移动因特网中基于移动IP的TCP性能研究
摘要
移动计算机的广泛应用推动了人们对移动计算机无线接入的研究，即对移动因特网的研究。移动IP是一种全球因特网上提供移动功能的网络层解决方案，它简单、可扩展，得到学术界的普遍认可。
移动IP中存在的一个重要问题就是三角路由，它带来了网络花费和性能问题。论文首先分析了两种移动IP路由优化技术——ROMIPv4和MIPv6，并通过仿真对其性能进行分析和比较。
移动IP中存在的另外一个问题就是：移动环境下TCP性能下降。论文通过仿真分析了移动IP切换造成TCP性能下降的原因，说明为了更好的满足用户需求，移动IP和TCP需要做进一步改进。
论文的第六章分三类阐述了现有的移动环境下TCP性能改进方案；之后提出了一种端到端的基于ROMIPv4的TCP改进方案一—TCP-BROMIPv4。这种方案利用ROMIPv4中的绑定更新消息以及新增的切换警告消息，调整发送TCP在移动节点切换过程中的操作。采用网络仿真工具NS2对TCP-BROMIPv4进行仿真，仿真结果表明：移动环境下TCP-BROMIPv4协议较传统的TCP协议在TCP性能上有了显著的改善。
移动环境下的TCP性能以及各种TCP改进方案在移动IP扩展协议下的性能还有待进一步研究，以便最终实现用户在网络间平滑切换，所进行的应用不中断，移动节点在网络切换过程中TCP性能对用户透明这一目的。
Recent years there has seen an explosive growth in the number of laptop and notebook computers sold, which has driven the research in mobile host accessing Internet, i.e., mobile Internet. Mobile IP is thus a solution for mobility on the global Internet. It has gained universal acceptation in academia because of its simplicity and scalability.
Triangle Routing is an important issue in Mobile IP, which also brings problems in network cost and performance. Firstly, this paper analyzes two of existing techniques of routing optimization in Mobile IP, which are ROMIPv4 and MIPv6. Subsequently, their performance is analyzed and compared with each other through simulation.
Another issue in Mobile IP is that TCP performance in mobile environments is far from satisfied. In the following part, the thesis analyzes TCP performance in mobile environments. Some reasons causing negative effects on the TCP performance during Mobile IP handoff are described in detail. It concludes that both Mobile IP itself and TCP need to be improved in order to meet users' requirements.
Chapter 6 of the thesis analyzes three kinds of solutions for improving TCP performance in mobile environments and then presents an end-to-end solution for TCP performance improving, which is based on ROMIPv4. In this solution, sender TCP may adjust its operation when it receives Binding Update message and the Handoff Warning message newly ' defined in ROMIPv4. The TCP-BROMIPv4 protocol is simulated using network simulator NS2.The simulation results show that TCP-BROMIPv4 has greatly improved TCP performance compared to the original TCP protocol in mobile environments.
Both TCP performance in mobile network and the improving solutions' co-operation with Mobil IP extensions are to be deeply researched in future. Our ideal is to realize that subscribers smoothly hand over in networks and that application ongoing isn't interrupted. In the end TCP performance is transparent for users during mobile hosts handing over.
移动IP中存在的一个重要问题就是三角路由，它带来了网络花费和性能问题。论文首先分析了两种移动IP路由优化技术——ROMIPv4和MIPv6，并通过仿真对其性能进行分析和比较。
移动IP中存在的另外一个问题就是：移动环境下TCP性能下降。论文通过仿真分析了移动IP切换造成TCP性能下降的原因，说明为了更好的满足用户需求，移动IP和TCP需要做进一步改进。
论文的第六章分三类阐述了现有的移动环境下TCP性能改进方案；之后提出了一种端到端的基于ROMIPv4的TCP改进方案一—TCP-BROMIPv4。这种方案利用ROMIPv4中的绑定更新消息以及新增的切换警告消息，调整发送TCP在移动节点切换过程中的操作。采用网络仿真工具NS2对TCP-BROMIPv4进行仿真，仿真结果表明：移动环境下TCP-BROMIPv4协议较传统的TCP协议在TCP性能上有了显著的改善。
移动环境下的TCP性能以及各种TCP改进方案在移动IP扩展协议下的性能还有待进一步研究，以便最终实现用户在网络间平滑切换，所进行的应用不中断，移动节点在网络切换过程中TCP性能对用户透明这一目的。
Recent years there has seen an explosive growth in the number of laptop and notebook computers sold, which has driven the research in mobile host accessing Internet, i.e., mobile Internet. Mobile IP is thus a solution for mobility on the global Internet. It has gained universal acceptation in academia because of its simplicity and scalability.
