农机服务组织形成与发展问题研究
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摘要
本文以我国农机服务组织的形成与发展问题作为研究主题,在实地调查的基础上主要研究了我国农机服务组织的形成机理、成员行为、作业效率、矛盾问题及发展趋势。其中,对组织形成机理的研究主要包括基于实地调查的组织形成机理的系统分析,组织形成过程中潜在成员之间的博弈分析,潜在成员合作优度的评判方法与组织纳新的标准分析,以及组织成员应遵循的合作机制分析;对组织成员行为的研究主要包括成员的需要与动机分析,成员的认知偏差分析,成员的公平与互惠行为分析,以及成员行为的管理机制分析;对组织作业效率的研究主要包括组织作业效率的影响因素辨识,作业效率测度的方法比选,作业效率测度的指标体系研究,以及基于数据包络分析的苍山县农机服务组织作业效率的实证研究;对组织矛盾问题的研究主要包括组织中不相容问题与对立问题的辨识,以及典型不相容问题及对立问题的可拓分析;对组织发展趋势的研究主要包括组织发展的背景分析,组织发展的可持续分析,以及组织发展的思路与模式分析。通过对以上内容的研究,取得了一系列创新性成果,有利于促进我国农机服务组织的持续良性发展并使之更好地服务于“三农”。
At present, large grade agricultural machinery can not be afforded by each rural household of China because of some factors such as excessive rural population, limited cultivated land, inferior income, etc. Therefore, the contradiction of largescale operation demanded by agricultural mechanization and smallscale production brought by millions of presents needs to be solved in the process of China’s agricultural mechanization. The agricultural machinery’s trans-regional operation started from 1996 provided an effective way to solve this contradiction, which was the prelude of China’s agricultural machinery socialized service. Agricultural machinery socialized service was the important measure to promote China’s agricultural mechanization, which could not only break regional limits, advance organization degree, improve allocation efficiency of agricultural machinery, but also solve contradictions existed in China’s agricultural system, for example, the contradictions of largescale operation of agricultural mechanization and smallscale production of millions of presents, etc. Therefore, agricultural machinery socialized service had great significance in promoting rural labor transfer, minimizing income gap between city and country, etc.
As the main form of agricultural machinery socialized service and a special peasant special cooperative organizations, China’s agricultural machinery service organization developed rapidly in the past ten years, but it was not perfect still. Some problems existed in it and played negative role in its development process. For example, confused management and inferior operation efficiency affected by members’quality, imperfect operation environment and massive contradiction affected by peasant ideology, etc. In order to promote its sustainable and favorable development, the author mainly studied the formation and development issues of agricultural machinery service organization.
The main contents and conclusions of this dissertation could be summaried and shown as follows: 1.On investigation of agricultural machinery service organization’s formation and development status. At present, the formation and development environment of agricultural machinery service organization includes policy environment, social environment and market environment, etc, the policy environment is very good but the others are not perfect. The scale of agricultural machinery service organization is not large enough at present, and the completeness of rules and regulations, the scientificalness of potential members’evaluation, the popularization of operation contract, etc need to be perfected in future. Its cohesive affinity is very good but the control force of member’s behavior is opposite. The needs and motivations of each member are very different. Some members pay attention to the income gap, unfair phenomenon and reciprocal behaviors existed in agricultural machinery service organization, and take all kinds of actions accordingly. Generally speaking, the operation effect, interpersonal relationship and operation safety are rather satisfactory, but the input-output efficiency of combine harvester needs to be improved.
2.On formation mechanism of agricultural machinery service organization. After building formation mechanism model and formation mechanism system model, the author thought the agricultural machinery service organization was formed by some social relationship such as relatives, friend, countrymen, schoolfellow and colleagues, etc, and guided by members’benefit pursuit and governments’policies. In the process of formation, the game process existed between sponsors and common members. Agricultural machinery service organization could be formed while sponsors and common members both became aware of the advantage of cooperation. Considering the scientificalness of cooperative partners evaluated, the author put forward multistage extension evaluation based on similarity coefficient and carried on empirical evaluation of potential members’cooperative superiority. In addition, there were three cooperative mechanisms needed to be obeyed in the formation process of agricultural machinery service organization, i.e. rational mechanism, benefit transfer mechanism and negotiation mechanism. Their synergistic could promote the formation of agricultural machinery service organization.
