基于GIS的大气颗粒物源解析信息系统的开发
摘要
本系统采用组件式GIS开发方式,运用TopMap ActiveX组件,在VB语言平台下设计开发而成。系统通过对图层进行各项操作以及数据库管理,实现了北方某省大气颗粒物源解析信息系统的地图化表现、动态查询以及专题图形式的统计、对比分析功能。通过该GIS系统可直观地展现北方某省各典型城市大气中悬浮颗粒物的分布规律、污染物来源、污染程度等信息,根据不同地区不同时期各类污染源对颗粒物的贡献量和贡献率,比较各典型城市大气环境质量的变化以及与经济建设和社会发展的关系,为决策者提出大气颗粒物污染的治理措施提供重要参考。
This system which adopts the development method of geographic information system based on component applies TopMap ActiveX plug-in under the development platform of Visual Basic programming language. Through managing layers and database, the software could demonstrate source apportionment of atmospheric particulates information system in map visualization, dynamic query and data statistics/comparison in the form of thematic layers, and put forward to reference for policymakers who want to work out measures which can reduce the pollution caused by atmospheric particulates in some north province.
Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Particulates Information System is formed mainly by two major parts: (1) Map Operation Module, which include calling in layers, loading exterior data (source and acceptor data), adding and deleting one layer of attribute information, creating and deleting thematic layers and isoline layers, saving and printing maps, and so on. (2) Database Management Module, which include data query and maintenance, and so on. Source Apportionment Project Database takes the ground floor link way between modules, and realizes the data share.
Geographic Information System which is prompt, accurate and including amount of map information and various organized data information can meet user's demands. It is important way that Geographic Information System deals with space data and attribute-data of layers, which makes database management easy. The base maps which we select in the system are the digital map (1:50000) of some north province. Through dealing with them, we have formed the base maps which are called in and assessed. We can add or delete layers at any time by TopMap ActiveX plug-in, and deal with every layer. We can also create new temporary layers (such as isoline layer), show the temporary data, and acquire new data according to special conditions. Once these temporary layers are not needed again, we can delete them at any time. As to modifying the attribute of layers ,we mainly adopt two kinds of method: (1) Calling in layer manager of TopMap ActiveX plug-in by LayerCtrlDlg function which can move arranged position of layers, set the visibility, selectivity and edited flexibility of layers, and load any existing layers; (2) Through writing function code of LayerCreate, LayerAdd and LayerDelete, we can create, add and delete layers, change relative position of point, line and surface layers, and set the attributes (such as form, size and color) of added symbols.
Utilizing this characteristic of TopMap ActiveX plug-in, we can conveniently create pollutant distribution layers, thematic layers and isoline layers, stack layers reasonably, and show different information of layers at one map.
There are column chart, pie chart and stack chart in TopMap ActiveX plug-in in order to show data by graph. Users can choose the formulation way of thematic layers at will in the operating process. Through writing the program code of different thematic layers, the system will create the related layer automatically. Picturizing the result must have the related data, so the software system must integrate and show space-data and attribute-data, and link the related attribute-data database with TopMap ActiveX plug-in. The development of the system mainly adopts ADO interface of the database, which link with the attribute database. Under thematic map window, layer-attribute list box can show all field-information of every entity at any time. When we exit the software, the system will save the thematic map automatically. Moreover, when we enter the software next time, the system will remove the thematic map and all field-information of pollution factors in layer-attribute list box. When the software is running, if user want to reserve some thematic maps, he can realize it through the following two methods: (1) Use "Output Picture" button and save layer-information as "*.jpg", "*.bmp" and "*.gif" etc., which includes 14 picture formats; (2) Use "Print" button and save layer-information as paper files after preview.
The isoline layer can clearly show the distribution regularity of one factor in certain area, which has good reference value of making treatment measures which reduce district pollution of atmospheric particulate matter. In TopMap ActiveX plug-in, isoline layer is created on the basis of surface entity; interpolation algorithm apply polyhedral function algorithm, and set interstage numbers according to pollution factors. After creating isoline layer, layer-attribute list box will show automatically classified array sets, and set new isoline layer as current layer. When we exit the software, the system will automatically name new layer as "Isoline Layer", and save it in the folder which storage all layers. In order to make sure that the software can create new layer next time, the system will automatically delete "Isoline Layer" when enter the software again. If user wants to reserve new layer, except two ways given above, we can also cut "Isoline Layer" and reserve it in another folder in order to be called in for the future.