Triangle Routing is an important issue in Mobile IP, which also brings problems in network cost and performance. Firstly, this paper analyzes two of existing techniques of routing optimization in Mobile IP, which are ROMIPv4 and MIPv6. Subsequently, their performance is analyzed and compared with each other through simulation.
Another issue in Mobile IP is that TCP performance in mobile environments is far from satisfied. In the following part, the thesis analyzes TCP performance in mobile environments. Some reasons causing negative effects on the TCP performance during Mobile IP handoff are described in detail. It concludes that both Mobile IP itself and TCP need to be improved in order to meet users' requirements.
Chapter 6 of the thesis analyzes three kinds of solutions for improving TCP performance in mobile environments and then presents an end-to-end solution for TCP performance improving, which is based on ROMIPv4. In this solution, sender TCP may adjust its operation when it receives Binding Update message and the Handoff Warning message newly ' defined in ROMIPv4. The TCP-BROMIPv4 protocol is simulated using network simulator NS2.The simulation results show that TCP-BROMIPv4 has greatly improved TCP performance compared to the original TCP protocol in mobile environments.
Both TCP performance in mobile network and the improving solutions' co-operation with Mobil IP extensions are to be deeply researched in future. Our ideal is to realize that subscribers smoothly hand over in networks and that application ongoing isn't interrupted. In the end TCP performance is transparent for users during mobile hosts handing over.
引文
[1] IEEE Std 802.11-1997, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, 1997.
[2] IEEE Std 802.11-1999, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, 1999.
[3] Christian Barnes, 无线网络安全防护，林生等译，机械工业出版社，2003.1.
[4] John Ioannidis, Protocols for Mobile Internetworking. PhD thesis, Columbia University, 1993.
[5] John Ioannidis and G.Q. Maguire. The Design and Implementation of Mobile Internetworking Architecture. In Proc. Winter '93 Usenix Conference, San Diego, CA, January 1993.
[6] John Ioannidis, Dan Duchamp, Jr Gerald and Q. Maguire, IP-based Protocols for Mobile Internetworking. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on Communications, Architectures and Protocols, pages 235-245, September 1991.
[7] Fumio Teraoka, etc, Host migration Transparency in IP networks. Computer Communication Review, pp45-65, Jan 1993.
[8] Fumio Teraoka, Yasuhiko Yokote and Mario Tokoro. A Network Architecture Providing Host Migration Transparency. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on Communications, Architectures and Protocols, pages 209-220, September 1991.
[9] Fumio Teraoka, Keisuke Uehara, Hideki sunahara and Jun Murai. VIP: A Protocol Providing Host Mobility. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), August 1994.
[10] Charles Perkins. Providing continuous Network Access to Mobile Hosts Using TCP/IP. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, pp 357-370, Nov 1993.
[11] Y. Rekhter and C. Perkins. Optimal Routing for Mobile Hosts using IP's Loose Source Route Option. Draft RFC-work in progress, July 1992.
[12] Perkin, C., Rekhter, Y., "Support for Mobility with Connectionless Network Layer Protocols", IBM Research Report RC 18808(82272) 4.93.
[13] Perkins, C. IP Mobility Support, RFC 2002, October 1996.
[14] JamesD. Solomon. "MOBILEIP", 清华大学出版社, 1999.
[15] C. Perkins."IP EncapsuIation within IP", RFC2003.
[16] Perkins, C., "Minimal Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2004,October 1996.
[17] Hanks, S., Li, T., Farinacci, D. and P. Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 1701, October 1994.
[18] Charles Perkins, David B. Johnson. "Route Optimization in Mobile IP" http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mobileip-optim-11.txt.
[19] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, J. Arkko. "Mobility Support in IPv6", http://www.iet f.org/internet-drafts/draft-iet f-mobileip-ipv6-21.txt.
