基于三维流动计算的液力减速器性能仿真研究
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摘要
本文的研究为“车辆传动国家重点实验室基金项目”中的一部分,以D375型液力减速器为研究对象,基于三维流场理论,借助于UG、FLUENT等软件,对液力减速器的内流场进行了仿真计算,获得了特性曲线,同时将计算的结果与试验的结果进行了比较。本课题研究的目的和意义就在于,利用CFD技术研究液力减速器内部的流动及规律,有助于指导液力减速器的设计,提高液力减速器的性能,同时对拥有自主研制开发生产液力减速器有一定的帮助,对我国的经济发展也具有重大的意义。
本文首先介绍了课题研究的背景,液力减速器在国内外的应用情况和流场理论的发展现状,介绍了常用的CFD软件,并选择FLUENT对本课题进行研究,然后对液力减速器的结构和工作原理进行了阐述,最后提出了主要研究的内容。分析了液力减速器内流场仿真所涉及到的计算流体力学基本理论。详细介绍了常用的离散格式和网格的生成技术,分析了常用的湍流模型,湍流流动的近壁处理方法和流场数值计算的算法。
根据所做的假设,采用UG抽取液力减速器的流道模型,为了提高计算精度,采用映射法划分六面体网格,选择分离求解器隐式格式进行求解,使用绝对速度方程,湍流模型选择Realizablek-ε模型,同时使用标准壁面函数;离散格式采用一阶迎风格式,压力—速度耦合选用SIMPLE算法,在相应的位置设置壁面边界条件、滑移网格边界条件。计算收敛后,对某工况下内流场的速度、压力分布进行了详细的分析。分析了液力减速器三维流动分析中的转矩计算,并将三维计算值与一维束流理论值以及试验测量值进行了比较,证明了三维计算的准确性,对部分参数进行了优化,在此基础上探讨了基于CFD技术的液力减速器设计方法。
本文的研究对液力减速器内部流动特性有了更加清楚的认识,对提高液力减速器自主研发有一定帮助,为建立基于CFD技术的新设计方法提供了思路,为下一步的研究指明了研究方向。
The research is a part of national fund project of key laboratory of the vehicle transmission.The internal flow field of the hydrodynamic retarder D375 is simulated by UG and FLUENT etc,characteristic curve is obtained based on 3-D flow field theory.Test results and simulated results are compared.The research has been used the CFD technology to study the internal flow and principle of hydrodynamic retarder, and the purpose is to guide the design of hydrodynamic retarder and improve its performance,meanwhile,for the independent research and development.It has significant meaning to economic growth of our country.
Firstly in this paper,the background of subject research and the application of the hydrodynamic retarder in the world have been introduced.The current situation of the development of the field flow theory has been listed.Some CFD software has been introduced and CFD software FLUENT has been chosen to carry on this research,then structure and operation principle of the hydrodynamic retarder have been explained and main contents of this research has been introduced.This paper has analyzed the basic theories of CFD in this research.Then introduced the discrete scheme,creation technology of the grid and turbulent model in detail,introduced the method of near wall treatment methods and the algorithm of calculating field flows.
The geometric model is created by UG,based on some assumptions and predigestion.Grid is created by mapping method,in order to improve the precision of calculating,using the grid of hexahedron.The realizableκ-εmodel,SIMPLE velocity-pressure coupling algorithm,separated solver,the implicit scheme model and the standard wall function has been chosen,and boundary conditions have been set up, such as wall boundary condition and sliding meshes condition.When the convergence achieved,this paper has made deeply analysis with velocity field and pressure field under some operating condition.The results of calculation has been analyzed and compared with those of experiment and the beam fluid theory,which proved the validity of three-dimensional calculation.
This research has achieved more and clearer understandings of the internal flow and principle of hydrodynamic retarder which can do some help for the independent research and development of retarder.A new design method of retarder based on CFD technology has been carved out which point out the orientation for the farther research.
