陈艳莹译).2006.环境经济学(第三版)[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社:326.
144.韦兰·J·小海斯著(冯致英等译).1982.农药毒理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社.
145.世界环境与发展委员会(WCED)(王之佳等译).1997.我们共同的未来[M].长春:吉林人民出版社:52.
146.史蒂文·F·沃克,杰弗里·M·马尔(赵宝华和刘彦译).2005.利益相关者权力[M].北京:经济管理出版社:246.
147.乔纳森·怀特著(彭一勃等译).2004.拯救亚当·斯密IM].北京:机械工业出版社.
148.乔治·恩得勒著(高国西等译).2002.面向行动的经济伦理学[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社.
149.亚当·斯密著(蒋自强等译).2003.道德情操论[M].北京:商务印书馆.
150.亚当·斯密著(郭大力和王亚南译).1972.国富论[M].商务印书馆,:25.
151.全球报告倡议组织(GRI).2002.可持续发展报告指南[R].
152.约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨著(黄险峰和张帆译).2000.经济学(第三版)[M].人民大学出版社:472.
153.坎贝尔·麦克康耐尔,斯坦利·布鲁伊著(陈晓等译).2000.经济学原理·问题和政策(第14版)[M].北京大学出版社:809,810.
154.阿马蒂亚·森著(王宇和王文玉译)2000.伦理学与经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆:32.
155.阿奇B·卡罗尔,安K·E克霍尔茨著(黄煜平等译).2004.企业与社会伦理与利益相关者管理[M].北京:机械工业出版社.
156.保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺德豪斯著(萧琛等译).1999.经济学[M].北京:华夏出版社.
157.柏亚罗编译.2006.2005年世界农药市场下滑[J].农化新世纪.(5):34.
158.倪长春编译.2001.农药使用危险性评价及指标的开发[J].世界农药.(5):38-44.
159.植杉威一郎.2004.企业的社会责任和社会责任投资[J].经济管理文摘.(17):24-25.
160.蕾切尔·卡逊著(吕瑞兰和李长生译).1997.寂静的春天[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社.
161.Glenda Thisdell.2003.化工公司应注意企业社会责任[J].化工文摘.(8):9—10.
162.Hugo Lever.1999.责任关怀在行动[J].UNEP产业与环境.21(1-2):49-53.
163.R·M·霍德盖茨著(中国人民大学译).1985.美国企业经营管理概论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
164.Reg Green.1999.从国际工会观点来看的化学工业责任关怀计划[J].UNEP产业与环境.21(1-2):54-56.
165. Acutt, N. J & Veronica, M. R & O'Riorda, T. 2004. "Perspectives on corporate social responsibility in the chemical sector: A comparative analysis of the Mexican and South African eases." Natural Resources Forum, (28): 302-316.
166. Anderson, L 1999. "History of CAIA and Responsible Care in South Africa and current initiatives." International Archives of Occupational and EnvironmentaI Health, 72 (Suppl 3): M5±M7.
167. BASF. 2002. Environment, Health & Safety 2002. http://berichte.basf.de/en/pdfdownload.htm?p3=2002&p4=umweltbericht&id=V00-F8apA7haebir-lz.
168. BASF. 2002. Social Responsibility. http://berichte.basf.de/en/2002/sozialbericht/?id=V00-0o2NY7habbir4~*n.
169. BASF. 2003. Shaping the Future Corporate Report 2003. http://www.berichte.basf.de/en/2003/unternehmensbericht/?id=V00-2GtO_7haYbir2WB.
170. BASF. 2004. Shaping the Future Corporate Report 2004. http://www.berichte.basf.de/en/2004/unternehmensbericht/?id=V00-2GtO_7haYbir2WB.
171. BASF. 2005. Shaping the Future Corporate Report 2005. http://www.berichte.basf.de/en/2005/unternehmensbericht/?id=V00-2GtO_7haYbir2WB.
172. Bayer. 2004. Annual Report 2004. http://www.sd.bayer.com/.
173. Belanger, J. M. 2005. "Responsible Care in Canada: The Evolution of an Ethic and a Commitment." Chemistry International, 27.
174. Blair M. M. 1995. "Ownership and control: rethinking corporate governance for the twenty-first century". The Brookings Institution, Washington.
175. Brown, S. C. 2003. "Get out of the Wagon and Go Where: Corporate Social Responsibility as A Key Determinant in Corporations' Decision to Participate in Welfare -to-Work Initiatives." The University of Texas at Arlington.
176. Carroll, A. B. 1979. "A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance". Academy of management review, 4 (4): 497-505.
177. Carroll, A. B. 1991. "The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders". Business Horizons, (7-8): 39-48.
178. Carroll, A. B. 1998. "The Four faces of Corporation Citizenship". Business and Society Review (100-101): 1-7.
179. Carter, C. R. 2000. "Ethical issues in international buyer-supplier relationships: a dyadic examination". Journal of Operations Management, (18): 191-208.
