冷激波灭火系统的应用研究
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摘要
火灾已给人类带来了众多的人员伤亡和严重的经济损失。为了预防火灾的发生和减少损失,各式各样的消防设备和探测仪器应运而生,但是在面对高楼、森林、草原等特殊火灾时,由于受地形条件、环境因素以及设备本身缺陷等的限制,消防物资和消防人员不能及时到达火灾现场,导致了更加严重的火灾损失。灭火弹由于可以通过迫击炮、火箭等设备发射,从而不受地形、地势条件的影响,因此可以实现人工远距离控火、灭火。目前灭火弹还受造价高、稳定性差、安全性低等缺点限制,使其实际应用较少；而且面对超高层建筑火灾时,现有迫击炮、火箭等发射装置存在发射精确度低,无法满足现有消防要求；针对灭火弹的研究也主要集中在灭火弹结构优化、引信设计、灭火效果及相关主要影响因素方面,而针对灭火机理方面的研究却未见诸报道。
本文在已有灭火弹基础、FAE (fuel air explosive)技术、激波灭火技术和无人机技术上提出了一种适用于无人直升机的冷激波灭火系统。该灭火系统采用人工智能控制无人直升飞机,到达指定位置后投放或发射冷激波灭火弹,冷激波灭火弹到达火场后启动引信,起爆冷激波灭火弹,从而达到控火、灭火的目的。普通空中激波具有高温、高压特性,而冷激波灭火系统中抛洒药爆炸后首先需要通过灭火介质,由于灭火介质比热较大,因此所形成的激波温度较低,故称为冷激波灭火系统。论文针对无人直升机式冷激波灭火系统整个应用过程,研究了水基和粉基灭火介质的力学模型,测试了灭火弹内壁处的压力,研究了冷激波灭火弹壳体破碎规律,分析了灭火弹爆炸抛洒／撒后所引起的空气扰动情况,研究了冷激波灭火弹静态灭火的灭火机理及相关影响因素,对点火药的选择、壳体结构设计进行了分析。论文具体工作包括：水基／粉基灭火介质力学模型。简单介绍了水基灭火介质的力学模型,通过MTS实验测试的松散粉体在不同位移加载速度下的单轴压缩应力应变曲线和SEM图片发现：粉体介质中存在大量空隙,粉体的抗压强度随着加载应力和加载速度的增大而增大,粉体在压缩过程中需要消耗大量的能量。为了增大弹体加载率、减小爆炸能量损失,提出预压缩粉团思想。采用MTS和SHPB实验对5MPa、10MPa、15MPa预压力下的预压缩粉团进行了静态压缩破坏和动态压缩破坏实验,发现预压缩粉团的屈服强度随着预压力的增大而增大、随着应变率的提高而提高,并藉此建立松散粉体和预压缩粉团的本构模型。
冷激波灭火弹内壁压力测试。首先采用量纲法分析了冷激波内壁处的压力与弹体直径和装药量的关系,然后在不同内壁直径、不同装药量下,采用PVDF压力传感器测试松散粉体下冷激波灭火弹内壁处的压力。对比水基灭火弹发现：为了达到相同的壳体破碎效果,粉基冷激波灭火弹的抛洒药和比药量都要高于水基灭火弹；对比无限粉基介质内所测的峰值压力发现,粉基灭火介质在弹体壁面处的反射超压约为入射超压的7.8倍；通过研究所测压力波形发现,粉基冷激波灭火弹壳壁破碎是由于爆炸冲击波和爆生气体共同作用产生的。
冷激波灭火弹壳体破碎。根据已有PVC材料的动静态力学实验结果发现：发现PVC材料是粘塑性材料,在初始屈服阶段具有应变强化特性,应变值超过0.032后,材料出现弱化。基于上述结果,加上应变损伤模型并在假设的基础上建立PVC材料的Johnson-Cook本构模型。根据所测压力对PVC薄壳结构做动力响应分析,求解薄壳单元的膨胀速度和膨胀位移。最后采用实验和数值模拟的方法研究PVC壳体的破碎行为和破碎方式。发现：壳体破碎从外表面开始；预制裂纹数量决定了壳体破片形状和大小,随着预制裂纹数量的增多,壳体破碎越均匀,但较多的预裂纹会消耗更多的爆炸能量；为达到相同的壳体破碎效果,水基灭火弹所需的比药量低于粉基灭火弹,预压缩粉基灭火弹的比药量低于松散粉基灭火弹。
冷激波灭火弹的爆炸抛洒。首先通过高速摄影拍摄水基和粉基冷激波灭火弹的爆炸抛洒,观察其抛洒规律；然后采用DPM模型和两相流模型模拟液滴和粉体颗粒在空中高速运动所引起的空气扰动；最后通过高速纹影实验观察小尺寸下灭火介质爆炸抛洒的运动规律。发现：不管是水基还是粉基灭火介质,爆炸抛洒后由于曳力作用,会在空中形成较大卷吸现象,卷吸现象的产生迫使灭火介质上方火焰和大量新鲜空气进入灭火介质场中,从而加快介质灭火速度和火场温度下降速度。
冷激波灭火弹的灭火机理。首先通过纹影实验观察灭火介质爆炸抛洒后的激波现象,发现：粉基灭火介质能在观察窗中观察到激波现象,激波速度为440m/s,而水基灭火介质未观察到激波现象。随后采用激波理论分析激波波阵面前后的压力、速度、介质密度和温度的变化情况,论证了激波灭火的可行性；采用数值模拟和实验的方法分析弱激波在气液界面的运动规律及对周边环境的影响,发现：液面上方会形成马赫反射,从而降低了激波衰减速度,但是对比介质抛洒所引起的加快可燃气体的燃烧速度,激波的影响弱于介质抛洒。接着简单介绍了水基和粉基灭火介质的灭火机理,并详细的分析了激波与灭火介质的相互作用机理及灭火机理。最后定义了一个影响因子(灭火弹高度／火焰高度),分析了影响因子和比药量对灭火效果的影响,发现：当影响因子在0.118及以下时冷激波灭火弹不能扑灭油盆火；随着必要量的增大,激波强度越大,介质雾化效果越好,灭火效果越好,但是较大的激波强度会带动油面远离灭火介质作用区域,从而引起火场复燃。
