社区交通宁静规划及其效果评价
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摘要
社区道路大量的过境交通和车辆的高速行驶严重的影响着社区居民的安全和生活环境。交通宁静是一种通过各种物理措施来减少和控制机动车交通的负面影响的技术。交通宁静设施在国外已是相当常见,并取得了一定的成效。而国内对交通宁静研究相对匮乏,真正的交通宁静“以人为本”的概念并没有深入人心,它的设计原则、目的以及实施的依据在国内并没有形成一套完整的系统理论。本文通过介绍交通宁静在国外的发展历程,系统地分析了国外交通宁静措施对交通影响。并对国内常用的几种措施的效果进行调查分析,发现交通宁静措施可以有效地降低社区内车速。
本文主要的研究内容和结论如下：
(1)分析社区实施交通宁静规划的具体流程。在城市社区微交通系统中,不同的道路具有不同的功能,要根据不同的道路层次,确定不同严厉度的交通宁静措施。对于交叉口来说,要根据连接交叉口的道路来确定不同的交通宁静措施。
(2)交通宁静措施的效果好坏取决于它所实施的位置是否合适。不同的交通宁静措施会对当地交通产生不同的影响,本文对各国已实施的交通宁静措施对机动车、社区居民、公共交通以及应急服务以及环境等的影响以及效果进行介绍。
(3)通过利用神经网络建立车速预测模型来预测和研究国内常见交通宁静措施的效果,以车速这一主要因素来评估社区内道路的安全和环境状况。由此提供一种通过道路形态和交通状况来判定该路段是否需要实施交通宁静的方法。
(4)选取长沙河西大学城区进行实例分析,对大学城内道路网的特征分析以及交通调查,通过比较发现安装交通宁静措施可以有效地降低路段车速。
A lot of through traffic and speeding vehicles in community road seriously affect the safety and the living environment of community residents. Traffic calming is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce and control the negative effects of motor vehicle use. Many countries have sophisticated and organized methods to carry out the measures, and have achieved some results. While our country does not have well defined and systematic study process to facilitate traffic calming measures, and the "people first" concept of traffic calming is not popular. The development and impacts of traffic calming in foreign countries is described. Then the effects of some measures which used in community is investigated, the result suggested that traffic calming measures can reduce the speed of the vehicles within the community effectively.
The content of the thesis are completed as follows:
(1) The process of traffic calming planning is investigated. In urban communities, the different roads have different functions. Which traffic calming measure should be used depends on the road hierarchy. For the intersections, the connection roads determine the traffic calming measures.
(2) The benefits which can be gained from traffic calming depend on the choice of appropriate traffic calming measures and its implementation. Traffic calming device should be chosen based on the type of the problem of the street. There is deep analysis, which is about the impacts of the most popular traffic calming measures to vehicles, community residents, public transport, emergency services, environment.
(3) In order to investigating and evaluating the effects of common traffic calming measures, the speed forecasting model which is based on neural network is established. Then takes vehicle speed as the main factor to evaluate the safety and environmental conditions of community. Thus provides a method which can determine the traffic calming measures based on the conditions of the road.
(4) Taking the case of university town of Changsha, the road characteristics of university town has been studied in the thesis. The results show that the application of traffic calming measures can effectively reduce vehicles speed.
本文主要的研究内容和结论如下：
(1)分析社区实施交通宁静规划的具体流程。在城市社区微交通系统中,不同的道路具有不同的功能,要根据不同的道路层次,确定不同严厉度的交通宁静措施。对于交叉口来说,要根据连接交叉口的道路来确定不同的交通宁静措施。
(2)交通宁静措施的效果好坏取决于它所实施的位置是否合适。不同的交通宁静措施会对当地交通产生不同的影响,本文对各国已实施的交通宁静措施对机动车、社区居民、公共交通以及应急服务以及环境等的影响以及效果进行介绍。
(3)通过利用神经网络建立车速预测模型来预测和研究国内常见交通宁静措施的效果,以车速这一主要因素来评估社区内道路的安全和环境状况。由此提供一种通过道路形态和交通状况来判定该路段是否需要实施交通宁静的方法。
(4)选取长沙河西大学城区进行实例分析,对大学城内道路网的特征分析以及交通调查,通过比较发现安装交通宁静措施可以有效地降低路段车速。
A lot of through traffic and speeding vehicles in community road seriously affect the safety and the living environment of community residents. Traffic calming is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce and control the negative effects of motor vehicle use. Many countries have sophisticated and organized methods to carry out the measures, and have achieved some results. While our country does not have well defined and systematic study process to facilitate traffic calming measures, and the "people first" concept of traffic calming is not popular. The development and impacts of traffic calming in foreign countries is described. Then the effects of some measures which used in community is investigated, the result suggested that traffic calming measures can reduce the speed of the vehicles within the community effectively.