The system integrate monitoring data (city A, city B, city C and city D) of source apportionment and relevant statistical data of each city about development of society and economy, and save them on the basis of data table in Access database. Data query is the main means that the system offers data to user. The software has storaged a large number of monitoring data and statistical data about development of society and economy in the system, and maintain two databases at any time.
Consulting the result of source apportionment, which can enhance the pertinence, scientificity and rationality of prevention and control of atmospheric particulates pollution, we can establish the plan of prevention and control of air pollution. In recent years, source apportionment technology plays an important role in the research on the total quantity of atmospheric particulates control and comprehensive treatment of urban environment, and we have acquired good social benefit and environmental benefit. After introducing GIS technology as study means, the lacks of connection about environmental information data and intuitionistic expression are remedied. In this GIS system, we can show the information of distribution disciplinarian, pollutant sources and pollution extent about each city in some north province, compare the changes of atmospheric environment quality about each city according to pollutant sources’contribution and contribution rate to atmospheric particulates in the different areas and periods, and put forward the suggestion measures about prevention and control of atmospheric particulates.
Meanwhile, the software has a certain expansion. Take creating isoline layer for example, if we can ascertain the limit values of pollution factors and set different colors in every region, the information exceeded the limits about pollution factors will be very clear on the basis of urban street layer. In addition,the software has good portability. If database is altered properly,we also apply the software to other research fields.
This system which adopts the development method of geographic information system based on component applies TopMap ActiveX plug-in under the development platform of Visual Basic programming language. Through managing layers and database, the software could demonstrate source apportionment of atmospheric particulates information system in map visualization, dynamic query and data statistics/comparison in the form of thematic layers, and put forward to reference for policymakers who want to work out measures which can reduce the pollution caused by atmospheric particulates in some north province.
Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Particulates Information System is formed mainly by two major parts: (1) Map Operation Module, which include calling in layers, loading exterior data (source and acceptor data), adding and deleting one layer of attribute information, creating and deleting thematic layers and isoline layers, saving and printing maps, and so on. (2) Database Management Module, which include data query and maintenance, and so on. Source Apportionment Project Database takes the ground floor link way between modules, and realizes the data share.
Geographic Information System which is prompt, accurate and including amount of map information and various organized data information can meet user's demands. It is important way that Geographic Information System deals with space data and attribute-data of layers, which makes database management easy. The base maps which we select in the system are the digital map (1:50000) of some north province. Through dealing with them, we have formed the base maps which are called in and assessed. We can add or delete layers at any time by TopMap ActiveX plug-in, and deal with every layer. We can also create new temporary layers (such as isoline layer), show the temporary data, and acquire new data according to special conditions. Once these temporary layers are not needed again, we can delete them at any time. As to modifying the attribute of layers ,we mainly adopt two kinds of method: (1) Calling in layer manager of TopMap ActiveX plug-in by LayerCtrlDlg function which can move arranged position of layers, set the visibility, selectivity and edited flexibility of layers, and load any existing layers; (2) Through writing function code of LayerCreate, LayerAdd and LayerDelete, we can create, add and delete layers, change relative position of point, line and surface layers, and set the attributes (such as form, size and color) of added symbols.
Utilizing this characteristic of TopMap ActiveX plug-in, we can conveniently create pollutant distribution layers, thematic layers and isoline layers, stack layers reasonably, and show different information of layers at one map.
There are column chart, pie chart and stack chart in TopMap ActiveX plug-in in order to show data by graph. Users can choose the formulation way of thematic layers at will in the operating process. Through writing the program code of different thematic layers, the system will create the related layer automatically. Picturizing the result must have the related data, so the software system must integrate and show space-data and attribute-data, and link the related attribute-data database with TopMap ActiveX plug-in. The development of the system mainly adopts ADO interface of the database, which link with the attribute database. Under thematic map window, layer-attribute list box can show all field-information of every entity at any time. When we exit the software, the system will save the thematic map automatically. Moreover, when we enter the software next time, the system will remove the thematic map and all field-information of pollution factors in layer-attribute list box. When the software is running, if user want to reserve some thematic maps, he can realize it through the following two methods: (1) Use "Output Picture" button and save layer-information as "*.jpg", "*.bmp" and "*.gif" etc., which includes 14 picture formats; (2) Use "Print" button and save layer-information as paper files after preview.