180. CCPA. 2001. Does Responsible Care Pay? http://www.ccpa.ca/ResponsibleCare/Benefits.aspx.
181. Centre for Corporation Responsibility and Sustainability. 2005. 2005 Swiss CSR Monitor: Highlights Report. The University of Zurich.
182. Charkham, J. 1992. "corporate Governance: Lessons from Abroad". European Business Journal, 4(2): 8-16.
183. Chartrand, H. F. 2006. "Case Studies on the Impact of Responsible Care." http://rclg.alert.com.mt/filebank/SUSTAINABILITY%20Stakeholder%20Survey%20Final%20Report.pdf.
184. Clark, C. E. 2000. "Differences Between Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility". Public Relations Review, 26(3): 363-380.
185. Clarkson, M. B. E. (ed.). 1994. "Proceedings of the Second Toronto Conference on Stakeholder Theory." The Centre for Corporate Social Performance and Ethics, University of Toronto.
186. Clarkson, M. B. E. 1995. "Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance". Academy of Management Review, 20(1): 92-117.
187. Dodd. E. M. 1932. "For Whom are Corporate Managers Trustees?" Harvard Law Review, 45 (7): 1145-1163.
188. Domini Standards. 2003..http://www.csr.org.cn/User/User_ChkLogin.asp.
189. Frederick, W. C. 1978. "From CSR1 to CSR2: The maturing of business-and-society thought". Pittsburgh, PA, Working Paper, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh.
190. Freeman, R.E. 1984. Strategic Management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.
191. Friedman, M. 1962. "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits." New York Times, (9): 126.
192. Fullera, T. & Tilleyb, F. 2005. "Corporate ethical futures: responsibility for the shadow on the future of today's ethical corporations." Futures, (37): 183-197.
193. Garriga, E& Mele', D. 2004. "Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territor." Journal of Business Ethics. (53): 51-71.
194. Gupta, S. 2002. "Strategic dimensions of corporate image: corporate ability and corporate social responsibility as sources of competitive advantage via differentiation." Temple University.
195. Hayek, F. A.. 1969. The corporation in a Democratic Society: In Whose Interset Ought It and Will it be Run?. H. Ansoff(ed.) Business Strategy (Middlesex: Penguin,). 225.
196. Hilsona, G. & Murck, B. 2000. "Sustainable development in the mining industry clarifying the corporate perspective." Resources Policy, (26): 227-238.
197. Hirschland, M. J. 2003. "Corporate Social Responsibility Network: Assessing the Private Governance of Public Goods." University of Colorado.
198. Hopkins, M. 1997. "Defining Ind icators to Assess Social Responsible Enterprises." Futures, 29 (7): 581-603.
199. ICCA. 2002. "On the Road to Sustainability." http://www.icca-chem.org/pdf/icca001.pdf.
200. ICCA. 2005. "Responsible Care 1985-2005." http://www.icca-chem.org/section04.html.Oetober 25.
201. ICCA. 2005. "Responsible Care Global Charter." http://www.responsiblecaretoolkit.com/pdfs/GLOBAL_CHARTER.pdf.
202. Kolk, A. 2005. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Coffee Sector: The Dynamics of MNC Responses and Code Development". European Managanent Journal, 23 (2): 228-236.
203. Mitchell, R. K. & Agle, B. R. & Wood, D. J. 1997. "Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts." Acadany of Management Review, (10): 853-886.
204. O'Connor, J. A. 2005. "Responsible Care: Doing The Right Thing." http://www.cepa.ca/files/Library/Documents/RC/Doing_the_Right_Thing_history_of_RC.doc (11-15).
205. Orlitzky, M. & Schmidt, F. L. & Rynes. S. L. 2003. "Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-analysis." Organization Studies, 24(3): 403-441.
206. Preston, L. E. & Post, J. E. 1975. Private Management and Public Policy: The Principle of Public Responsibility. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
207. Purvis, M. & Bauler, J. 2004. "Irresponsible Care: The Failure of the Chemical Industry to Protect the Public from Chemical Accidents." U.S. Public Interest Research Group Education Fund. http://uspirg.org/reports/IrresponsibleCare2004.pdf. April.
208. Riggs, P. & Waples, M. 2002. "Accountability in the Pesticide Industry." A forum at the Pocantico Conference Center of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund., June 25-28.
209. Riggs, P. & Waples, M. 2003. "Acco untability in the Pesticide Industry." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, (9): 74-77.
210. Rosenthal, E. 2003. "A Human Rights Perspective on the Pesticide Poisoning Deaths of Children in the Peruvian Andes." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, (9): 53-58.
211. Sissell, K. 2004. "20 Years After Bhopal; Charting Progress of Plant Safety." Chemical Week, December, (15): 19.
212. Sumitomo Chemical. 2004. Corporation social responsibility report. http://search.sumitomo-chem.co.jp/cgi-bin/infobee/bin/result.cgi.
213. Sumitomo Chemical. 2005. Corporation social responsibility report. http://search.sumitomo-chem.co.jp/cgi-bin/infobee/bin/result.cgi.