本文首先介绍了课题研究的背景,液力减速器在国内外的应用情况和流场理论的发展现状,介绍了常用的CFD软件,并选择FLUENT对本课题进行研究,然后对液力减速器的结构和工作原理进行了阐述,最后提出了主要研究的内容。分析了液力减速器内流场仿真所涉及到的计算流体力学基本理论。详细介绍了常用的离散格式和网格的生成技术,分析了常用的湍流模型,湍流流动的近壁处理方法和流场数值计算的算法。
根据所做的假设,采用UG抽取液力减速器的流道模型,为了提高计算精度,采用映射法划分六面体网格,选择分离求解器隐式格式进行求解,使用绝对速度方程,湍流模型选择Realizablek-ε模型,同时使用标准壁面函数;离散格式采用一阶迎风格式,压力—速度耦合选用SIMPLE算法,在相应的位置设置壁面边界条件、滑移网格边界条件。计算收敛后,对某工况下内流场的速度、压力分布进行了详细的分析。分析了液力减速器三维流动分析中的转矩计算,并将三维计算值与一维束流理论值以及试验测量值进行了比较,证明了三维计算的准确性,对部分参数进行了优化,在此基础上探讨了基于CFD技术的液力减速器设计方法。
本文的研究对液力减速器内部流动特性有了更加清楚的认识,对提高液力减速器自主研发有一定帮助,为建立基于CFD技术的新设计方法提供了思路,为下一步的研究指明了研究方向。
The research is a part of national fund project of key laboratory of the vehicle transmission.The internal flow field of the hydrodynamic retarder D375 is simulated by UG and FLUENT etc,characteristic curve is obtained based on 3-D flow field theory.Test results and simulated results are compared.The research has been used the CFD technology to study the internal flow and principle of hydrodynamic retarder, and the purpose is to guide the design of hydrodynamic retarder and improve its performance,meanwhile,for the independent research and development.It has significant meaning to economic growth of our country.
Firstly in this paper,the background of subject research and the application of the hydrodynamic retarder in the world have been introduced.The current situation of the development of the field flow theory has been listed.Some CFD software has been introduced and CFD software FLUENT has been chosen to carry on this research,then structure and operation principle of the hydrodynamic retarder have been explained and main contents of this research has been introduced.This paper has analyzed the basic theories of CFD in this research.Then introduced the discrete scheme,creation technology of the grid and turbulent model in detail,introduced the method of near wall treatment methods and the algorithm of calculating field flows.
The geometric model is created by UG,based on some assumptions and predigestion.Grid is created by mapping method,in order to improve the precision of calculating,using the grid of hexahedron.The realizableκ-εmodel,SIMPLE velocity-pressure coupling algorithm,separated solver,the implicit scheme model and the standard wall function has been chosen,and boundary conditions have been set up, such as wall boundary condition and sliding meshes condition.When the convergence achieved,this paper has made deeply analysis with velocity field and pressure field under some operating condition.The results of calculation has been analyzed and compared with those of experiment and the beam fluid theory,which proved the validity of three-dimensional calculation.
This research has achieved more and clearer understandings of the internal flow and principle of hydrodynamic retarder which can do some help for the independent research and development of retarder.A new design method of retarder based on CFD technology has been carved out which point out the orientation for the farther research.
引文
[1]李雪松,马文星.车辆液力减速器三维流场分析与特性计算.吉林大学硕士学位论文.
[2]时军,过学迅.车用液力减速器制动研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文.2002.
[3]齐晓杰,安永东等.汽车液压、液力与气压传动技术[M].化学工业出版社.2005,1.
[4]时军,过学迅.车用液力减速制动器的现状与发展趋势[J].车辆与动力技术.2001.
[5]魏巍.基于三维流场理论的液力变矩器参数集成优化设计系统.北京理工大学博士学位论文.2006,7.
[6]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用[M].北京理工大学出版社.2004,6.
[7]陶文铨.数值传热学[M],西安:西安交通大学出版社.2001.