冷激波灭火弹的应用研究。在实验情况下简单研究了发射式灭火弹的发射药选择及发射药量与发射速度的关系,根据能量守恒计算了自制发射管的能量利用率。对圆柱壳结构进行了设计,发现添加尼龙材料缓冲块的灭火弹发射后不会造成圆柱壳的破碎。
Fire caused numerous casualties and enormous economic losses every year. In order to prevent fire and reduce the losses, a wide variety of fire-fighting equipments and detection instruments emerge as the times require. But when faced with the fire of tall buildings, forests, grasslands and other special conditions, fire protection supplies and fire fighters could not arrive at fire site in time owing to the limit of terrain, environmental factors and the devices, which resulted in more serious losses. Fire-extinguishing bomb, which could be launched by mortar, missile and other facility, has the advantages of realization remote fire controlling and fire fighting as not subjected to the influence of topography and terrain. But the high cost, poor stability and low security limited its practical application, and mortar, rocket and other launcher devices exsited low accuracy for super high-rise building fire, which did not meet the requirements of fire fighting. Researches mainly focused on structure optimization, fuse design, extinguishing efficiency and related factors, but the mechanism of fire extinction has not been reported.
A new unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV) cold shock wave fire-extinguishing system based on fire-extinguishing bomb, FAE, shock wave fire extinction technology and UAV technology was put forward. In the system, UAV was controlled by artificial intelligence to deliver or launch cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb at the specified position. Once arrived at the fire site, fuse ignited the bomb, which realized the purpose of fire controlling and fire fighting. Ordinary air shock wave has the characteristics of high temperature and high pressure, while the temperature of shock wave in extinguishing medium was low because of the higher specific heat of the extinguishing medium, which is why named cold shock wave fire-extinguishing system.
