供应链环境下的猪肉质量链管理研究
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摘要
中国是全球最大的猪肉生产和消费大国，但猪肉质量安全问题时有发生，其根源在于养猪场（户）、屠宰加工企业和超市等猪肉供应链主体的质量安全行为不规范且质量信息不共享，导致质量链断裂。本文在大量查阅分析国内外相关文献、走访有关专家和实地调研的基础上，以优质猪肉供应链管理课题组的现有研究成果为平台，以猪肉质量安全和质量控制为切入点，以供应链环境下猪肉质量链关键链节点的选择和耦合机制剖析为主线，以供应链管理、质量链管理和系统控制等理论为指导，综合运用系统分析、对比分析、模型分析和因果分析等方法，围绕猪肉质量链管理研究问题，从相关理论概述、研究对象系统全面认识、猪肉质量链基本构架构建、猪肉质量链关键链节点选择、关键链节点耦合机制剖析、质量链管理策略分析六个方面，对供应链环境下的猪肉质量链管理问题进行了较深入系统的研究。以期为克服猪肉供应链主体内部的“质量孤岛”，形成一条从投入品供应到生猪饲养、屠宰加工，再到储运销售的畅通、有效、稳定且受控的猪肉质量链，进而为提高中国猪肉质量水平，增进消费者满意度、提升猪肉供应链的竞争力，进而增加猪肉供应链成员的个体利益提供理论借鉴和现实指导。
正确认识和把握供应链管理与质量链管理相关理论知识是问题研究的重要前提。本文分析了优质猪肉供应链的结构与特征，阐释了猪肉质量链的概念及其特征，认为猪肉质量链是养猪场（户）、屠宰加工企业和超市共同参与实现的猪肉质量过程集成体，具有组织复杂性、质量顺延性、链节点协同性和过程动态性的特点。在分析供应链管理内容和质量链管理内容的基础上，指出猪肉质量链管理的核心和关键是基于猪肉质量链的各层次关键链节点的判断与选择。重点分析了供应链环境下猪肉质量的形成机制，认为供应链环境下猪肉质量的形成主要受投入品采购环节、生猪饲养管理环节、生猪屠宰加工环节、猪肉储运销售环节和环境卫生维护五个环节因素的影响。
系统剖析供应链环境下猪肉质量链的结构与功能是本文研究的重要基础。本文着重分析了供应链环境下猪肉质量链的各级主要链节点并阐明了其间关系，并从内涵、特征、结构和功能四个方面勾勒出供应链环境下猪肉质量链的全貌。研究表明：供应链环境下的猪肉质量链，包含投入品采购、生猪饲养管理、生猪屠宰加工、猪肉储运销售和环境卫生维护5个Ⅰ级链节点，每个Ⅰ级链节点又包含若干子链节点。Ⅰ级链节点之间存在连贯、因果和交叉关系，诸子链节点之间存在连贯、并列、互补和交叉关系，Ⅰ级链节点及其子链节点之间是包含与被包含的关系。在分析猪肉质量链链节点构成的基础上，总结出猪肉质量链具有形成与实现猪肉质量体系、减少和弱化猪肉质量波动、防范与控制猪肉质量损失以及培育和维护猪肉质量信誉等功能。
选择各级关键链节点是供应链环境下进行猪肉质量链管理研究的关键之一。本文以质量链关键链节点的条件为依据，以各受访生产经营主体对猪肉质量链各级链节点重要程度的认知水平为基础，利用TOPSIS模型计算得到其排序结果，并且结合这些主体的现实做法，对猪肉质量链各级链节点的重要程度进行了分析。研究表明：供应链环境下猪肉质量链共有投入品采购、生猪饲养管理、生猪屠宰加工和环境卫生维护4个Ⅰ级关键链节点，种/仔猪采购和疫病防治（含生物安全控制和废弃物无害化处理）等15个Ⅱ级关键链节点，种/仔猪选择等26个Ⅲ级关键链节点。它们既独立作用，又在不同层面上相互关联、协调耦合，共同影响生猪和猪肉的质量安全水平。
剖析供应链环境下猪肉质量链关键链节点耦合机制是本文研究的核心。本文认为猪肉质量链关键链节点耦合具有关联性、网络性、整体性、多样性、协调性和动态性，着重根据其网络性的特征，利用因果分析法和图析分析法，分别从Ⅰ级关键链节点内部的横向耦合机制和Ⅰ级关键链节点间的纵向耦合机制剖析了关键链节点耦合机制。依据系统原理、耗散结构理论和协同论的相关理论，对供应链环境下猪肉质量链链节点及整体耦合机制进行了剖析。研究表明：供应链环境下猪肉质量链链节点整体耦合，实质上是一个由低级有序结构逐步向高级有序结构转变的逐步有序演进过程。
基于熵变模型的供应链环境下猪肉质量链管理策略分析是本文研究的落脚点。本文在对供应链环境下猪肉质量链管理的内涵和运作机理进行分析的基础上，提出增加负熵流和减少正熵流是促进猪肉质量链畅通、稳健运行的两个根本路径。从增强养猪场（户）、屠宰加工企业和超市在猪肉质量链关键链节点上的质量意识和行为能力，促进猪肉质量链关键链节点及整体协调耦合的角度，运用耗散结构理论与方法，重点分析并提出了加快实现供应链环境下猪肉质量链耦合的管理策略。
China is the largest producer and consumer of the world, but pork quality safety issuesoften happen, whose root lies in the disruption of quality chain resulting from substandardquality safety behaviors of entities involved in pork supply chain, like pig farms and farmers,slaughtering and processing companies and supermarkets, as well as their lack of informationsharing. An in-depth and systematic study on pork quality chain management in a supplychain is made by comprehensively