214. Sustainability. 2004. External Stakeholder Survey: Final Report for the Global Strategic Review of Responsible Care. http://rclg.alert.com.mt/filebank/SUSTAINABILITY%20Stakeholder%20Survey%20Fina1%20Report.pdf.
215. Syngenta. 2001. Annual Report. http://www.syngenta.com/en/downloads/.
216. Syngenta. 2003. Annual Report. http://www.syngenta.com/en/downloads/.
217. Syngenta. 2003. Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2003. http://www.syngenta.com/en/downloads/.
218. Syngenta. 2004. Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2004. http://www.syngenta.com/en/social_responsibility/index.aspx 2005-04-15.
219. Syngenta. 2005. Annual Report. http://www.syngenta.com/en/downloads/Syngenta_AR2005_en.pdf.
220. Syngenta. 2005. Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2005. http://www.syngenta.com/en/downloads/Syngenta_CSR2005_en.pdf.
221. The Dow Chemical Company. 2004. 2004 Global Reporting Ini tiative Report. http://www.dow.com/commitments/pdf/771-00141.pdf.
222. The Dow Chemical Company. 2005.2005 Global Reporting Initiative Report. http://www.dow.com/commitments/pdf/771-00142.pdf.
223. Two decades of Responsible Care: Credible response or comfort blanket? 2005. The ENDS Report, Issue 360, January http://www.endsreport.com.
224. Wartick, S. L. & Phillip, L. C. 1985. "The evolution of the corporate social performanoe model." Academy of Management Review, (10): 758-769.
225. Wheeler, D & Sillanpaa, M. 1998. "Including the Stakeholders: The Business Case." Long Range Planning, 31(2): 201-210.
226. Wheeler, D. 2000. Greening Industry: New Roles for Communitities, Markets, and Governments. Oxford University Press for World Bank, New York.
227. Wilenius, M. 2005. "Towards the age of corporate responsibility? Emerging challenges for the business world." Futures, (37): 133—150.
228. William, B & Werther, Jr. & Chandler, D. 2005. "Strategic corporate social responsibility as global brand insurance." Business Horizons, (48): 317—324.
229. Wood, A & Sissell, K. 2005. "Responsible Care: New Challenges Emerge". Chemical Week, April Wood, D. J. 1991. "Social issues in management: Theory and research in corporate social performance." Journal of Management, (17): 383-406.
230. Wood, DJ. & Jones, R. E. 1994. "Research in Corporate Social Performance: What Have We Lea med?" Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, for the Conference on Corporate Philanthropy, Case Western Reserve University, not published.
231. Zyglidopoulos, S. C. 2002. "The Social and Environmental Responsibilities of Multinational s: Evidence from the Brent Spar Case." Journal of Business Ethics, (36): 141-151.
1.http://www.chinapesticide.gov.cn/(中国农药信息网,农业部药检所)
2.http://www.ccpia.org.cn/(中国农药工业信息网,农药工业协会)
3.http://www.icca-chem.org/(国际化学联合理事会ICCA)
4.http://www.responsiblecare.org/(责任关怀网站)
5.http://www.ccpa.ca/(加拿大化学品生产协会CCPA)
6.http://www.americanchemistry.com/(美国化学理事会ACC)
7.http://www.cefic.org/(欧洲化学工业理事会CEFIC)
8.http://www.syngenta.com/en/index.aspx(先正达公司)
9.http://www.bayer.com/(拜耳公司)
10.http://www2.dupont.com/DuPont_Home/en_US/(杜邦公司)
11.http://www.corporate.basf.com/en/?id=V00-nzYak7nqebcp2T0(巴斯夫公司)
12.http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/layout/default.asp(孟山都公司)
13.http://www.fmc.com/(FMC公司)
14.http://en.sanofi-aventis.com/index.asp(安万特公司)
15.http://www.sumitomo-chem.co.jp/english/index.html(住友化工)
16.http://www.dow.com/homepage/index.html(道化学)
17.http://www.main.co.il/main2003/(MAI公司)
18.http://www.domini.com/Social-Screening/Domini-Mon/(多米尼社会投资)
19.http://www.socialinvest.org(社会投资论坛)
20.http://www.socialfunds.com/(社会基金网)
21.http://csri.blogchina.com/blog/category.22793.html(中国社会责任投资)
22.http://www.sa8000.org.cn/Index.html (企业社会责任同盟)
23.http://www.sustainability.com/index.asp(可持续)
24. http://www.wbcsd.org/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?type=p&MenuId=MQ&doOpen=1&ClickMenu=LeftMenu(世界可持续发展工商理事会)
25.http://www.cbcsd.org.cn/index.shtml (中国可持续发展工商委员会)
26.http://www.csc9000.org.cn/index_cn.asp (中国纺织工业协会社会责任建设推广委员会,简称RSCA)
27.http://science.mblogger.cn/zxbcn/(企业社会责任瞭望台)
28.http://www.cninfo.com.cn/default.htm(巨潮资讯)
29.http://www.p5w.net/(全景网)
30.http://www.sepa.gov.cn/(国家环境保护总局)