The content of the thesis are completed as follows:
(1) The process of traffic calming planning is investigated. In urban communities, the different roads have different functions. Which traffic calming measure should be used depends on the road hierarchy. For the intersections, the connection roads determine the traffic calming measures.
(2) The benefits which can be gained from traffic calming depend on the choice of appropriate traffic calming measures and its implementation. Traffic calming device should be chosen based on the type of the problem of the street. There is deep analysis, which is about the impacts of the most popular traffic calming measures to vehicles, community residents, public transport, emergency services, environment.
(3) In order to investigating and evaluating the effects of common traffic calming measures, the speed forecasting model which is based on neural network is established. Then takes vehicle speed as the main factor to evaluate the safety and environmental conditions of community. Thus provides a method which can determine the traffic calming measures based on the conditions of the road.
(4) Taking the case of university town of Changsha, the road characteristics of university town has been studied in the thesis. The results show that the application of traffic calming measures can effectively reduce vehicles speed.
引文
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[42]曾明华,李夏苗,刘大鹏.城市群交通网络特性研究[J].系统工程,2009.27(3)：10-15.
[43]WEST G B, Brown J H, Enquist B J. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology [J]. Science,1997,276(5309):122-126.
[44]王芳.现代城市社区阶层化研究[.J].现代商贸工业 2008(7)：78-79.
[45]曾明华,李夏苗.多层次多模式综合交通网络设计研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2010.10(2)：23-29.
[46]潘福全,陆键,项乔君,张国强.公路信号平面交叉口安全服务水平研究[J].东南大学学报自然科学版,2008.38(2)：298-303.
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[2]Farzana RAHMAN, Azuma TAKEMOTO, et al. Comparative study of design and planning process of traffic calming devices[J]. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,2005,5:1322-1336.
[3]Ewing, R. Traffic Calming State of the Practice. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C,1999:2-3.
[4]Katherine F, Watkins, P.E. Cambridge's traffic calming program:pedestrians are the focus. http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB00H3702.pdf.2010-07-01.
[5]程石,基于交通静化理论的城市街道宜居性研究[D],合肥：合肥工业大学硕士论文,2008：15-16.
[6]Durkin,M, Pheby,T. York, aiming to be the UK's first traffic calmed city[J]. Traffic Management and Road Safety,1997,9:73-90.
[7]Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Safety of vulnerable road users[R], Paris, France.1998.
[8]Ewing, R. Traffic Calming State of the Practice. Institute of Transportation Engineers[M], Washington, D.C,1999:10-14.
[9]E. Ben-Joseph, Changing the Residential Street Scene:Adapting the Shared Street (Woonerf) Concept to the Sub-urban Environmen[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association,1995,61:504-515.
[10]Ingrid van Schagen(ed). Traffic Calming Schemes[R].SWOV, Leidschendam, Swedish.2003.
[11]Janet V kennedy. Psychological Traffic Calming[J]. In Road Safety Congress 2005:1-15.
[12]youclaim.Does psychology hold an alternative to speed cameras? [EB/OL]. http://www.vouclaim.co.uk/car/article-psychology-and-car-accident-reduction.htm. 2010-07-07.
[13]Sarah Lyall. A Path to Road Safety With No Signposts. New York Times, January 22,2005.
[14]黄玉佩,中小城市道路交通静化技术研究[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2008：3.
[15]关宏志,韩艳.交通平静化的概念及其应用[J].城市交通系统设计学术会议 文集2004：32-39.