using methods like system analysis, contrastive analysis,model analysis and causal analysis, based on literature review, expert interview and fieldsurvey, employing previous studies of high quality pork supply chain management researchteam as a platform, taking pork quality safety and quality control as a focus, centered aroundselection of key chain nodes in pork quality chain in a supply chain and coupling mechanismanalysis, guided by theories like supply chain management, quality chain management,system control. There are mainly six parts included, i.e. introduction of related theories,systematic understanding of the subject, basic framework construction of pork quality chain,selection of key chain nodes in pork quality chain, coupling mechanism analysis of key chainnodes, and tactics analysis of quality chain management.It is expected that quality island issueof entities involved in pork supply chain is to be tackled, and a smooth, effective, stable andcontrolable pork quality chain from inputs supply, hog breeding, slaughtering and processingand marketing is be formed, with a purpose to improve China’s pork quality, consumersatisfaction, competitiveness of pork supply chain, as well as offer theoretic reference andpractical guidance for improving individual interest of entities in pork supply chain.
It is an important prerequisite for the study to understand and grasp theories on supplychain management and quality chain management. Firstly, structure and charateristics of highquality pork supply chain are analyzed, and concept and charateristics of pork quality chainare explained. Pork quality chain is a collective process that involves pig farms and farmers,slaughtering and processing companies and supermarkets, and it has charateristics likeorganizaiton complexity, quality extension, chain nodes synergy and process dynamics.Secondly, it is pointed out that the key and focus of pork quality chain management lies in thejudgement and selection of key chain nodes in different tiers of pork quality chain, based oncontent analysis of supply chain management and quality chain management. Formationmechanism of pork quality in a supply chain is analyzed in detail, and it is concluded thatformation of pork quality is mainly influenced by five factors, i.e. inputs purchase, hog breeding management, hog slaughtering and processing, pork distribution and marketing,environmental sanitation maintenance.