The isoline layer can clearly show the distribution regularity of one factor in certain area, which has good reference value of making treatment measures which reduce district pollution of atmospheric particulate matter. In TopMap ActiveX plug-in, isoline layer is created on the basis of surface entity; interpolation algorithm apply polyhedral function algorithm, and set interstage numbers according to pollution factors. After creating isoline layer, layer-attribute list box will show automatically classified array sets, and set new isoline layer as current layer. When we exit the software, the system will automatically name new layer as "Isoline Layer", and save it in the folder which storage all layers. In order to make sure that the software can create new layer next time, the system will automatically delete "Isoline Layer" when enter the software again. If user wants to reserve new layer, except two ways given above, we can also cut "Isoline Layer" and reserve it in another folder in order to be called in for the future.
The system integrate monitoring data (city A, city B, city C and city D) of source apportionment and relevant statistical data of each city about development of society and economy, and save them on the basis of data table in Access database. Data query is the main means that the system offers data to user. The software has storaged a large number of monitoring data and statistical data about development of society and economy in the system, and maintain two databases at any time.
Consulting the result of source apportionment, which can enhance the pertinence, scientificity and rationality of prevention and control of atmospheric particulates pollution, we can establish the plan of prevention and control of air pollution. In recent years, source apportionment technology plays an important role in the research on the total quantity of atmospheric particulates control and comprehensive treatment of urban environment, and we have acquired good social benefit and environmental benefit. After introducing GIS technology as study means, the lacks of connection about environmental information data and intuitionistic expression are remedied. In this GIS system, we can show the information of distribution disciplinarian, pollutant sources and pollution extent about each city in some north province, compare the changes of atmospheric environment quality about each city according to pollutant sources’contribution and contribution rate to atmospheric particulates in the different areas and periods, and put forward the suggestion measures about prevention and control of atmospheric particulates.
Meanwhile, the software has a certain expansion. Take creating isoline layer for example, if we can ascertain the limit values of pollution factors and set different colors in every region, the information exceeded the limits about pollution factors will be very clear on the basis of urban street layer. In addition,the software has good portability. If database is altered properly,we also apply the software to other research fields.
引文
[1] 朱坦等.源解析技术在环境评价中的应用——区域大气污染质量控制.中国环境科学,2000,20:2-6
[2] 戴树桂等.受体模型在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用和进展.中国环境科学,1995,15(4):252-257
[3] 梁金友,王文兴.区域源解析模式的建立.环境科学学报,1990,10(1):17-25
[4] Patterson E., Eatough D.J. Indoor/outdoor relationships for ambient PM2.5 and associated pollutants: epidemiological implications in London, Utah. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 2000,50:103-110
[5] Van Houdt J.J.Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in indoor and outdoor environments.Atmospheric Environment 1990, 24B:207-220
