海底管道拖拉法施工分析及其软件
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摘要
拖曳法施工是我国近海油田工程建设中一种重要的管道铺设方法，它以其装备简便、施工经济的优点也必将在我国当前以及未来蓬勃发展的边际油田开发中受到广泛应用。本文依托海洋石油工程股份有限公司科研项目《边际油田工程设施海上安装技术研究》，分别对底拖法、浮拖法、离底拖法三种拖曳方式展开研究，从力学角度解决了以上三种施工工艺问题，并建立了较为精确的管道拖航受力分析模型。在理论研究成果基础上，开发了管道施工计算软件“海底管道拖拉法施工分析系统”(SPTMAS3.0)。
本文的主要研究成果概述为以下几个方面：
(1)对于底拖法，建立了不同海床段的管道牵引力公式，从力学角度解决了拖管路径中的最大悬跨和障碍高度问题。
(2)对于浮拖法和离底拖法，首先对管道在水中的静平衡状态进行分析，解决浮筒及拖链的配置问题；然后建立了管道拖航状态下的受力分析模型，并利用三维有限元方法进行求解。
(3)开发了管道施工计算软件“海底管道拖拉法施工分析系统”(SPTMAS3.0)，软件除计算施工配置外，主要功能是对管道的应力及变形进行三维有限元求解，计算结果可以通过图形和文档两种形式输出。
通过后两种施工方法的算例分析，探讨了不同施工因素(施工配置和尾船张力)对管道应力的影响。计算结果表明这些成果对实际海底管道建设工程具有较强的应用价值。
The towing method is an important pipe laying technique which is usually adopted in the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources in our country. With the advantages of simple equipment and less cost, it will be widely applied in the current and future development of offshore marginal oil fields. According to the studying project "Research on the installation techniques of offshore engineering facilities for marginal oil fields" supported by Offshore Oil Engineering Co., LTD, in this paper, three types of towing methods are systematiclly studied, which are respectively bottom towing method, surface towing method and off-bottom towing method. Taking into account the corresponding construction techniques and ocean environment conditions, the mechanical analysis models of submarine pipeline during the towing are reasonably created, and the finite element method is applied to analyze the stress states of various segments of pipeline. The software "Submarine Pipeline Towing Method Analysis System" (SPTMAS3.0) is specially developed for stress analysis during the laying. The main studying results are summarized as follow.
(1) For the bottom towing method, the seabed is divided into many parts, the formula of pipeline traction of each part is established. The problems of the maximal suspended-span length and the obstacle height are discussed.
(2) As to the surface towing and off-bottom towing methods, the pipeline at the static equilibrium conditions in the seawater is analyzed to resolve the configuration problems of the buoy and towline. The mechanical analysis model of pipeline in the towing process is established and three-dimensional finite element method is used to compute the stress and deformation of the pipeline.
(3) Concerning the software SPTMAS3.0, in addition to the computation of construction configuration, it is capable of carrying out the analysis of stress and deformation for the towing pipeline using 3D FEM, the output of the calculating results is in the forms of intuitional graphics and documents.
After the example analysis of surface towing method and off-bottom towing method, the different influencing factors such as the towing velocity and the tension of tail-ship on the maximum stress of pipeline are discussed. These results have an important referenced value in the actual application of the submarine pipeline projects.