[20] P. Zhou, O. Yang. "Reverse Routing: An Alternative to MIP and ROMIP Protocols " , Proceedings of 1999 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Volume 1, pp.150-155.
[21] ns Notes and Documentation, The VINT Project, UC Berkeley, LBL, USC/ISI, and Xerox PARC, November 1977, http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/.
[22] http://www.sfu.ca/～lcheu/885-project.htm.
[23] http://www.inrialpes.fr/planete/pub/mobiwan.
[24] C.Perkins. "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC3220.
[25] Andrew Myles, David B. Johnson, Charles Perkins. "A Mobile Host Protocol Supporting Route Optimization and Authentication", http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/htewari/papers/myles95.pdf
[26] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html.
[27] James D. Solomon, Mobile IP: the Internet Unplugged, Prentice Hall, 1996.
[28] 赵春芬、方旭明，移动IP中的路由优化技术，《通信与信息技术》，2003年第2期，pp33-37．
[29] Brent B．Welch，Tcl/Tk编程权威指南，崔凯译，中国电力出版社，2002．2．
[30] 贾明、严世贤，Linux下的C编程，人民邮电出版社，2001．11
[31] Thomson, K., Miller, G.J., Wilder R., "Wide-area Internet Traffic Patterns and Characteristics," IEEE Network, Vol. 11, No.6, November 1997.
[32] V. Jacobson. Congestion Avoidance and Control. In ACM SIGCOMM'88. ACM, 1988.
[33] V. Jacobson, "Modified TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm".
[34] V. Jacobson, "Berkeley TCP Evolution from 4.3-tahoe to 4.3-reno", Proc. of 18th Internet Engineering Task Force, Vancouver, Canada, Aug. 1990.
[35] BehrouzA. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 清华大学出版社, 2000.12, 第一版.
[36] Phil Karn and Craig Partridge. Improving roundtrip time estimates in reliable transport protocols. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, November 1991.
[37] H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan and R.Katz, "Improving Reliable Transport and Handoff Performance in Cellular Wireless Networks," Wireless Networks, vol. 1, no.4, Dec. 1995.
[38] H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, S. Seshan, and R. Katz, "A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving TCP performance over wireless links," in Proceedings of ACMSIGCOMM'96, Palo Alto, CA, Aug 1996, pp. 256-269.
[39] Nitin Vaidya, Miten Mehta, Charles Perkins, Gabriel Montenegro, Delayed Duplicate Acknowledgments: A TCP-Unaware Approach to Improve Performance of TCP over Wireless.
[40] Ajay Bakre and B.R. Badrinath, "I-TCP: Indirect TCP for mobile hosts," Tech. Rep., Rutgers University, May 1995.
[41] T. Goff, J. Moronski, D. S. Phatak and V. Gupta, "Freeze-TCP: A True End-to-end TCP Enhancement Mechanism for Mobile
Environments," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'2000, Mar. 2000.
[42] F. Hu and N. K. Sharma, "the Quantitative Analysis of TCP Congestion Control Algorithm in Third-Generation Cellular Networks Based on FSMC Loss Model and its Performance Enhancement," IEEE INFOCOM 2002, Jun.2002.
[43] Haruki IZUMIKAWA, Ichiro YAMAGUCHI and Jiro KATTO,"An Efficient TCP with Explicit Handover Notification in Wireless Networks" ,TECHNICAL REPORT OF IEICE.
[44] Raj Yavatkar and Namrata Bhagawat, "Improving end-to-end performance of tcp over mobile internetworks," in IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Santa Cruz, CA, US, Dec. 1994.
[45] Ramon Caceres and Liviu Iftode,"Improving the performance of reliable transport protocols in mobile computing environments," IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Mobile Computing Network, 1994.
[46] Pearce, M., TCP Performance Over Wireless Channels, Motorola Internal Report, January 1997.
[47] H. Soliman, et al., "Hierarchical MIPv6 mobility management," draft-ietf-mobileip-hmipv6-03.txt, Feb.2001.
[48] G. Dommety et al., "Fast Handovers for MIPv6," draft-ietf-mobileip-fast-mipv6-03.txt, Jul. 2001.