[6] Currie L.A.Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Particles.In Environmental Particles (edited by Buffle J.) 5-47,FL:Lewis Publishers,1992
[7] John W.,Wall S.M..Modes in the size distributions of atmospheric inorganic aerosols.Atmospheric Environment 1990,24: 2349-2359
[8] 李祚泳.用投影回归进行大气颗粒物的污染源解析.中国环境科学,1999,19(3):270-272
[9] 冯银厂等.大气颗粒物二重源解析技术原理与应用.环境科学,2002,23(增刊):106-108
[10] 夏青等.大气环境综合整治规划.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990
[11] 钱杰,王勤.城市环境信息管理系统建设实践.上海环境科学,2001,9:422-424
[12] 宦茂盛等.地区级城市环境管理信息系统的设计.北京师范大学学报,2000,2:137-141
[13] 孟鲁闽,朱庆伟.互联网上地理信息系统的发展.测绘通报,2000,7:9-10
[14] 耿安朝.地理信息系统在环境科学领域的开发与应用.苏州城建环保学院学报,2000,3:17-21
[15] 何强等.地理信息系统在城市环境管理中应用.重庆建筑大学学报,2000,10:79-83
[16] 李本纲等.地理信息系统在环境模型研究中的应用.环境科学,1998,19(3):87-90
[17] 罗云启,罗毅.数字化地理信息系统 MapInfo 应用大全.北京:北京希望电子出版社,2001
[18] 唐嘉平等.基于 GIS 的北京市机动车污染数据库的开发和应用.环境科学,2000,11:95-97
[19] 蒋捷,陈军.基础地理信息数据库更新的若干思考.测绘通报,2000,5:1-3
[20] 林伟立,胡建信.GIS 和环境管理信息系统建设.环境与开发,2001,16(3):1-3
[21] 舒艳等.地理信息系统在环境保护领域的应用分析.环境保护,2002,1:30-32
[22] 韦保仁,石剑英.地理信息系统在环境保护中的发展趋势分析.苏州城建环保学院学报,1999,12(3):35-40
[23] Srinvasan R, Arnod J G.Integration of a basin-scale water quality model with GIS.Water Resources,1994,30(3):453-464
[24] Walsh S J.Geographic information system for natural resource management.Soil & Water Conservation,1985,40:202-205
[25] 陆亮,明鲁平.GIS 技术在环境影响评价中的应用.上海环境科学,2000,5:208-210
[26] 刘勇,井文涌.地理信息系统技术及其在环境科学中的应用.环境科学,1997,18(2):62-65
[27] 任劲松,任伏虎.地理信息系统支持下的区域环境现状评价.环境科学,1990,11(6):62-67
[28] 王宏伟,程声通.多媒体 3S 综合集成技术在环境科学中的应用.环境科学,1998,19(2):83-86
[29] 李德仁.当前国际 GIS 的研究和应用现状.见:RS、GIS、GPS 的集成与应用.北京:测绘出版社,1995
[30] 张显库.VB 实用编程技术——从基础到开发.大连:大连理工大学出版社,1997
[31] 美国微软公司著,陆劲昆译.Microsoft Access 2002 标准教程.北京:北京大学出版社,2001
[32] 李芳.基于 VB 的 GIS 开发.辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,8:460-462
[33] 新智工作室.VB 6.0 中文版教程.北京:电子工业出版社,2000
[34] 王文义,周兵.VB 与 Internet 应用.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1998,9
[35] 张淮野,袁怡.数据库设计与编程实例详解——使用 Access、SQL 与 VB.北京:电子工业出版社,2001,2
[36] 张超等.地理信息系统.北京:高等教育出版社,1995,5-15
[37] 吴升,王家耀.近年来地理信息系统的技术走向.测绘通报,2000,3:20-24
[38] 王学军,夏冰媛.地理信息系统.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993:37-68
[39] Cinderby . Steve GIS for participation : The future of environmental GIS.International Journal of Environment and Pollution.1999,3:304-315
[40] Haklay M,Feitelson E.The potential of a GIS—based scoping system:An israeli proposal and case study Environmental Impact Assessment Review,1998,9:439-459
[41] Chansheng H.Integration of Geographic Information System and a computer model to evaluate impacts of agricultural runoff on water quality.Water Resources Bulletin,1993,29(6):891
[42] Jorge A.CLFUG:A GIS-scaleable model of pesticide fate in the soil- groundwater system based on clearance and fugacity paradigms.Environmental Modeling & Assessment,1998,3:95-105
[43] Hession W C,Shanholz V O.A Geographic Information System for targeting nonpoint source agriculture pollution.Soil & Water Conservation,1988,6:264-266
[44] 边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法.北京:测绘出版社,1996
[45] 陈述彭等.地理信息系统导论.北京:科学出版社,2000
[46] 修文群,池天河.城市地理信息系统.上海:科学出版社,1999,3-27
[47] 胡沛红.面向对象技术及其在 GIS 中的应用.太原教育学报,2002,20(3):58-60
[48] 林永,张乐强.Visual Basic6.0 用户编程手册.北京:人民邮电出版,2002
[49] 铭政,刘瑞莲.VB 编程技巧 280 例.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2002
[50] 庞一鸣.VB 问答式教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2002,4
[51] 北方某省各城市统计年鉴(2006 版)
[2] 戴树桂等.受体模型在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用和进展.中国环境科学,1995,15(4):252-257
[3] 梁金友,王文兴.区域源解析模式的建立.环境科学学报,1990,10(1):17-25