本文的主要研究成果概述为以下几个方面：
(1)对于底拖法，建立了不同海床段的管道牵引力公式，从力学角度解决了拖管路径中的最大悬跨和障碍高度问题。
(2)对于浮拖法和离底拖法，首先对管道在水中的静平衡状态进行分析，解决浮筒及拖链的配置问题；然后建立了管道拖航状态下的受力分析模型，并利用三维有限元方法进行求解。
(3)开发了管道施工计算软件“海底管道拖拉法施工分析系统”(SPTMAS3.0)，软件除计算施工配置外，主要功能是对管道的应力及变形进行三维有限元求解，计算结果可以通过图形和文档两种形式输出。
通过后两种施工方法的算例分析，探讨了不同施工因素(施工配置和尾船张力)对管道应力的影响。计算结果表明这些成果对实际海底管道建设工程具有较强的应用价值。
The towing method is an important pipe laying technique which is usually adopted in the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources in our country. With the advantages of simple equipment and less cost, it will be widely applied in the current and future development of offshore marginal oil fields. According to the studying project "Research on the installation techniques of offshore engineering facilities for marginal oil fields" supported by Offshore Oil Engineering Co., LTD, in this paper, three types of towing methods are systematiclly studied, which are respectively bottom towing method, surface towing method and off-bottom towing method. Taking into account the corresponding construction techniques and ocean environment conditions, the mechanical analysis models of submarine pipeline during the towing are reasonably created, and the finite element method is applied to analyze the stress states of various segments of pipeline. The software "Submarine Pipeline Towing Method Analysis System" (SPTMAS3.0) is specially developed for stress analysis during the laying. The main studying results are summarized as follow.
(1) For the bottom towing method, the seabed is divided into many parts, the formula of pipeline traction of each part is established. The problems of the maximal suspended-span length and the obstacle height are discussed.
(2) As to the surface towing and off-bottom towing methods, the pipeline at the static equilibrium conditions in the seawater is analyzed to resolve the configuration problems of the buoy and towline. The mechanical analysis model of pipeline in the towing process is established and three-dimensional finite element method is used to compute the stress and deformation of the pipeline.
(3) Concerning the software SPTMAS3.0, in addition to the computation of construction configuration, it is capable of carrying out the analysis of stress and deformation for the towing pipeline using 3D FEM, the output of the calculating results is in the forms of intuitional graphics and documents.
After the example analysis of surface towing method and off-bottom towing method, the different influencing factors such as the towing velocity and the tension of tail-ship on the maximum stress of pipeline are discussed. These results have an important referenced value in the actual application of the submarine pipeline projects.
引文
[1] 马良．海底油气管道工程．北京：海洋出版社，1987．
[2] 杨明华．海洋油气管道工程．天津：天津大学出版社，1994．
[3] 马良．海洋管道技术综述．油气储运，1989，8(5)：7-13．
[4] 叶玮．海底管道新型铺管方法——卷管法的施工技术研究：[硕士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2006．
[5] 张建萍，赵冬岩．加利福尼亚近海深水管道敷设新方法．国外油气储运卷，1994，12(4)：54-59．
[6] Tecnomare S. E A. Arctic Offshore Pipelines Design and Installation Challenges. Arcop, Workshop N 4, June 8-9, 2004.
[7] 宋儒鑫．深水开发中的海底管道和海洋立管．中国造船，2002，43(增刊)：238-251．
[8] 钱孟祥，王志国．埕岛油田海底管线拖管技术．海岸工程，2000，19(2)：29-35．
[9] 姜进方．拖拉法铺设登陆海底管道．中国海上油气，1996，8(2)：10-15．
[10] 侯文斌，刘鸿升等．滩海海底管道系统施工工艺．石油工程建设，1997(4)：30-35．
[11] 梁政．石油工程中的若干力学问题．北京：石油工程出版社，1999．
[12] A．H．Mousselli．海底管道设计分析及方法．许正名译．北京：海洋出版社，1984．
[13] 董丽丽，徐慧等．海底管道悬跨长度的计算．中国海上油气，2003，16(6)：16-23．
[14] 刘雅清．桂山岛海底输油管线的施工—用浮运支撑法一次敷设海底管线组．港口工程，1996(2)：1-13．
[15] 金伟良．工程荷载组合理论与应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2006．
[16] 郭小刚，金星等．流体阻力对软管空间平衡形态的影响．海洋工程，2000，18(2)：1-6．
[17] 胡玉霞，孙绍逑．波流作用于海底管道上的水动力荷载试验研究．大连理工大学学报，1991，31(4)：445-453．
[18] 李玉成，陈兵等．波浪对海底管线作用的物理模型试验及数值模拟研究．海洋通报，1996，15(4)：58-65．
[19] 梁政．海洋管道直接漂浮拖运分析．油气储运，1990，9(1)：26-33．
[20] 夏荣聪，侯强．埕岛油田海底管道安装应力计算方法的研究及应用．海岸工程，2000，19(1)：1-7．
[21] 马良．牵引管道分析与设计研究．海外油气储运，1994，12(3)：35-40．
[22] SSL Engineering Design Manual for Subsea Applications. Ameron International, Release 1.1, March 2003.
