高校外语教师教学自主能力研究
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摘要
“自主”体现人本性中的主体性与能动性。在外语教学中,它直接影响教师的价值取向与教学方式,有着不容忽视的意义。与“自主”相关的研究虽然时间不长,但已然形成一种趋势(Holec,2008)。“自主”概念肇始于欧洲。本世纪初,我国学者开始关注“自主”话题的研究,在较短的时间内实现了从理论引介到教学实践的转变,尤其是在自主学习方面取得了丰硕的成果。自主学习进入外语教学领域后,催生了多样化的学习模式与方法,但并未有效地解决我国外语教学中的突出问题。不少学者在对外语教学的反思中,重新关注教师在外语教学的作用(吴一安,2005、周燕,2010、文秋芳,2010)。Little(1995)认为外语学习是一种师生对话,是师生之间的互动,学生自主依赖于教师自主,教师的角色至为关键。本论文以我国外语教学深化改革与发展背景为切入点,以高校外语教师为研究对象,从理论和实证两个方面来探讨教学自主问题。
     理论研究涵盖三个层面,分别为概念溯源、理论梳理与概念界定。本研究首先追溯了“自主”和“教师自主”两个概念在人文哲学、中国外语教育传统中的渊源,分析其广泛的人文哲学内涵,以及它与中国外语教育传统的密切联系。第二,本研究针对教师自主的构念、定义和维度,梳理了国内外的相关文献。笔者详尽地分析了现有教师自主的相关构念,认为教师自主包含内在的能力层面,能力层面是教师自主的关键,也是本项研究的理论基础。本研究也总结了现有研究的贡献、问题、及对本项研究的启示。第三,本研究提出了外语教师教学自主能力的概念,并对教学自主能力的定义和维度进行了详细的界定,教学自主能力区分为三个维度,分别为教师的知识结构、思维能力和创新能力。笔者还对三个维度的内涵进行了进一步的分析。
     实证部分采用了个案研究,旨在论证前述的教学自主能力概念,同时探讨高校外语教师在教学中的自主能力。个案研究的设计如下。首先,笔者按照教师的学校类型、授课类型、教龄因素的代表性原则,选取了6位外语教师作为研究对象。第二,笔者主要从访谈和课堂观察两种途径展开研究。时间跨度约为两个学期,从2012年的春季学期开始相关的准备和实施访谈,同年的秋季学期进行课堂观察。第三,本研究的实证数据和素材主要包括访谈、课堂观察、教师叙事和教学文档四种,笔者按照个案研究的要求把访谈、课堂观察等录音数据转写为文本素材。最后,本研究使用质性和量性两种方法对数据和素材进行了分析与归纳。
     基于理论和实证两方面的探讨,本研究得到如下一些发现与结论。首先,自主概念具有丰富的人文哲学内涵,对教学自主的界定要包含相关的构念和内容。第二,教师自主主要表现为教师在课堂教学中的自主能力,本研究将其定义为教学自主能力,这种自主能力包括知识结构、思维能力和创新能力三个维度。第三,个案教师在教学自主能力维度上的内省描述与外在教学表现存在相关性,三个维度在一定程度上形成了教师的自主性教学,可以作为教师自主性教学中的归因。实证研究在一定程度上论证了本文提出的教学自主能力概念、及维度界定。第四,个案教师在教学实践中表现出显著的自主性,对我国高校外语教师教学自主的现状具有一定的代表性。最后,作为本研究的建议和启示,笔者认为外语教师应该关注自身的知识、思维和创新能力建构。三个方面的能力建构,既提升了自主性教学的能力,也实现了自主性的教师发展。
“Autonomy” embodies individual subjectivity and human initiative. It is ofcritical importance to foreign language teaching, since it directly impacts on teachers’value orientation and their teaching methods.“Autonomy”, according to Holec (2008),has fostered a powerful investigation drive in the field of foreign language learningand teaching. Autonomy was first conceptualized in foreign language learning inEurope. It began to draw the attention of Chinese researchers at the beginning of thiscentury. In the past decades, Chinese researchers have introduced the theory, initiatedtheir own researches, and applied it to EFL teaching, whose accomplishments mainlylie in the study on learning autonomy. The diverse autonomous learning modes andmethods developed by researchers in the field, however, fail to improve EFL learningeffectively. As a consequence, some researchers reconsider the role of teachers andthe function of teaching upon serious reflection (Wu,2005; Zhou,2010; Wen,2010).Language learning, according to Little (1995), is a dialogue between teachers andlearners, and learner autonomy depends on teacher autonomy. Teaching, therefore, hasa crucial role and needs to be emphasized in EFL teaching. Based on the backgroundof foreign language teaching reform in China, this study focuses on tertiary foreignlanguage teachers and explores their teaching autonomy both theoretically andempirically.