3.On members’behavior of agricultural machinery service organization. As cooperation of incompletely common interests, member’s needs and motivations were very different in agricultural machinery service organization. Therefore, their behaviors were different accordingly. Members’needs mainly concluded survival need and safety need, while motivations mainly concluded benefit-pursue motivation, affiliation motive, fairness motivation and achievement motivation. Members’cognitive and behavior biases mainly concluded conceit biases, loss aversion biases, anchoring biases and conformity biases. There were a lot of fairness and reciprocity behavior existed in agricultural machinery service organization. When unfair phenomena occurred, the members lied in income inferiority would shown“Inequity Aversion”. Reciprocity behavior mainly concluded positive reciprocity and negative reciprocity. Self-interested members and reciprocal members would interacting in agricultural machinery service organization and tried to change opponents’behavior way. The altruism behavior existed in agricultural machinery service organization mainly concluded kin altruism, group altruism, and reciprocal altruism. The leaders and managers of agricultural machinery service organization could control, affect, and adjust members’behavior by role cognition, rules and regulations, and group norms. 4.On operation efficiency of agricultural machinery service organization. The operation efficiency of machinery service organization was mainly affected by four subsystems including operation environment, organization’s strength, organization’s management, and organization’s operation. The main factors influencing operation efficiency were organization’s strength, members’behavior motivation, and members’psychological cognition, etc. Where, the sensitivity of unalterable factors such as organization’s strength was maximum, while management factors was minimum. Which shown that China’s machinery service organization still lied in elementary development stage, the function of management has not been fully played. After constructing input-output indices system and calculated the frontier efficiency of agricultural machinery service organization’s operation process, the author thought most of China’s agricultural machinery service organizations lied in the phase of pure technical inefficiency and scale efficiency increasing. To adapt to the demands of China’s agriculture and agricultural mechanization, the operation scale of agricultural machinery service organizations should be extended in future.
5.On contradictory issues of agricultural machinery service organization. There were many contradictory issues existed in agricultural machinery service organization. The main incompatible issues included personnel issue, fund issue, and management issues, while the main opposite issue was how to promote the utility of machinery service organization and client synchronously. The contradictory issues mentioned above would play an important role in the development process of agricultural machinery service organization. The author constructed the extension model and defined the nuclear issue of personnel incompatible issue at first, and got the extension strategies to solve the personnel incompatible issue by using divergence analysis and extension transformation. Secondly, the author constructed the extension model of the opposite issue, and got the extension strategies to promote the utility of both sides by using implication analysis and extension transformation. The results showed that we could solve the contradictory issues existed in agricultural machinery service organization by extension analysis and extension transformation accordingly.
6.On the development trend of agricultural machinery service organization. The prerequisite of agricultural machinery service organization’formation and development was the regional imbalance of agriculture mechanization level and the holistic scarcity of agricultural machinery resources. At present, China’s agricultural machinery resources has been structural saturation in wheat, and the trans-regional operation market of wheat would shrink progressively. The author thought the development of China’s agricultural machinery service organization was sustainable, but the main operational orientation must extend to rice, maize and other main crops as soon as possible, and the main operational fields should extend to mechanized farming, mechanized transplanted and mechanized sowing, etc. The mechanized transplanted of rice and mechanized harvest of maize could provide widely development space for China’s agricultural machinery service organization in future. In addition, the author thought that the main development models of China’s agricultural machinery service organization would shown as larger scale, diversified service content, diversified investment subject and higher members quality in future.
At present, large grade agricultural machinery can not be afforded by each rural household of China because of some factors such as excessive rural population, limited cultivated land, inferior income, etc. Therefore, the contradiction of largescale operation demanded by agricultural mechanization and smallscale production brought by millions of presents needs to be solved in the process of China’s agricultural mechanization. The agricultural machinery’s trans-regional operation started from 1996 provided an effective way to solve this contradiction, which was the prelude of China’s agricultural machinery socialized service. Agricultural machinery socialized service was the important measure to promote China’s agricultural mechanization, which could not only break regional limits, advance organization degree, improve allocation efficiency of agricultural machinery, but also solve contradictions existed in China’s agricultural system, for example, the contradictions of largescale operation of agricultural mechanization and smallscale production of millions of presents, etc. Therefore, agricultural machinery socialized service had great significance in promoting rural labor transfer, minimizing income gap between city and country, etc.
As the main form of agricultural machinery socialized service and a special peasant special cooperative organizations, China’s agricultural machinery service organization developed rapidly in the past ten years, but it was not perfect still. Some problems existed in it and played negative role in its development process. For example, confused management and inferior operation efficiency affected by members’quality, imperfect operation environment and massive contradiction affected by peasant ideology, etc. In order to promote its sustainable and favorable development, the author mainly studied the formation and development issues of agricultural machinery service organization.