[23] T. Ley, D. Reynolds. Pulling and Towing of Pipelines and Bundles. OTC 18233, 2006.
[24] R.J. Brown. Past, Present, and Future Towing of Pipelines and Risers. OTC 18047, 2006.
[25] I. C. P. da Cruz and J.D. Davison. Deepwater Installation of Pipelines and Risers by Towing. OTC 18196, 2006.
[26] V. Alliot, H. Zhang, and D. Perinet. Development of Towing Techniques for Deep Water Flowlines and Risers. OTC 17826, 2006.
[27] 彭兴黔，白鹏飞．恒定水深拖拉铺管管线的三维大挠度静态应力分析．江汉石油学院学报，1989，11(1)：72-80．
[28] 王雷．计算机技术在海底管道施工中的应用．中国造船，2005，46(增刊)：409-412．
[29] 俞铭华．有限元法与C程序设计．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[30] 刘尔烈．有限单元法及程序设计．天津：天津大学出版社，2004．
[31] 张允真，曹富新．弹性力学及其有限元法．北京：中国铁道出版社，1983．
[32] Timothy B．D'Orazio．课堂教学与编程演练——科学与工程问题应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2004．
[33] 王锐．海洋石油管线浮式施工分析及其程序设计：[硕士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2000．
[34] C.Kalliontzis, E. Andrianis, K, Spyropoulos, S. Doikas. Finite Element Stress Analysis of Unilaterally Surported Submarine Pipelines. Computers and Structures, 1996, 61 (4): 1207-1226.
[35] H. I. Park, C. H. Kim. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Allowable Free Span Lengths of Subsea Pipelines. Proceedings of the 1997 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Part 2(of 4). Honolulu, 1997.
[36] Ney Roitman, Carlos Magluta. Analysis of Single Pipeline Pull-in Procedure Using Small Scale Models, Marine Structure, 1996, 9:991-1002.
[37] D. S. Zhu, Y. K. Cheung. Optimization of Buoyancy of an Articulated Stinger on Submerged Pipelines Laid with a Barge. Ocean Engineering, 1997, 24(4): 301-311.
[38] 刘元永．锦州20-2登陆海底管道施工技术．中国海上油气(工程)，1993，5(6)：15-21．
[39] 张进国，帅健等．漂浮法敷设海底管道悬浮段有限元分析．石油机械，1996，24(7)：28-31．
[40] 俞建国．澳门国际机场海底油管铺设施工．建筑施工，1997，19(3)：39-41．
[2] 杨明华．海洋油气管道工程．天津：天津大学出版社，1994．
[3] 马良．海洋管道技术综述．油气储运，1989，8(5)：7-13．
[4] 叶玮．海底管道新型铺管方法——卷管法的施工技术研究：[硕士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2006．
[5] 张建萍，赵冬岩．加利福尼亚近海深水管道敷设新方法．国外油气储运卷，1994，12(4)：54-59．
[6] Tecnomare S. E A. Arctic Offshore Pipelines Design and Installation Challenges. Arcop, Workshop N 4, June 8-9, 2004.