According to the application process of the UAV cold shock wave fire extinguishing system, the mechanical models of water-based and powder-based fire extinguishing mediums were studied, the inside wall pressure of the fire-extinguishing bomb was tested, air turbulence after the blasting dispersion of extinguishing medium was analyzed, static fire suppression mechanism of cold shock wave fire extinguishing bomb and relative influence factors were researched, the choice of ignition composition and the design of cartridge structure were analyzed. The concrete work of the doctoral dissertation as follows:
The mechanical models of water-based and powder-based fire extinguishing medium
The mechanical models of the water-based fire extinguishing medium were introduced briefly. Stress-strain curves of loose powder were obtained by MTS under uniaxial compression at various loading rates. Combined with SEM picture, we found that a large number of voids existed in the powder medium, compressive strength of the powder increased as the increase of loading stress and loading speed, the powder consumed plenty of energy during the compression process. In order to increase the loading rate of projectile body and reduce the loss of explosion energy, pre-compression powder was put forward. Static and dynamic compressive deformation behaviors of the pre-compression powder at5MPa,10MPa,15Mpa were tested by MTS and SHPB. Found that the yield strength of pre-compression powder increased with the increase of pre-loading and strain rate. Finally, the constitutive model of loose powder and pre-compression powder were established
The inside wall pressure test of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
Firstly, the relations of the inside wall pressure of the cold shock wave fire extinguishing bomb with projectile body diameter and the center charge weight were studied by dimensional analysis. Then the inside wall pressure of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb filled with loose powder in different inner diameter and charge weight were tested by PVDF pressure sensor. Contrasting to water-based extinguishing bomb, the dispersion charge weight and specific charge of powder-based extinguishing bomb were higher than water-based in order to achieve the same shell fragmentation effects. Contrasting to tested pressure of infinite powder medium, Powder-based medium reflection overpressure at wall is7.8times of incident overpressure. According to the pressure wave tested by experiments, the shell fragmentation of the powder-based extinguishing bomb was resulted from shock wave and blasting gas.
The shell fragmentation of cold-shock fire-extinguishing bomb
Judging from PVC static and dynamic mechanical test results, PVC was visco-plastic material, which had strain strengthening characteristics at initial yield stage and appeared softening when strain value accessed0.032. On the basis of these results and assumptions, a Johnson-Cook constitutive model of PVC, which is coupled with strain injury model, was established. According to the measured pressure, the dynamic response of shell structure was analyzed and the expansion velocity and expansion displacement were solved. Finally shell fragment was studied by experiment and numerical simulation. Found that the shell fragmentation started from outside surface. The shape and size of shell fragments were determined by the quantity of pre-crack, the more pre-cracks, the more uniform the spalls, but the more pre-cracks consumed the more explosive energy. In order to reach the same shell fragmentation effect, the specific charge of water-based extinguishing bomb was lower than powder-based, and the specific charge of loosen powder-based extinguishing bomb was higher than dense powder-based.
The dispersion of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
Firstly, the blasting dispersion regularity of water-based and powder-based extinguishing bomb were observed by high-speed photography. Then, air turbulence resulted from high speed moving of droplets and powder particles in gas were stimulated by using DPM and two-phase flow model. Finally, the explosive dispersion laws of different extinguishing mediums under small size were obtained by High-Speed Schlieren Method. Found that no matter water-based or powder-based medium, entrainment phenomenon induced by drag force could drive the above flame and plenty of fresh air into the extinguishing medium area, which accelerated the medium suppression velocity and fire temperature descending speed.
Suppression mechanism of the cold Shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
Shock wave formed by explosion dispersion of different extinguishing mediums was observed by schlieren experiment apparatus, found that shock wave with the speed of440m/s were observed in powder-based extinguishing media, while not observed in water-based media. Then, pressure, velocity, density and temperature in front and bacd of shock wave were analyzed by shock wave theory, which demonstrated the feasibility of shock wave suppression. The weak wave motion rule and its affects to surroundings were studied by numerical simulation and experimental analysis. Found that mach reflection that appeared above the liquid surface could speed up the velocity the combustible gas, but the effect was weaker than the acceleration induced by medium explosion dispersion. Afterwards water-based and powder-based suppression mechanisms were introduced briefly, the interaction and extinguishing mechanism between shock wave and media were analyzed detailed. At last, a definition of an influence factor (the height of grenade/flame height) was made. The bomb could not quench oil basin fire when the impact factor below0.118. With the increase of specific charge, the shock became stronger, spray effect and water suppression effects both got better, but strong shock wave could lead to the oil going far away from the fire extinguishing medium area, which caused the fire re-burning and spread
The application research of the cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
The relations among propellant selection, amount and launched speed of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb were studied simply under experiment situation. According to the conservation of energy, the energy efficiency of homemade launch tube was calculated. The different structures of cylindrical shells were designed, found that the shell adding nylon buffer could not break at the launching process.