[8]Yu Dong,Vamshi Korivi,Pradeep Attibele,Yiqing Yuan.Torque Converter CFD Engineering Part Ⅰ:Torque Ratio and K Factor Improvement through Stator Modifications[J].SAE 2002-01-0883.
[9]王福军.计算流体动力学分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2004.
[10]任华,杨雪春,谢世坤.基于映射法的曲面结构化四边形网格剖分及局部加密技术[J].南昌大学学报.2005.3.
[11]赵玉新.FLUENT中文教程,第九章可动区域中流动问题的建模.2003.
[12]袁建平,袁寿其等.离心泵内部流动测试研究进展[J].农业机械学报.2004,7.
[13]刘树红,吴玉林.应用流体力学fMl.清华大学出版社.2006,3.P73.
[14]朱经昌,魏宸官,郑慕侨.车辆液力传动(上、下册)[M].国防工业出版社.1982.
[15]马文星.液力传动理论与设计[M].化学工业出版社.2004.
[16]李有义.液力传动[M].哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2000.
[17]过学迅,时军.车辆液力减速制动器设计和试验研究[J].汽车工程.2003(3).
[18]童祖楹,刘祥春.液力偶合器[M],上海交通大学出版社,1988,p8-89.
[19]刘应诚,杨乃乔.液力偶合器应用与节能技术[M].化学工业出版社.2006,1.
[20]莫乃榕.工程流体力学[M].华中科技大学出版社.2000,5.
[21]陈卓如.工程流体力学『M],北京:高等教育出版,2004,P81-86.
[22]黄卫星,陈文梅.工程流体力学[M].化学工业出版社.2001,8.
[23]吴子牛.计算流体力学基本原理[M].科学出版社.2001,2.
[24]梁在潮.工程湍流[M],华中理工大学出版社.1999,p1-6.
[25]李万平.计算流体力学[M].华中科技大学.2004,2.
[26]John D.Anderson,Jr.Computational Fluid dynamics:the basics with applications[M].Mcgraw-Hill Companies,Inc.1995.
[27]J.H.Ferziger and M.Peric.Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics[M].Springer.2001,11.
[28]杨惠宗.泵与风机[M].上海交通大学出版社.1992.
[29]湛含辉,成浩等.二次流原理[M].中南大学出版社.2006,1.
[30]窦国仁.湍流力学[M].高等教育出版社.1985,p99.
[31]张惠民.叶轮机械中的三元流理论及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1984.
[32]李勇.介绍计算流体力学通用软件——Fluent[J].水动力学研究与进展.2001(6).
[33]Yah Qing-dong,Wei wei.Numeric Simulation of Single Passage Ternary Turbulence Model in Hydraulic Torque Converter[J].Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology,2003,12(2):172-175
[34]赵玉新.FLUENT中文教程,第五章网格的划分.2003.
[35]陈家瑞.汽车构造[M].人民交通出版社.1994.
[36]常思勤.三维流动数值模拟中网格划分方法的研究[J].武汉汽车工业大学学报.1998,20(2,P1-5.
[37]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1990151.
[38]王峰,闫清东等.基于CFD技术的液力减速器性能预测研究[J].系统仿真学报.2007(3).
[39]林重博.液力缓速器和电涡流缓速器[J].设计与计算.2001(6)
[40]杨伟军,包忠诩,扶名福,柳和生.映射法在三维六面体有限元网格生成中的应用[J].南昌大学学报.1999,12.
[41]王峰,闫清东,乔建刚.液力减速器制动性能的计算方法[J].起重运输机械.2006(5).
[42]过学迅,郑伟.现代车用缓速器[J].汽车研究与开发.2005(5).
[43]吴修义.大型商用汽车减速器[J].商用汽车.2000(5).
[44]鲁毅飞,颜和顺,项昌乐,闰清东.车用液力减速器制动性能的计算方法[J].汽车工程.2003年第25卷第2期.
