基于遥感技术的九龙江河口区非点源污染“源—汇”结构分析
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摘要
为研究河口区景观格局及其变化与非点源污染空间分布及其变化的关系，为九龙江河口区环境规划提供技术支撑和科学依据，本文利用2003年和2008年的高分辨率卫星遥感图像，采用目视判读解译获取两个时相的土地利用景观格局分布及动态变化，并在此基础上运用景观生态学原理、“源-汇”理论，分析九龙江河口区的非点源污染“源-汇”结构及其动态变化特征，提出基于非点源污染防治的景观格局优化建议。主要结论如下：
（1）高分辨率卫星遥感解译结果表明，九龙江河口区景观类型主要以城乡工矿及居民用地、水田、园地、养殖水面、有林地以及荒草地为主。受人类活动的影响，从2003~2008年这5年间六类地物之间的土地利用方式发生了明显变化，水田、养殖水面和荒草地的面积明显减少，而城乡工矿及居民用地、园地以及开发用地面积明显增加，土地利用变化速度较快。土地利用景观类型转换主要表现为园地、水田、养殖水面-开发用地，水田-养殖水面、城乡工矿及居民用地，荒草地-园地、有林地，开发用地-城乡工矿及居民用地。不同土地利用景观类型在坡度、相对高程的空间分布呈现规律性。
（2）景观空间负荷对比指数（LCI）分析结果表明，2003年和2008年两个时相的九龙江河口区氮、磷和氮磷距离、坡度和相对高度的LCI值均大于0。不论距离、坡度和相对高度，氮的LCI要大于磷的LCI。2003~2008年，氮、磷和氮磷距离、坡度和相对高度的LCI值均有所增加。基于土地利用景观的网格景观空间负荷对比指数（mGLCI）分析表明，2003年，厦门岛大部分区域以及海沧、港尾和石码的部分河岸带附近为较强的非点源污染“源”，厦门岛西南端、石码西部是非点源污染较强的“汇”。2008年，海沧大部分区域、角美东部和港尾河岸带周边为新增的非点源污染较强的“源”。2003~2008年，九龙江河口区mGLCI的最小值减小，mGLCI值增加较显著的区域主要在海沧、港尾以及角美东部，mGLCI值减少较显著的区域主要位于紫泥河岸带附近以及海沧、港尾和石码的部分区域。2003~2008年，九龙江河口区非点源污染“源”的面积增加，“汇”的面积减少。
（3）提出基于非点源污染防治的景观格局优化建议，从景观类型、组合特征、景观空间分布特征的调整和关键地段识别来实现对非点源污染的有效控制。建议将2008年九龙江河口区坡度15°以上的水田、旱地转换为有林地，将河岸带劣质水田转换为有林地、增加红树林滩和盐沼的面积，并重新进行景观空间负荷对比指数分析，该建议一定程度上减少了九龙江河口区对九龙江河口的非点源污染。
For study the relationship between landscape pattern, its changes and non-pointsource pollution in space differentiation and its changes in estuary region, so as toprovide technical support and scientific basis for environmental planning inJiulongjiang estuary region, high resolution remote sensing image in2003and2008had been used in this study and visual interpretation method had been applied toobtain the land use landscape pattern distribution and its dynamic characteristics inJiulongjiang estuary region in these two stages. On this basis, landscape ecologytheory and the theory of sources and sinks were used to analysis the “source-sink”structure of non-point source pollution and its dynamic characteristics in Jiulongjiangestuary region, and landscape pattern optimization recommendations based onnon-point source pollution control had been proposed. The main conclusions are asfollows:
(1) Interpretation from high resolution remote sensing images shows, the majorlandscape type in Jiulongjiang estuary region is residential land, paddy field,aquaculture, orchard, glass and forest. Influenced by human activities, these six typesof features of land use had taken obvious change during5years between2003~2008,the paddy field, aquiculture and grass decreased noticeably, while the built-up land,developing land and orchard increased noticeably, the land use change speed was fast.The mainly land use landscape type conversion was orchard, paddy field, aquaculture-developing land; paddy field-aquiculture, built-up land; glass-orchard, forest;developing land-built up land. Spatial distribution of different land use landscapetypes in the slope, relative elevation was regular.
(2) The Grid source-sink Landscape contrast Index (mGLCI) analysis, whichbased on land use landscape shows, most part of Xiamen Island and part of the regionnear the riparian zone in Haican, Gangwei and Shima were strong non-point sourcepollution source, while southwest of Xiamen Island, west of Shima were strongnon-point source pollution sink in2003; there were strong increase of non-pointsource pollution source in most part of Haican, east of Jiaomei and the region nearriparian zone in Ganwei. During2003~2008, the minimum value of mGLCIdecreased, mGLCI increased noticeably in Haican, Gangwei and part of Shima,while mGLCI decreased noticeably in the region near the riparian zone in Zini, andpart of Haican, Gangwei and Shima. Non-point source pollution source area increased, while sink area decreased in Jiulongjiang estuary region during2003~2008. TheLocation-weighted Landscape contrast Index analysis (LCI) shows, N, P and NP LCIof distance, slope and relative height in Jiulongjiang estuary region in2003and2008were more than0. For the distance, slope and relative height, the value of N LCI ismore than P LCI. N, P and NP LCI of the distance, slope and relative height isincrease during2003~2008.