本文在已有灭火弹基础、FAE (fuel air explosive)技术、激波灭火技术和无人机技术上提出了一种适用于无人直升机的冷激波灭火系统。该灭火系统采用人工智能控制无人直升飞机,到达指定位置后投放或发射冷激波灭火弹,冷激波灭火弹到达火场后启动引信,起爆冷激波灭火弹,从而达到控火、灭火的目的。普通空中激波具有高温、高压特性,而冷激波灭火系统中抛洒药爆炸后首先需要通过灭火介质,由于灭火介质比热较大,因此所形成的激波温度较低,故称为冷激波灭火系统。论文针对无人直升机式冷激波灭火系统整个应用过程,研究了水基和粉基灭火介质的力学模型,测试了灭火弹内壁处的压力,研究了冷激波灭火弹壳体破碎规律,分析了灭火弹爆炸抛洒／撒后所引起的空气扰动情况,研究了冷激波灭火弹静态灭火的灭火机理及相关影响因素,对点火药的选择、壳体结构设计进行了分析。论文具体工作包括：水基／粉基灭火介质力学模型。简单介绍了水基灭火介质的力学模型,通过MTS实验测试的松散粉体在不同位移加载速度下的单轴压缩应力应变曲线和SEM图片发现：粉体介质中存在大量空隙,粉体的抗压强度随着加载应力和加载速度的增大而增大,粉体在压缩过程中需要消耗大量的能量。为了增大弹体加载率、减小爆炸能量损失,提出预压缩粉团思想。采用MTS和SHPB实验对5MPa、10MPa、15MPa预压力下的预压缩粉团进行了静态压缩破坏和动态压缩破坏实验,发现预压缩粉团的屈服强度随着预压力的增大而增大、随着应变率的提高而提高,并藉此建立松散粉体和预压缩粉团的本构模型。
冷激波灭火弹内壁压力测试。首先采用量纲法分析了冷激波内壁处的压力与弹体直径和装药量的关系,然后在不同内壁直径、不同装药量下,采用PVDF压力传感器测试松散粉体下冷激波灭火弹内壁处的压力。对比水基灭火弹发现：为了达到相同的壳体破碎效果,粉基冷激波灭火弹的抛洒药和比药量都要高于水基灭火弹；对比无限粉基介质内所测的峰值压力发现,粉基灭火介质在弹体壁面处的反射超压约为入射超压的7.8倍；通过研究所测压力波形发现,粉基冷激波灭火弹壳壁破碎是由于爆炸冲击波和爆生气体共同作用产生的。
冷激波灭火弹壳体破碎。根据已有PVC材料的动静态力学实验结果发现：发现PVC材料是粘塑性材料,在初始屈服阶段具有应变强化特性,应变值超过0.032后,材料出现弱化。基于上述结果,加上应变损伤模型并在假设的基础上建立PVC材料的Johnson-Cook本构模型。根据所测压力对PVC薄壳结构做动力响应分析,求解薄壳单元的膨胀速度和膨胀位移。最后采用实验和数值模拟的方法研究PVC壳体的破碎行为和破碎方式。发现：壳体破碎从外表面开始；预制裂纹数量决定了壳体破片形状和大小,随着预制裂纹数量的增多,壳体破碎越均匀,但较多的预裂纹会消耗更多的爆炸能量；为达到相同的壳体破碎效果,水基灭火弹所需的比药量低于粉基灭火弹,预压缩粉基灭火弹的比药量低于松散粉基灭火弹。
冷激波灭火弹的爆炸抛洒。首先通过高速摄影拍摄水基和粉基冷激波灭火弹的爆炸抛洒,观察其抛洒规律；然后采用DPM模型和两相流模型模拟液滴和粉体颗粒在空中高速运动所引起的空气扰动；最后通过高速纹影实验观察小尺寸下灭火介质爆炸抛洒的运动规律。发现：不管是水基还是粉基灭火介质,爆炸抛洒后由于曳力作用,会在空中形成较大卷吸现象,卷吸现象的产生迫使灭火介质上方火焰和大量新鲜空气进入灭火介质场中,从而加快介质灭火速度和火场温度下降速度。
冷激波灭火弹的灭火机理。首先通过纹影实验观察灭火介质爆炸抛洒后的激波现象,发现：粉基灭火介质能在观察窗中观察到激波现象,激波速度为440m/s,而水基灭火介质未观察到激波现象。随后采用激波理论分析激波波阵面前后的压力、速度、介质密度和温度的变化情况,论证了激波灭火的可行性；采用数值模拟和实验的方法分析弱激波在气液界面的运动规律及对周边环境的影响,发现：液面上方会形成马赫反射,从而降低了激波衰减速度,但是对比介质抛洒所引起的加快可燃气体的燃烧速度,激波的影响弱于介质抛洒。接着简单介绍了水基和粉基灭火介质的灭火机理,并详细的分析了激波与灭火介质的相互作用机理及灭火机理。最后定义了一个影响因子(灭火弹高度／火焰高度),分析了影响因子和比药量对灭火效果的影响,发现：当影响因子在0.118及以下时冷激波灭火弹不能扑灭油盆火；随着必要量的增大,激波强度越大,介质雾化效果越好,灭火效果越好,但是较大的激波强度会带动油面远离灭火介质作用区域,从而引起火场复燃。
冷激波灭火弹的应用研究。在实验情况下简单研究了发射式灭火弹的发射药选择及发射药量与发射速度的关系,根据能量守恒计算了自制发射管的能量利用率。对圆柱壳结构进行了设计,发现添加尼龙材料缓冲块的灭火弹发射后不会造成圆柱壳的破碎。