     The theoretical study consists of three aspects, the origin exploration of“autonomy”, literature review and the concept development. First, the study traces theorigin of “autonomy” and “teacher autonomy” in the fields of philosophy andhumanistic education, and interprets its rich connotation and implication. The authoralso explores its emergence in Chinese EFL teaching, and identifies its relation to EFLteaching tradition. Second, the author, with a focus on constructs and definitions ofteaching autonomy, comprehensively reviews the previous research in the field. Theachievements and problems are summarized, which lays a theoretical basis for thisstudy. Third, the author puts forward the concept of teaching autonomy (TA) of a foreign language teacher and argues that the competence is the core of teachingautonomy. He later defines the concept and its dimensions in different perspectives.
     The empirical study aims to verify the TA concept and investigate the TAperformance of tertiary foreign language teachers. The author adopts a case studyapproach with the major design as the following:1) six teachers were selected asresearch subjects, whose selection was based on university type, course (teaching)type and teaching years;2) the research applied both interview and class observationmethods;3) the interviews were conducted in the spring semester in2012, and theobservation in the fall one;4) the author collected data from the selected teachersincluding records of interview and observation, which were transcribed, teachers’journals and teaching PPT and other files related;5) both qualitative and quantitativemethods were adopted in data analysis.
     From the above discussions, this dissertation draws the following conclusions.First, autonomy has rich connotations in the fields of philosophy and humanities,which should be considered and included when defining teaching autonomy. Second,teacher autonomy is mainly reflected as a teaching competence in the context ofclassroom teaching. It is defined as teaching autonomy in the present study. Teachingautonomy comprises three dimensions: teachers’ knowledge capacity, thinkingcapacity and innovative capacity. Third, case teachers’ introspective description ofknowledge, thinking and innovation is relevant to their teaching performance. Thethree dimensions, therefore, may contribute to their teaching autonomy. The empiricalresearch findings can justify the validity of the TA concept and the dimensions tosome extent. Fourth, case teachers show strong autonomy in their teaching, which canpartially represent the state of TAamong tertiary EFL teachers. Finally, the study putsforward some suggestions for tertiary teachers’ teaching and development. Teachersare suggested to better cultivate their teaching competence, by which they willstrengthen their teaching autonomy and achieve their professional development aswell.
引文
2引自Holec为“Learner and TeacherAutonomy: Concepts, realities and responses”一书撰写的前言(Lamb, T&H. Reinders,2008).
    3“三角互证法”指使用多种方法、数据、调查者和理论来研究同一现象的方法(文军、蒋逸民,2010:25)。
    4该解释出自《现代社会学词典》,转引自文军、蒋逸民(2010:94)。
    6该段中的孟子语录转引自毛礼锐等编著《中国古代教育史》,人民教育出版社,1983,第82-87页,及王炳照等编著《简明中国教育史》,北京师范大学出版社,1987,第54-62页。
    7该段中的朱熹和王守仁语录引自毛礼锐等编著《中国古代教育史》,ibid,第363-355页。
    8卢梭后两个阶段的教育大致为:社会教育就是探讨人与人的关系,道德教育就是要注重道德实践。引自彭正梅序言第3页,载于卢梭著《爱弥儿》,彭正梅译,上海:世纪出版集团、上海人民出版社,2011。
    9引自彭正梅序言第2页, ibid。
    10自蔡元培发表于1922年《教育独立议》一文,转引自王炳照等编著《简明中国教育史》,北京师范大学出版社,1987,第347页。
    13转引自柳华妮(2013)未发表论文“民国中后期的大学共同英语课及教材”。
    17引自《大纲》附录III“关于外语专业面向21世纪本科教育改革的若干意见”(1998年8月)。
    19Autonomy, the ability or opportunity to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,2006:86).
    22“attribute”在辞典中的解释为:“a quality forming part of the nature of a person or thing,特性、特质、属性”,参见《朗文当代高级英语辞典》,商务印书馆,1998。
    25这里的“概念”在语义上是一个上义词,构念、定义和维度是概念的下义词。“概念(concept)”在英语辞典中的解释为:a thought, idea or principle; notion,参见《朗文当代高级英语辞典》,商务印书馆,1998。
    26另外参见《朗文语言教学与应用语言学词典》对“construct”的定义:“构念是指一种源于表面现象、无法直接观察的概念,构念有助于分析和理解事件或现象”(Richards, et al,2005:144)。
    27关于教师知识的国内外相关研究参见王艳玲(2011:101)。
    38冯友兰引用亚里斯多德的话,认为反思就是“关于思索的思索”。参见冯友兰著《中国哲学简史》,新世界出版社,2004,第4页。
    39转引自孙有中文“突出思辨能力培养,将英语专业教学改革引向深入”(2011:54)。
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