(3) Put forward landscape pattern optimization suggestion for the non-pointsource pollution prevention. Non-point source pollution can be controlled by thelandscape types, features, landscape spatial difference adjustment and key arearecognition. In this study, we suggested that paddy field, dry land above15degreeconvert to forest, inferior paddy field near the riparian zone convert to forest, increasethe area of mangrove shoal and salt marsh based on landscape land use in Jiulongjiangestuary in2008, and LCI of which was calculated again, the result shows that, thesuggestion reduce the non-point source pollution of Jiulongjiang estuary from estuaryregion to some degree.
（1）高分辨率卫星遥感解译结果表明，九龙江河口区景观类型主要以城乡工矿及居民用地、水田、园地、养殖水面、有林地以及荒草地为主。受人类活动的影响，从2003~2008年这5年间六类地物之间的土地利用方式发生了明显变化，水田、养殖水面和荒草地的面积明显减少，而城乡工矿及居民用地、园地以及开发用地面积明显增加，土地利用变化速度较快。土地利用景观类型转换主要表现为园地、水田、养殖水面-开发用地，水田-养殖水面、城乡工矿及居民用地，荒草地-园地、有林地，开发用地-城乡工矿及居民用地。不同土地利用景观类型在坡度、相对高程的空间分布呈现规律性。
（2）景观空间负荷对比指数（LCI）分析结果表明，2003年和2008年两个时相的九龙江河口区氮、磷和氮磷距离、坡度和相对高度的LCI值均大于0。不论距离、坡度和相对高度，氮的LCI要大于磷的LCI。2003~2008年，氮、磷和氮磷距离、坡度和相对高度的LCI值均有所增加。基于土地利用景观的网格景观空间负荷对比指数（mGLCI）分析表明，2003年，厦门岛大部分区域以及海沧、港尾和石码的部分河岸带附近为较强的非点源污染“源”，厦门岛西南端、石码西部是非点源污染较强的“汇”。2008年，海沧大部分区域、角美东部和港尾河岸带周边为新增的非点源污染较强的“源”。2003~2008年，九龙江河口区mGLCI的最小值减小，mGLCI值增加较显著的区域主要在海沧、港尾以及角美东部，mGLCI值减少较显著的区域主要位于紫泥河岸带附近以及海沧、港尾和石码的部分区域。2003~2008年，九龙江河口区非点源污染“源”的面积增加，“汇”的面积减少。
（3）提出基于非点源污染防治的景观格局优化建议，从景观类型、组合特征、景观空间分布特征的调整和关键地段识别来实现对非点源污染的有效控制。建议将2008年九龙江河口区坡度15°以上的水田、旱地转换为有林地，将河岸带劣质水田转换为有林地、增加红树林滩和盐沼的面积，并重新进行景观空间负荷对比指数分析，该建议一定程度上减少了九龙江河口区对九龙江河口的非点源污染。
For study the relationship between landscape pattern, its changes and non-pointsource pollution in space differentiation and its changes in estuary region, so as toprovide technical support and scientific basis for environmental planning inJiulongjiang estuary region, high resolution remote sensing image in2003and2008had been used in this study and visual interpretation method had been applied toobtain the land use landscape pattern distribution and its dynamic characteristics inJiulongjiang estuary region in these two stages. On this basis, landscape ecologytheory and the theory of sources and sinks were used to analysis the “source-sink”structure of non-point source pollution and its dynamic characteristics in Jiulongjiangestuary region, and landscape pattern optimization recommendations based onnon-point source pollution control had been proposed. The main conclusions are asfollows:
(1) Interpretation from high resolution remote sensing images shows, the majorlandscape type in Jiulongjiang estuary region is residential land, paddy field,aquaculture, orchard, glass and forest. Influenced by human activities, these six typesof features of land use had taken obvious change during5years between2003~2008,the paddy field, aquiculture and grass decreased noticeably, while the built-up land,developing land and orchard increased noticeably, the land use change speed was fast.The mainly land use landscape type conversion was orchard, paddy field, aquaculture-developing land; paddy field-aquiculture, built-up land; glass-orchard, forest;developing land-built up land. Spatial distribution of different land use landscapetypes in the slope, relative elevation was regular.
(2) The Grid source-sink Landscape contrast Index (mGLCI) analysis, whichbased on land use landscape shows, most part of Xiamen Island and part of the regionnear the riparian zone in Haican, Gangwei and Shima were strong non-point sourcepollution source, while southwest of Xiamen Island, west of Shima were strongnon-point source pollution sink in2003; there were strong increase of non-pointsource pollution source in most part of Haican, east of Jiaomei and the region nearriparian zone in Ganwei. During2003~2008, the minimum value of mGLCIdecreased, mGLCI increased noticeably in Haican, Gangwei and part of Shima,while mGLCI decreased noticeably in the region near the riparian zone in Zini, andpart of Haican, Gangwei and Shima. Non-point source pollution source area increased, while sink area decreased in Jiulongjiang estuary region during2003~2008. TheLocation-weighted Landscape contrast Index analysis (LCI) shows, N, P and NP LCIof distance, slope and relative height in Jiulongjiang estuary region in2003and2008were more than0. For the distance, slope and relative height, the value of N LCI ismore than P LCI. N, P and NP LCI of the distance, slope and relative height isincrease during2003~2008.
(3) Put forward landscape pattern optimization suggestion for the non-pointsource pollution prevention. Non-point source pollution can be controlled by thelandscape types, features, landscape spatial difference adjustment and key arearecognition. In this study, we suggested that paddy field, dry land above15degreeconvert to forest, inferior paddy field near the riparian zone convert to forest, increasethe area of mangrove shoal and salt marsh based on landscape land use in Jiulongjiangestuary in2008, and LCI of which was calculated again, the result shows that, thesuggestion reduce the non-point source pollution of Jiulongjiang estuary from estuaryregion to some degree.
引文
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