[49] A. Campbell, J. Gomez, C-Y, Wan, S. Kim, Z. Turanyi, A. Valko, Cellular IP, Internet Draft, draft-ietf-mobileip-cellularip-00, Work in Progress, December 1999.
[50] K. El Malki, et.al., "Simultaneous Bindings for Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers," draft-elmalki-mobileip-bicasting-v6-02.txt, Jun. 2002.
[51] J. Choi, et al., "Localized Mobility Management for Mobile IPv6 in Distributed Manner,"draft-jinchoi-mobileip-lmmdv6-01.txt, Nov. 2001.
[52] 赵春芬、方旭明，一种基于移动环境的TCP协议改进方案，已投。
[53] 雷擎、王行刚，计算机网络模拟方法与工具，《通信学报》，
2001．9，(22)9：85-90．
[54] 吕锋锋、常衡，移动IP技术，《无线通信技术》，2001．4，pp34-36
[2] IEEE Std 802.11-1999, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, 1999.
[3] Christian Barnes, 无线网络安全防护，林生等译，机械工业出版社，2003.1.
[4] John Ioannidis, Protocols for Mobile Internetworking. PhD thesis, Columbia University, 1993.
[5] John Ioannidis and G.Q. Maguire. The Design and Implementation of Mobile Internetworking Architecture. In Proc. Winter '93 Usenix Conference, San Diego, CA, January 1993.
[6] John Ioannidis, Dan Duchamp, Jr Gerald and Q. Maguire, IP-based Protocols for Mobile Internetworking. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on Communications, Architectures and Protocols, pages 235-245, September 1991.
[7] Fumio Teraoka, etc, Host migration Transparency in IP networks. Computer Communication Review, pp45-65, Jan 1993.
[8] Fumio Teraoka, Yasuhiko Yokote and Mario Tokoro. A Network Architecture Providing Host Migration Transparency. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Symposium on Communications, Architectures and Protocols, pages 209-220, September 1991.
[9] Fumio Teraoka, Keisuke Uehara, Hideki sunahara and Jun Murai. VIP: A Protocol Providing Host Mobility. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), August 1994.
[10] Charles Perkins. Providing continuous Network Access to Mobile Hosts Using TCP/IP. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, pp 357-370, Nov 1993.
[11] Y. Rekhter and C. Perkins. Optimal Routing for Mobile Hosts using IP's Loose Source Route Option. Draft RFC-work in progress, July 1992.
[12] Perkin, C., Rekhter, Y., "Support for Mobility with Connectionless Network Layer Protocols", IBM Research Report RC 18808(82272) 4.93.
[13] Perkins, C. IP Mobility Support, RFC 2002, October 1996.
[14] JamesD. Solomon. "MOBILEIP", 清华大学出版社, 1999.
[15] C. Perkins."IP EncapsuIation within IP", RFC2003.
[16] Perkins, C., "Minimal Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2004,October 1996.
[17] Hanks, S., Li, T., Farinacci, D. and P. Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 1701, October 1994.
[18] Charles Perkins, David B. Johnson. "Route Optimization in Mobile IP" http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mobileip-optim-11.txt.
[19] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, J. Arkko. "Mobility Support in IPv6", http://www.iet f.org/internet-drafts/draft-iet f-mobileip-ipv6-21.txt.
[20] P. Zhou, O. Yang. "Reverse Routing: An Alternative to MIP and ROMIP Protocols " , Proceedings of 1999 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Volume 1, pp.150-155.
[21] ns Notes and Documentation, The VINT Project, UC Berkeley, LBL, USC/ISI, and Xerox PARC, November 1977, http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/.
[22] http://www.sfu.ca/～lcheu/885-project.htm.
[23] http://www.inrialpes.fr/planete/pub/mobiwan.
[24] C.Perkins. "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC3220.
[25] Andrew Myles, David B. Johnson, Charles Perkins. "A Mobile Host Protocol Supporting Route Optimization and Authentication", http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/htewari/papers/myles95.pdf
[26] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html.
[27] James D. Solomon, Mobile IP: the Internet Unplugged, Prentice Hall, 1996.