Systematic analysis of the structure and function of pork quality chain in a supply chainis the basis of this paper. Main chain nodes in different tiers of pork quality chain in a supplychain is analyzed in detail, and their relationships as well. Whole picture of pork quality chainin a supply chain is presented from4aspects, i.e. connotation, charateristics, structure andfunction. It shows that5Ⅰtier chain nodes, i.e. input purchase, hog breeding management,hog slaughtering and processing, pork distribution and marketing, and environmentalsanitation maintenance, are included in pork quality chain in a supply chain; sub chain nodesare included in each Ⅰtier chain node. Coherent, causal and cross relationships exist betweenⅠtier chain nodes, and coherent, parallel, complementary, and cross relationships existbetween sub chain nodes. Based on the analysis of the construction of pork quality chainnodes in a supply chain, it is concluded that pork quality chain possess functions likeformation and realization of pork quality system, reduction and attenuation of pork qualityfluctuation, prevention and control of pork quality loss, and cultivation and maintenance ofpork quality reputation.
One of the keys of this study is to choose key chain nodes in different tiers. Based onconditions of key chain node in quality chain, importance recognition of key chain nodes indifferent tiers of parties surveyed and their practices, as well as ranking result of TOPSISmodel, importance of chain nodes in different tiers in pork supply chain is analyzed. It showsthat key chain nodes in pork quality chain include4Ⅰtier chain nodes, i.e. input purchase,hog breeding management, hog slaughtering and processing, and environmental sanitationmaintenance;15Ⅱ tier chain nodes like boar/piglet purchase and disease prevention andtreatment (including bio-safety control and harmless disposal of waste);26Ⅲ tier key chainnodes like boar/piglet selection. They function indenpendently as well as interactively, andcollectively influence quality safety condition of live pig and pork.
The core of this paper is to analyze the coupling mechanism of key chain nodes in porkquality chain in a supply chain. It is concluded that key chain nodes coupling of pork qualitychain in a supply chain has characteristics of interconnectivity, network, integrity, variety,harmony and dynamics. Based on its network charateristics, causal analysis and graphanalysis are employed to analyze key chain nodes coupling mechanism from perspectives ofhorizontal coupling mechanism inside Ⅰtier chain nodes and vertical coupling mechanismbetween Ⅰ tier chain nodes. Based on system theory, dissipation structure theory, and coordination theory, key chain nodes and whole coupling mechanism of pork quality chain ina supply chain are analyzed. It shows that the entire coupling of chain nodes in pork qualitychain in a supply chain is in essense a gradual evolution process from elementary organizedstructure to advanced organized structure.
The purpose of this study is tactics analysis of pork quality chain management in asupply chain based on entropy model. On the basis of analysis of connotation and operationmechanism of pork quality chain in a supply chain, two fundamental paths to improve thesmooth and stable operation of pork quality chain are to increase negative entropy flow anddecrease positive entropy flow. Managment tactics that help to expedite coupling of porkquality chain in a supply chain are analyzed in detail by using the theories and methods ofdissipation structure, with a purpose to improve the quality awareness and behaviorcapabilities of pig fams and farmers, slaughtering and processing companies in key chainnodes, and supermarkets, as well as promote the coupling of chain nodes and entire porkquality chain.