[7] 宋儒鑫．深水开发中的海底管道和海洋立管．中国造船，2002，43(增刊)：238-251．
[8] 钱孟祥，王志国．埕岛油田海底管线拖管技术．海岸工程，2000，19(2)：29-35．
[9] 姜进方．拖拉法铺设登陆海底管道．中国海上油气，1996，8(2)：10-15．
[10] 侯文斌，刘鸿升等．滩海海底管道系统施工工艺．石油工程建设，1997(4)：30-35．
[11] 梁政．石油工程中的若干力学问题．北京：石油工程出版社，1999．
[12] A．H．Mousselli．海底管道设计分析及方法．许正名译．北京：海洋出版社，1984．
[13] 董丽丽，徐慧等．海底管道悬跨长度的计算．中国海上油气，2003，16(6)：16-23．
[14] 刘雅清．桂山岛海底输油管线的施工—用浮运支撑法一次敷设海底管线组．港口工程，1996(2)：1-13．
[15] 金伟良．工程荷载组合理论与应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2006．
[16] 郭小刚，金星等．流体阻力对软管空间平衡形态的影响．海洋工程，2000，18(2)：1-6．
[17] 胡玉霞，孙绍逑．波流作用于海底管道上的水动力荷载试验研究．大连理工大学学报，1991，31(4)：445-453．
[18] 李玉成，陈兵等．波浪对海底管线作用的物理模型试验及数值模拟研究．海洋通报，1996，15(4)：58-65．
[19] 梁政．海洋管道直接漂浮拖运分析．油气储运，1990，9(1)：26-33．
[20] 夏荣聪，侯强．埕岛油田海底管道安装应力计算方法的研究及应用．海岸工程，2000，19(1)：1-7．
[21] 马良．牵引管道分析与设计研究．海外油气储运，1994，12(3)：35-40．
[22] SSL Engineering Design Manual for Subsea Applications. Ameron International, Release 1.1, March 2003.
[23] T. Ley, D. Reynolds. Pulling and Towing of Pipelines and Bundles. OTC 18233, 2006.
[24] R.J. Brown. Past, Present, and Future Towing of Pipelines and Risers. OTC 18047, 2006.
[25] I. C. P. da Cruz and J.D. Davison. Deepwater Installation of Pipelines and Risers by Towing. OTC 18196, 2006.
[26] V. Alliot, H. Zhang, and D. Perinet. Development of Towing Techniques for Deep Water Flowlines and Risers. OTC 17826, 2006.
[27] 彭兴黔，白鹏飞．恒定水深拖拉铺管管线的三维大挠度静态应力分析．江汉石油学院学报，1989，11(1)：72-80．
[28] 王雷．计算机技术在海底管道施工中的应用．中国造船，2005，46(增刊)：409-412．
[29] 俞铭华．有限元法与C程序设计．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[30] 刘尔烈．有限单元法及程序设计．天津：天津大学出版社，2004．
[31] 张允真，曹富新．弹性力学及其有限元法．北京：中国铁道出版社，1983．
[32] Timothy B．D'Orazio．课堂教学与编程演练——科学与工程问题应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2004．
[33] 王锐．海洋石油管线浮式施工分析及其程序设计：[硕士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2000．
[34] C.Kalliontzis, E. Andrianis, K, Spyropoulos, S. Doikas. Finite Element Stress Analysis of Unilaterally Surported Submarine Pipelines. Computers and Structures, 1996, 61 (4): 1207-1226.
[35] H. I. Park, C. H. Kim. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Allowable Free Span Lengths of Subsea Pipelines. Proceedings of the 1997 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Part 2(of 4). Honolulu, 1997.
[36] Ney Roitman, Carlos Magluta. Analysis of Single Pipeline Pull-in Procedure Using Small Scale Models, Marine Structure, 1996, 9:991-1002.
[37] D. S. Zhu, Y. K. Cheung. Optimization of Buoyancy of an Articulated Stinger on Submerged Pipelines Laid with a Barge. Ocean Engineering, 1997, 24(4): 301-311.
[38] 刘元永．锦州20-2登陆海底管道施工技术．中国海上油气(工程)，1993，5(6)：15-21．
[39] 张进国，帅健等．漂浮法敷设海底管道悬浮段有限元分析．石油机械，1996，24(7)：28-31．
[40] 俞建国．澳门国际机场海底油管铺设施工．建筑施工，1997，19(3)：39-41．