[45]杨凯华,阎清东.车辆液力减速器仿真计算研究[J].液压与气动.2002年第7期.
[46]林重博.液力缓速器和电涡流缓速器[J].设计与计算.2001年第6期.
[47]吴修义.商用汽车液力缓速器[J].重型汽车.2002,4.
[48]廖利恒.用于大客车的ZF整体式液力缓速器介绍[J].商用汽车.2000,3.
[49]Chinwon Lee,Wookjin Jang and Jang Moo Lee.Three Dimensional Flow Field Simulation to Estimate Performance of a Torque Converter[J].SAE 2000 World Congress Detroit,Michigan.P1-5.
[50]Fluent Inc.Fluent Documentation 6.0[M].2005(01).
[51]FLUENT Inc.FLUENT User's Guide.Fluent Inc.2003.
[52]Fluent Inc.Gambit Documentation 6.0[M].2005(01).
[53]Fluent Inc.GAMBIT Modeling Guide.Fluent Inc.2003
[54]Mert E.Berkman and Ashutosh Katari.Transient CFD:How Valuable is It for Catalyst Design[J].SAE 2002 World Congress Detroit,Michigan.2002,P1-8
[55]Helmut Schreck,Heinc Kucher,Bernhard Reisch.ZF Retarder in Commercial Vehicle[J].SAE922452,1992.
[56]Sven Perzon and Lars Davidson.On CFD and Transient Flow in Vehicle Aerodynamics[J].SAE 2000 World Congress Detroit,Michigan.
[57]Timothy J,Jol E.Development of a Hydraulic Retarder for the Allison AT545R Transmission[J].SAE Paper:952606,1995
[58]Sydney Tekam and Marc Demoulin.Prediction of the Efficiency of an Automotive Oil Separator:Comparison of Numerical Simulations with Experiments.Power-train & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition Tampa,Florida USA,SAE2004-01-3019.p1-7
[59]Timothy J,Paulo Roberto Cassoli Mazzali.The MT643R-An Automatic Transmission with Retarder for the Latin American Market[C].SAE Paper 973127,1997.
[2]时军,过学迅.车用液力减速器制动研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文.2002.
[3]齐晓杰,安永东等.汽车液压、液力与气压传动技术[M].化学工业出版社.2005,1.
[4]时军,过学迅.车用液力减速制动器的现状与发展趋势[J].车辆与动力技术.2001.
[5]魏巍.基于三维流场理论的液力变矩器参数集成优化设计系统.北京理工大学博士学位论文.2006,7.
[6]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用[M].北京理工大学出版社.2004,6.
[7]陶文铨.数值传热学[M],西安:西安交通大学出版社.2001.
[8]Yu Dong,Vamshi Korivi,Pradeep Attibele,Yiqing Yuan.Torque Converter CFD Engineering Part Ⅰ:Torque Ratio and K Factor Improvement through Stator Modifications[J].SAE 2002-01-0883.
[9]王福军.计算流体动力学分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2004.
[10]任华,杨雪春,谢世坤.基于映射法的曲面结构化四边形网格剖分及局部加密技术[J].南昌大学学报.2005.3.
[11]赵玉新.FLUENT中文教程,第九章可动区域中流动问题的建模.2003.
[12]袁建平,袁寿其等.离心泵内部流动测试研究进展[J].农业机械学报.2004,7.
[13]刘树红,吴玉林.应用流体力学fMl.清华大学出版社.2006,3.P73.
[14]朱经昌,魏宸官,郑慕侨.车辆液力传动(上、下册)[M].国防工业出版社.1982.
[15]马文星.液力传动理论与设计[M].化学工业出版社.2004.
[16]李有义.液力传动[M].哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2000.
[17]过学迅,时军.车辆液力减速制动器设计和试验研究[J].汽车工程.2003(3).
[18]童祖楹,刘祥春.液力偶合器[M],上海交通大学出版社,1988,p8-89.