正确认识和把握供应链管理与质量链管理相关理论知识是问题研究的重要前提。本文分析了优质猪肉供应链的结构与特征，阐释了猪肉质量链的概念及其特征，认为猪肉质量链是养猪场（户）、屠宰加工企业和超市共同参与实现的猪肉质量过程集成体，具有组织复杂性、质量顺延性、链节点协同性和过程动态性的特点。在分析供应链管理内容和质量链管理内容的基础上，指出猪肉质量链管理的核心和关键是基于猪肉质量链的各层次关键链节点的判断与选择。重点分析了供应链环境下猪肉质量的形成机制，认为供应链环境下猪肉质量的形成主要受投入品采购环节、生猪饲养管理环节、生猪屠宰加工环节、猪肉储运销售环节和环境卫生维护五个环节因素的影响。
系统剖析供应链环境下猪肉质量链的结构与功能是本文研究的重要基础。本文着重分析了供应链环境下猪肉质量链的各级主要链节点并阐明了其间关系，并从内涵、特征、结构和功能四个方面勾勒出供应链环境下猪肉质量链的全貌。研究表明：供应链环境下的猪肉质量链，包含投入品采购、生猪饲养管理、生猪屠宰加工、猪肉储运销售和环境卫生维护5个Ⅰ级链节点，每个Ⅰ级链节点又包含若干子链节点。Ⅰ级链节点之间存在连贯、因果和交叉关系，诸子链节点之间存在连贯、并列、互补和交叉关系，Ⅰ级链节点及其子链节点之间是包含与被包含的关系。在分析猪肉质量链链节点构成的基础上，总结出猪肉质量链具有形成与实现猪肉质量体系、减少和弱化猪肉质量波动、防范与控制猪肉质量损失以及培育和维护猪肉质量信誉等功能。
选择各级关键链节点是供应链环境下进行猪肉质量链管理研究的关键之一。本文以质量链关键链节点的条件为依据，以各受访生产经营主体对猪肉质量链各级链节点重要程度的认知水平为基础，利用TOPSIS模型计算得到其排序结果，并且结合这些主体的现实做法，对猪肉质量链各级链节点的重要程度进行了分析。研究表明：供应链环境下猪肉质量链共有投入品采购、生猪饲养管理、生猪屠宰加工和环境卫生维护4个Ⅰ级关键链节点，种/仔猪采购和疫病防治（含生物安全控制和废弃物无害化处理）等15个Ⅱ级关键链节点，种/仔猪选择等26个Ⅲ级关键链节点。它们既独立作用，又在不同层面上相互关联、协调耦合，共同影响生猪和猪肉的质量安全水平。
剖析供应链环境下猪肉质量链关键链节点耦合机制是本文研究的核心。本文认为猪肉质量链关键链节点耦合具有关联性、网络性、整体性、多样性、协调性和动态性，着重根据其网络性的特征，利用因果分析法和图析分析法，分别从Ⅰ级关键链节点内部的横向耦合机制和Ⅰ级关键链节点间的纵向耦合机制剖析了关键链节点耦合机制。依据系统原理、耗散结构理论和协同论的相关理论，对供应链环境下猪肉质量链链节点及整体耦合机制进行了剖析。研究表明：供应链环境下猪肉质量链链节点整体耦合，实质上是一个由低级有序结构逐步向高级有序结构转变的逐步有序演进过程。
基于熵变模型的供应链环境下猪肉质量链管理策略分析是本文研究的落脚点。本文在对供应链环境下猪肉质量链管理的内涵和运作机理进行分析的基础上，提出增加负熵流和减少正熵流是促进猪肉质量链畅通、稳健运行的两个根本路径。从增强养猪场（户）、屠宰加工企业和超市在猪肉质量链关键链节点上的质量意识和行为能力，促进猪肉质量链关键链节点及整体协调耦合的角度，运用耗散结构理论与方法，重点分析并提出了加快实现供应链环境下猪肉质量链耦合的管理策略。
China is the largest producer and consumer of the world, but pork quality safety issuesoften happen, whose root lies in the disruption of quality chain resulting from substandardquality safety behaviors of entities involved in pork supply chain, like pig farms and farmers,slaughtering and processing companies and supermarkets, as well as their lack of informationsharing. An in-depth and systematic study on pork quality chain management in a supplychain is made by comprehensively using methods like system analysis, contrastive analysis,model analysis and causal analysis, based on literature review, expert interview and fieldsurvey, employing previous studies of high quality pork supply chain management researchteam as a platform, taking pork quality safety and quality control as a focus, centered aroundselection of key chain nodes in pork quality chain in a supply chain and coupling mechanismanalysis, guided by theories like supply chain management, quality chain management,system control. There are mainly six parts included, i.e. introduction of related theories,systematic understanding of the subject, basic framework construction of pork quality chain,selection of key chain nodes in pork quality chain, coupling mechanism analysis of key chainnodes, and tactics analysis of quality chain management.It is expected that quality island issueof entities involved in pork supply chain is to be tackled, and a smooth, effective, stable andcontrolable pork quality chain from inputs supply, hog breeding, slaughtering and processingand marketing is be formed, with a purpose to improve China’s pork quality, consumersatisfaction, competitiveness of pork supply chain, as well as offer theoretic reference andpractical guidance for improving individual interest of entities in pork supply chain.