Fire caused numerous casualties and enormous economic losses every year. In order to prevent fire and reduce the losses, a wide variety of fire-fighting equipments and detection instruments emerge as the times require. But when faced with the fire of tall buildings, forests, grasslands and other special conditions, fire protection supplies and fire fighters could not arrive at fire site in time owing to the limit of terrain, environmental factors and the devices, which resulted in more serious losses. Fire-extinguishing bomb, which could be launched by mortar, missile and other facility, has the advantages of realization remote fire controlling and fire fighting as not subjected to the influence of topography and terrain. But the high cost, poor stability and low security limited its practical application, and mortar, rocket and other launcher devices exsited low accuracy for super high-rise building fire, which did not meet the requirements of fire fighting. Researches mainly focused on structure optimization, fuse design, extinguishing efficiency and related factors, but the mechanism of fire extinction has not been reported.
A new unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV) cold shock wave fire-extinguishing system based on fire-extinguishing bomb, FAE, shock wave fire extinction technology and UAV technology was put forward. In the system, UAV was controlled by artificial intelligence to deliver or launch cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb at the specified position. Once arrived at the fire site, fuse ignited the bomb, which realized the purpose of fire controlling and fire fighting. Ordinary air shock wave has the characteristics of high temperature and high pressure, while the temperature of shock wave in extinguishing medium was low because of the higher specific heat of the extinguishing medium, which is why named cold shock wave fire-extinguishing system.