[4] Patterson E., Eatough D.J. Indoor/outdoor relationships for ambient PM2.5 and associated pollutants: epidemiological implications in London, Utah. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 2000,50:103-110
[5] Van Houdt J.J.Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in indoor and outdoor environments.Atmospheric Environment 1990, 24B:207-220
[6] Currie L.A.Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Particles.In Environmental Particles (edited by Buffle J.) 5-47,FL:Lewis Publishers,1992
[7] John W.,Wall S.M..Modes in the size distributions of atmospheric inorganic aerosols.Atmospheric Environment 1990,24: 2349-2359
[8] 李祚泳.用投影回归进行大气颗粒物的污染源解析.中国环境科学,1999,19(3):270-272
[9] 冯银厂等.大气颗粒物二重源解析技术原理与应用.环境科学,2002,23(增刊):106-108
[10] 夏青等.大气环境综合整治规划.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990
[11] 钱杰,王勤.城市环境信息管理系统建设实践.上海环境科学,2001,9:422-424
[12] 宦茂盛等.地区级城市环境管理信息系统的设计.北京师范大学学报,2000,2:137-141
[13] 孟鲁闽,朱庆伟.互联网上地理信息系统的发展.测绘通报,2000,7:9-10
[14] 耿安朝.地理信息系统在环境科学领域的开发与应用.苏州城建环保学院学报,2000,3:17-21
[15] 何强等.地理信息系统在城市环境管理中应用.重庆建筑大学学报,2000,10:79-83
[16] 李本纲等.地理信息系统在环境模型研究中的应用.环境科学,1998,19(3):87-90
[17] 罗云启,罗毅.数字化地理信息系统 MapInfo 应用大全.北京:北京希望电子出版社,2001
[18] 唐嘉平等.基于 GIS 的北京市机动车污染数据库的开发和应用.环境科学,2000,11:95-97
[19] 蒋捷,陈军.基础地理信息数据库更新的若干思考.测绘通报,2000,5:1-3
[20] 林伟立,胡建信.GIS 和环境管理信息系统建设.环境与开发,2001,16(3):1-3
[21] 舒艳等.地理信息系统在环境保护领域的应用分析.环境保护,2002,1:30-32
[22] 韦保仁,石剑英.地理信息系统在环境保护中的发展趋势分析.苏州城建环保学院学报,1999,12(3):35-40
[23] Srinvasan R, Arnod J G.Integration of a basin-scale water quality model with GIS.Water Resources,1994,30(3):453-464
[24] Walsh S J.Geographic information system for natural resource management.Soil & Water Conservation,1985,40:202-205
[25] 陆亮,明鲁平.GIS 技术在环境影响评价中的应用.上海环境科学,2000,5:208-210
[26] 刘勇,井文涌.地理信息系统技术及其在环境科学中的应用.环境科学,1997,18(2):62-65
[27] 任劲松,任伏虎.地理信息系统支持下的区域环境现状评价.环境科学,1990,11(6):62-67
[28] 王宏伟,程声通.多媒体 3S 综合集成技术在环境科学中的应用.环境科学,1998,19(2):83-86
[29] 李德仁.当前国际 GIS 的研究和应用现状.见:RS、GIS、GPS 的集成与应用.北京:测绘出版社,1995
[30] 张显库.VB 实用编程技术——从基础到开发.大连:大连理工大学出版社,1997
[31] 美国微软公司著,陆劲昆译.Microsoft Access 2002 标准教程.北京:北京大学出版社,2001
[32] 李芳.基于 VB 的 GIS 开发.辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,8:460-462
[33] 新智工作室.VB 6.0 中文版教程.北京:电子工业出版社,2000
[34] 王文义,周兵.VB 与 Internet 应用.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1998,9
[35] 张淮野,袁怡.数据库设计与编程实例详解——使用 Access、SQL 与 VB.北京:电子工业出版社,2001,2
[36] 张超等.地理信息系统.北京:高等教育出版社,1995,5-15
[37] 吴升,王家耀.近年来地理信息系统的技术走向.测绘通报,2000,3:20-24
[38] 王学军,夏冰媛.地理信息系统.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993:37-68
[39] Cinderby . Steve GIS for participation : The future of environmental GIS.International Journal of Environment and Pollution.1999,3:304-315
[40] Haklay M,Feitelson E.The potential of a GIS—based scoping system:An israeli proposal and case study Environmental Impact Assessment Review,1998,9:439-459
[41] Chansheng H.Integration of Geographic Information System and a computer model to evaluate impacts of agricultural runoff on water quality.Water Resources Bulletin,1993,29(6):891
[42] Jorge A.CLFUG:A GIS-scaleable model of pesticide fate in the soil- groundwater system based on clearance and fugacity paradigms.Environmental Modeling & Assessment,1998,3:95-105
[43] Hession W C,Shanholz V O.A Geographic Information System for targeting nonpoint source agriculture pollution.Soil & Water Conservation,1988,6:264-266
[44] 边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法.北京:测绘出版社,1996
[45] 陈述彭等.地理信息系统导论.北京:科学出版社,2000
[46] 修文群,池天河.城市地理信息系统.上海:科学出版社,1999,3-27
[47] 胡沛红.面向对象技术及其在 GIS 中的应用.太原教育学报,2002,20(3):58-60
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