It is an important prerequisite for the study to understand and grasp theories on supplychain management and quality chain management. Firstly, structure and charateristics of highquality pork supply chain are analyzed, and concept and charateristics of pork quality chainare explained. Pork quality chain is a collective process that involves pig farms and farmers,slaughtering and processing companies and supermarkets, and it has charateristics likeorganizaiton complexity, quality extension, chain nodes synergy and process dynamics.Secondly, it is pointed out that the key and focus of pork quality chain management lies in thejudgement and selection of key chain nodes in different tiers of pork quality chain, based oncontent analysis of supply chain management and quality chain management. Formationmechanism of pork quality in a supply chain is analyzed in detail, and it is concluded thatformation of pork quality is mainly influenced by five factors, i.e. inputs purchase, hog breeding management, hog slaughtering and processing, pork distribution and marketing,environmental sanitation maintenance.
Systematic analysis of the structure and function of pork quality chain in a supply chainis the basis of this paper. Main chain nodes in different tiers of pork quality chain in a supplychain is analyzed in detail, and their relationships as well. Whole picture of pork quality chainin a supply chain is presented from4aspects, i.e. connotation, charateristics, structure andfunction. It shows that5Ⅰtier chain nodes, i.e. input purchase, hog breeding management,hog slaughtering and processing, pork distribution and marketing, and environmentalsanitation maintenance, are included in pork quality chain in a supply chain; sub chain nodesare included in each Ⅰtier chain node. Coherent, causal and cross relationships exist betweenⅠtier chain nodes, and coherent, parallel, complementary, and cross relationships existbetween sub chain nodes. Based on the analysis of the construction of pork quality chainnodes in a supply chain, it is concluded that pork quality chain possess functions likeformation and realization of pork quality system, reduction and attenuation of pork qualityfluctuation, prevention and control of pork quality loss, and cultivation and maintenance ofpork quality reputation.
One of the keys of this study is to choose key chain nodes in different tiers. Based onconditions of key chain node in quality chain, importance recognition of key chain nodes indifferent tiers of parties surveyed and their practices, as well as ranking result of TOPSISmodel, importance of chain nodes in different tiers in pork supply chain is analyzed. It showsthat key chain nodes in pork quality chain include4Ⅰtier chain nodes, i.e. input purchase,hog breeding management, hog slaughtering and processing, and environmental sanitationmaintenance;15Ⅱ tier chain nodes like boar/piglet purchase and disease prevention andtreatment (including bio-safety control and harmless disposal of waste);26Ⅲ tier key chainnodes like boar/piglet selection. They function indenpendently as well as interactively, andcollectively influence quality safety condition of live pig and pork.
The core of this paper is to analyze the coupling mechanism of key chain nodes in porkquality chain in a supply chain. It is concluded that key chain nodes coupling of pork qualitychain in a supply chain has characteristics of interconnectivity, network, integrity, variety,harmony and dynamics. Based on its network charateristics, causal analysis and graphanalysis are employed to analyze key chain nodes coupling mechanism from perspectives ofhorizontal coupling mechanism inside Ⅰtier chain nodes and vertical coupling mechanismbetween Ⅰ tier chain nodes. Based on system theory, dissipation structure theory, and coordination theory, key chain nodes and whole coupling mechanism of pork quality chain ina supply chain are analyzed. It shows that the entire coupling of chain nodes in pork qualitychain in a supply chain is in essense a gradual evolution process from elementary organizedstructure to advanced organized structure.
The purpose of this study is tactics analysis of pork quality chain management in asupply chain based on entropy model. On the basis of analysis of connotation and operationmechanism of pork quality chain in a supply chain, two fundamental paths to improve thesmooth and stable operation of pork quality chain are to increase negative entropy flow anddecrease positive entropy flow. Managment tactics that help to expedite coupling of porkquality chain in a supply chain are analyzed in detail by using the theories and methods ofdissipation structure, with a purpose to improve the quality awareness and behaviorcapabilities of pig fams and farmers, slaughtering and processing companies in key chainnodes, and supermarkets, as well as promote the coupling of chain nodes and entire porkquality chain.
引文
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