According to the application process of the UAV cold shock wave fire extinguishing system, the mechanical models of water-based and powder-based fire extinguishing mediums were studied, the inside wall pressure of the fire-extinguishing bomb was tested, air turbulence after the blasting dispersion of extinguishing medium was analyzed, static fire suppression mechanism of cold shock wave fire extinguishing bomb and relative influence factors were researched, the choice of ignition composition and the design of cartridge structure were analyzed. The concrete work of the doctoral dissertation as follows:
The mechanical models of water-based and powder-based fire extinguishing medium
The mechanical models of the water-based fire extinguishing medium were introduced briefly. Stress-strain curves of loose powder were obtained by MTS under uniaxial compression at various loading rates. Combined with SEM picture, we found that a large number of voids existed in the powder medium, compressive strength of the powder increased as the increase of loading stress and loading speed, the powder consumed plenty of energy during the compression process. In order to increase the loading rate of projectile body and reduce the loss of explosion energy, pre-compression powder was put forward. Static and dynamic compressive deformation behaviors of the pre-compression powder at5MPa,10MPa,15Mpa were tested by MTS and SHPB. Found that the yield strength of pre-compression powder increased with the increase of pre-loading and strain rate. Finally, the constitutive model of loose powder and pre-compression powder were established
The inside wall pressure test of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
Firstly, the relations of the inside wall pressure of the cold shock wave fire extinguishing bomb with projectile body diameter and the center charge weight were studied by dimensional analysis. Then the inside wall pressure of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb filled with loose powder in different inner diameter and charge weight were tested by PVDF pressure sensor. Contrasting to water-based extinguishing bomb, the dispersion charge weight and specific charge of powder-based extinguishing bomb were higher than water-based in order to achieve the same shell fragmentation effects. Contrasting to tested pressure of infinite powder medium, Powder-based medium reflection overpressure at wall is7.8times of incident overpressure. According to the pressure wave tested by experiments, the shell fragmentation of the powder-based extinguishing bomb was resulted from shock wave and blasting gas.
The shell fragmentation of cold-shock fire-extinguishing bomb
Judging from PVC static and dynamic mechanical test results, PVC was visco-plastic material, which had strain strengthening characteristics at initial yield stage and appeared softening when strain value accessed0.032. On the basis of these results and assumptions, a Johnson-Cook constitutive model of PVC, which is coupled with strain injury model, was established. According to the measured pressure, the dynamic response of shell structure was analyzed and the expansion velocity and expansion displacement were solved. Finally shell fragment was studied by experiment and numerical simulation. Found that the shell fragmentation started from outside surface. The shape and size of shell fragments were determined by the quantity of pre-crack, the more pre-cracks, the more uniform the spalls, but the more pre-cracks consumed the more explosive energy. In order to reach the same shell fragmentation effect, the specific charge of water-based extinguishing bomb was lower than powder-based, and the specific charge of loosen powder-based extinguishing bomb was higher than dense powder-based.
The dispersion of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
Firstly, the blasting dispersion regularity of water-based and powder-based extinguishing bomb were observed by high-speed photography. Then, air turbulence resulted from high speed moving of droplets and powder particles in gas were stimulated by using DPM and two-phase flow model. Finally, the explosive dispersion laws of different extinguishing mediums under small size were obtained by High-Speed Schlieren Method. Found that no matter water-based or powder-based medium, entrainment phenomenon induced by drag force could drive the above flame and plenty of fresh air into the extinguishing medium area, which accelerated the medium suppression velocity and fire temperature descending speed.
Suppression mechanism of the cold Shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
Shock wave formed by explosion dispersion of different extinguishing mediums was observed by schlieren experiment apparatus, found that shock wave with the speed of440m/s were observed in powder-based extinguishing media, while not observed in water-based media. Then, pressure, velocity, density and temperature in front and bacd of shock wave were analyzed by shock wave theory, which demonstrated the feasibility of shock wave suppression. The weak wave motion rule and its affects to surroundings were studied by numerical simulation and experimental analysis. Found that mach reflection that appeared above the liquid surface could speed up the velocity the combustible gas, but the effect was weaker than the acceleration induced by medium explosion dispersion. Afterwards water-based and powder-based suppression mechanisms were introduced briefly, the interaction and extinguishing mechanism between shock wave and media were analyzed detailed. At last, a definition of an influence factor (the height of grenade/flame height) was made. The bomb could not quench oil basin fire when the impact factor below0.118. With the increase of specific charge, the shock became stronger, spray effect and water suppression effects both got better, but strong shock wave could lead to the oil going far away from the fire extinguishing medium area, which caused the fire re-burning and spread
The application research of the cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb
The relations among propellant selection, amount and launched speed of cold shock wave fire-extinguishing bomb were studied simply under experiment situation. According to the conservation of energy, the energy efficiency of homemade launch tube was calculated. The different structures of cylindrical shells were designed, found that the shell adding nylon buffer could not break at the launching process.
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