[28] 赵春芬、方旭明，移动IP中的路由优化技术，《通信与信息技术》，2003年第2期，pp33-37．
[29] Brent B．Welch，Tcl/Tk编程权威指南，崔凯译，中国电力出版社，2002．2．
[30] 贾明、严世贤，Linux下的C编程，人民邮电出版社，2001．11
[31] Thomson, K., Miller, G.J., Wilder R., "Wide-area Internet Traffic Patterns and Characteristics," IEEE Network, Vol. 11, No.6, November 1997.
[32] V. Jacobson. Congestion Avoidance and Control. In ACM SIGCOMM'88. ACM, 1988.
[33] V. Jacobson, "Modified TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm".
[34] V. Jacobson, "Berkeley TCP Evolution from 4.3-tahoe to 4.3-reno", Proc. of 18th Internet Engineering Task Force, Vancouver, Canada, Aug. 1990.
[35] BehrouzA. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 清华大学出版社, 2000.12, 第一版.
[36] Phil Karn and Craig Partridge. Improving roundtrip time estimates in reliable transport protocols. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, November 1991.
[37] H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan and R.Katz, "Improving Reliable Transport and Handoff Performance in Cellular Wireless Networks," Wireless Networks, vol. 1, no.4, Dec. 1995.
[38] H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, S. Seshan, and R. Katz, "A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving TCP performance over wireless links," in Proceedings of ACMSIGCOMM'96, Palo Alto, CA, Aug 1996, pp. 256-269.
[39] Nitin Vaidya, Miten Mehta, Charles Perkins, Gabriel Montenegro, Delayed Duplicate Acknowledgments: A TCP-Unaware Approach to Improve Performance of TCP over Wireless.
[40] Ajay Bakre and B.R. Badrinath, "I-TCP: Indirect TCP for mobile hosts," Tech. Rep., Rutgers University, May 1995.
[41] T. Goff, J. Moronski, D. S. Phatak and V. Gupta, "Freeze-TCP: A True End-to-end TCP Enhancement Mechanism for Mobile
Environments," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'2000, Mar. 2000.
[42] F. Hu and N. K. Sharma, "the Quantitative Analysis of TCP Congestion Control Algorithm in Third-Generation Cellular Networks Based on FSMC Loss Model and its Performance Enhancement," IEEE INFOCOM 2002, Jun.2002.
[43] Haruki IZUMIKAWA, Ichiro YAMAGUCHI and Jiro KATTO,"An Efficient TCP with Explicit Handover Notification in Wireless Networks" ,TECHNICAL REPORT OF IEICE.
[44] Raj Yavatkar and Namrata Bhagawat, "Improving end-to-end performance of tcp over mobile internetworks," in IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Santa Cruz, CA, US, Dec. 1994.
[45] Ramon Caceres and Liviu Iftode,"Improving the performance of reliable transport protocols in mobile computing environments," IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Mobile Computing Network, 1994.
[46] Pearce, M., TCP Performance Over Wireless Channels, Motorola Internal Report, January 1997.
[47] H. Soliman, et al., "Hierarchical MIPv6 mobility management," draft-ietf-mobileip-hmipv6-03.txt, Feb.2001.
[48] G. Dommety et al., "Fast Handovers for MIPv6," draft-ietf-mobileip-fast-mipv6-03.txt, Jul. 2001.
[49] A. Campbell, J. Gomez, C-Y, Wan, S. Kim, Z. Turanyi, A. Valko, Cellular IP, Internet Draft, draft-ietf-mobileip-cellularip-00, Work in Progress, December 1999.
[50] K. El Malki, et.al., "Simultaneous Bindings for Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers," draft-elmalki-mobileip-bicasting-v6-02.txt, Jun. 2002.
[51] J. Choi, et al., "Localized Mobility Management for Mobile IPv6 in Distributed Manner,"draft-jinchoi-mobileip-lmmdv6-01.txt, Nov. 2001.
[52] 赵春芬、方旭明，一种基于移动环境的TCP协议改进方案，已投。
[53] 雷擎、王行刚，计算机网络模拟方法与工具，《通信学报》，
2001．9，(22)9：85-90．
[54] 吕锋锋、常衡，移动IP技术，《无线通信技术》，2001．4，pp34-36