The main contents and conclusions of this dissertation could be summaried and shown as follows: 1.On investigation of agricultural machinery service organization’s formation and development status. At present, the formation and development environment of agricultural machinery service organization includes policy environment, social environment and market environment, etc, the policy environment is very good but the others are not perfect. The scale of agricultural machinery service organization is not large enough at present, and the completeness of rules and regulations, the scientificalness of potential members’evaluation, the popularization of operation contract, etc need to be perfected in future. Its cohesive affinity is very good but the control force of member’s behavior is opposite. The needs and motivations of each member are very different. Some members pay attention to the income gap, unfair phenomenon and reciprocal behaviors existed in agricultural machinery service organization, and take all kinds of actions accordingly. Generally speaking, the operation effect, interpersonal relationship and operation safety are rather satisfactory, but the input-output efficiency of combine harvester needs to be improved.
2.On formation mechanism of agricultural machinery service organization. After building formation mechanism model and formation mechanism system model, the author thought the agricultural machinery service organization was formed by some social relationship such as relatives, friend, countrymen, schoolfellow and colleagues, etc, and guided by members’benefit pursuit and governments’policies. In the process of formation, the game process existed between sponsors and common members. Agricultural machinery service organization could be formed while sponsors and common members both became aware of the advantage of cooperation. Considering the scientificalness of cooperative partners evaluated, the author put forward multistage extension evaluation based on similarity coefficient and carried on empirical evaluation of potential members’cooperative superiority. In addition, there were three cooperative mechanisms needed to be obeyed in the formation process of agricultural machinery service organization, i.e. rational mechanism, benefit transfer mechanism and negotiation mechanism. Their synergistic could promote the formation of agricultural machinery service organization.
3.On members’behavior of agricultural machinery service organization. As cooperation of incompletely common interests, member’s needs and motivations were very different in agricultural machinery service organization. Therefore, their behaviors were different accordingly. Members’needs mainly concluded survival need and safety need, while motivations mainly concluded benefit-pursue motivation, affiliation motive, fairness motivation and achievement motivation. Members’cognitive and behavior biases mainly concluded conceit biases, loss aversion biases, anchoring biases and conformity biases. There were a lot of fairness and reciprocity behavior existed in agricultural machinery service organization. When unfair phenomena occurred, the members lied in income inferiority would shown“Inequity Aversion”. Reciprocity behavior mainly concluded positive reciprocity and negative reciprocity. Self-interested members and reciprocal members would interacting in agricultural machinery service organization and tried to change opponents’behavior way. The altruism behavior existed in agricultural machinery service organization mainly concluded kin altruism, group altruism, and reciprocal altruism. The leaders and managers of agricultural machinery service organization could control, affect, and adjust members’behavior by role cognition, rules and regulations, and group norms. 4.On operation efficiency of agricultural machinery service organization. The operation efficiency of machinery service organization was mainly affected by four subsystems including operation environment, organization’s strength, organization’s management, and organization’s operation. The main factors influencing operation efficiency were organization’s strength, members’behavior motivation, and members’psychological cognition, etc. Where, the sensitivity of unalterable factors such as organization’s strength was maximum, while management factors was minimum. Which shown that China’s machinery service organization still lied in elementary development stage, the function of management has not been fully played. After constructing input-output indices system and calculated the frontier efficiency of agricultural machinery service organization’s operation process, the author thought most of China’s agricultural machinery service organizations lied in the phase of pure technical inefficiency and scale efficiency increasing. To adapt to the demands of China’s agriculture and agricultural mechanization, the operation scale of agricultural machinery service organizations should be extended in future.
5.On contradictory issues of agricultural machinery service organization. There were many contradictory issues existed in agricultural machinery service organization. The main incompatible issues included personnel issue, fund issue, and management issues, while the main opposite issue was how to promote the utility of machinery service organization and client synchronously. The contradictory issues mentioned above would play an important role in the development process of agricultural machinery service organization. The author constructed the extension model and defined the nuclear issue of personnel incompatible issue at first, and got the extension strategies to solve the personnel incompatible issue by using divergence analysis and extension transformation. Secondly, the author constructed the extension model of the opposite issue, and got the extension strategies to promote the utility of both sides by using implication analysis and extension transformation. The results showed that we could solve the contradictory issues existed in agricultural machinery service organization by extension analysis and extension transformation accordingly.
6.On the development trend of agricultural machinery service organization. The prerequisite of agricultural machinery service organization’formation and development was the regional imbalance of agriculture mechanization level and the holistic scarcity of agricultural machinery resources. At present, China’s agricultural machinery resources has been structural saturation in wheat, and the trans-regional operation market of wheat would shrink progressively. The author thought the development of China’s agricultural machinery service organization was sustainable, but the main operational orientation must extend to rice, maize and other main crops as soon as possible, and the main operational fields should extend to mechanized farming, mechanized transplanted and mechanized sowing, etc. The mechanized transplanted of rice and mechanized harvest of maize could provide widely development space for China’s agricultural machinery service organization in future. In addition, the author thought that the main development models of China’s agricultural machinery service organization would shown as larger scale, diversified service content, diversified investment subject and higher members quality in future.
引文
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