[19]刘应诚,杨乃乔.液力偶合器应用与节能技术[M].化学工业出版社.2006,1.
[20]莫乃榕.工程流体力学[M].华中科技大学出版社.2000,5.
[21]陈卓如.工程流体力学『M],北京:高等教育出版,2004,P81-86.
[22]黄卫星,陈文梅.工程流体力学[M].化学工业出版社.2001,8.
[23]吴子牛.计算流体力学基本原理[M].科学出版社.2001,2.
[24]梁在潮.工程湍流[M],华中理工大学出版社.1999,p1-6.
[25]李万平.计算流体力学[M].华中科技大学.2004,2.
[26]John D.Anderson,Jr.Computational Fluid dynamics:the basics with applications[M].Mcgraw-Hill Companies,Inc.1995.
[27]J.H.Ferziger and M.Peric.Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics[M].Springer.2001,11.
[28]杨惠宗.泵与风机[M].上海交通大学出版社.1992.
[29]湛含辉,成浩等.二次流原理[M].中南大学出版社.2006,1.
[30]窦国仁.湍流力学[M].高等教育出版社.1985,p99.
[31]张惠民.叶轮机械中的三元流理论及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1984.
[32]李勇.介绍计算流体力学通用软件——Fluent[J].水动力学研究与进展.2001(6).
[33]Yah Qing-dong,Wei wei.Numeric Simulation of Single Passage Ternary Turbulence Model in Hydraulic Torque Converter[J].Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology,2003,12(2):172-175
[34]赵玉新.FLUENT中文教程,第五章网格的划分.2003.
[35]陈家瑞.汽车构造[M].人民交通出版社.1994.
[36]常思勤.三维流动数值模拟中网格划分方法的研究[J].武汉汽车工业大学学报.1998,20(2,P1-5.
[37]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社.1990151.
[38]王峰,闫清东等.基于CFD技术的液力减速器性能预测研究[J].系统仿真学报.2007(3).
[39]林重博.液力缓速器和电涡流缓速器[J].设计与计算.2001(6)
[40]杨伟军,包忠诩,扶名福,柳和生.映射法在三维六面体有限元网格生成中的应用[J].南昌大学学报.1999,12.
[41]王峰,闫清东,乔建刚.液力减速器制动性能的计算方法[J].起重运输机械.2006(5).
[42]过学迅,郑伟.现代车用缓速器[J].汽车研究与开发.2005(5).
[43]吴修义.大型商用汽车减速器[J].商用汽车.2000(5).
[44]鲁毅飞,颜和顺,项昌乐,闰清东.车用液力减速器制动性能的计算方法[J].汽车工程.2003年第25卷第2期.
[45]杨凯华,阎清东.车辆液力减速器仿真计算研究[J].液压与气动.2002年第7期.
[46]林重博.液力缓速器和电涡流缓速器[J].设计与计算.2001年第6期.
[47]吴修义.商用汽车液力缓速器[J].重型汽车.2002,4.
[48]廖利恒.用于大客车的ZF整体式液力缓速器介绍[J].商用汽车.2000,3.
[49]Chinwon Lee,Wookjin Jang and Jang Moo Lee.Three Dimensional Flow Field Simulation to Estimate Performance of a Torque Converter[J].SAE 2000 World Congress Detroit,Michigan.P1-5.
[50]Fluent Inc.Fluent Documentation 6.0[M].2005(01).
[51]FLUENT Inc.FLUENT User's Guide.Fluent Inc.2003.
[52]Fluent Inc.Gambit Documentation 6.0[M].2005(01).
[53]Fluent Inc.GAMBIT Modeling Guide.Fluent Inc.2003
[54]Mert E.Berkman and Ashutosh Katari.Transient CFD:How Valuable is It for Catalyst Design[J].SAE 2002 World Congress Detroit,Michigan.2002,P1-8
[55]Helmut Schreck,Heinc Kucher,Bernhard Reisch.ZF Retarder in Commercial Vehicle[J].SAE922452,1992.
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