[16]金键.校园交通稳静化行为意向研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006.6(3)：97-99.
[17]金键.城市居住区交通稳静化行为意向研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006.4(2)：10-16.
[18]郭坤.老龄化社会的交通安全问题研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文,2006：30-34.
[19]孙有信,饯勇生,王春雷.城市支路交通安全静化设计研究[J].城市道路与防洪,2008(3)：75-78.
[20]万森.基于交通平静化的住宅小区道路交通优化研究[J].交通与运输,2008.(5)：45-48.
[21]滕尼斯.共同体与社会[M].林荣远译.北京：商务印书馆,1999年.
[22]RE帕克,等.城市社会学[M].宋峻岭,等译.北京：华夏出版社,1987年.
[23]郑杭生.社会学概论新修(第三版)[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[24]李波,苗薇薇.发达国家社区建设模式及其对我国的启示[J].山东社会科学,2009(11)：142-143.
[25]操世元.澳大利亚城市社区运作机制与主要功能[J].宁波大学学报人文科学版,2008,21(4)：38-43.
[26]VILLE S. Social Capital Formation in Australian Rural Communities:The Role of the Stock and Station Agent[J]. Journal of Interdisciplinary History,2005,36 (2): 185-208.
[27]吴文藻.人类学社会学研究文集[M].北京：民族出版社,1990.
[28]吴铎,丘士杰,李业甫等.中国大百科全书(社会学卷)[Z].北京：中国大白‘科全书出版社,1991.
[29]万森.基于交通平静化的住宅小区道路交通优化研究[J].交通与运输,2008.(5)：45-48
[30]国际现代建筑协会.雅典宪章[C].国际现代建筑协会第四次会议,希腊雅典1933.
[31]李佳.组团式城市道路网规划研究[D].成都：西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2006：15-19.
[32]李伟.步行和自行车交通规划与实践[M].北京：知识出版社,2009：2-4.
[33]程斌.轨道交通与城市交通可持续发展[J].中国铁道科学,2001,22(1)：108-112.
[34]长沙市规划局.长沙市道路交通年度报告-2007[R].长沙：2007.
[35]李伟.步行和自行车交通规划与实践[M].北京：知识出版社,2009：138-139
[36]Evan McKenzie. Emerging Trends in State Regulation of Private Communities in the U.S [J], GeoJournal 2006,66:89-102.
[37]长沙市规划局.长沙市道路交通年度报告-2007[R].长沙,2007.
[38]长沙市国土局.长沙市(1997-2010)土地利用总体规[R].长沙,2007.
[39]中华人民共和国建设部.GB 50220-95.城市道路交通规划设计规范.北京：中国标准出版社,1995.09.01.
[40]McNally, M.G. & Ryan,S.. Comparative assessment of travel characteristics for nontraditional designs. In:Transportation Research Record 1400. Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C,1993.
[41]黄玉佩.中小城市道路交通静化技术研究[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2008：13-15.
[42]曾明华,李夏苗,刘大鹏.城市群交通网络特性研究[J].系统工程,2009.27(3)：10-15.
[43]WEST G B, Brown J H, Enquist B J. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology [J]. Science,1997,276(5309):122-126.
[44]王芳.现代城市社区阶层化研究[.J].现代商贸工业 2008(7)：78-79.
[45]曾明华,李夏苗.多层次多模式综合交通网络设计研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2010.10(2)：23-29.
[46]潘福全,陆键,项乔君,张国强.公路信号平面交叉口安全服务水平研究[J].东南大学学报自然科学版,2008.38(2)：298-303.
[47]U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Data resource of U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/programs/speedmgnt.htm. Accessed July,2001.
[48]Pasanen,E. Driving speed and pedestrian safety[M]. Helsinki University of Technology, traffic laboratory, publication72.1991.
[49]Ewing R. Traffic Calming:State of the Practice[M]. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC,1999:104.
[50]Greibe, P, Nilsson, P.K. Speed Management; national practise and experiences in Denmark, the Netherlands and in the United Kingdom. [R] Danish Road Directorate, Copenhagen, Denmark.1999.
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